Therapists in Coeur d'Alene, ID

Photo of Rebecca Bradley, Licensed Professional Counselor in Coeur d'Alene, ID
Rebecca Bradley
Licensed Professional Counselor, LCPC, LAMFT, LMHC, NCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Coeur d'Alene, ID 83814
Not accepting new clients
I enjoy working with couples and individuals. As humans, we all have the same needs- to be seen, heard, and valued. Whether it is family history, trauma, trust issues, control, betrayal, or current stressors, creating connection and bonding is at the center or our work. The process can be hard, emotional, or feel impossible at times, but I believe in our desire to grow and be better. We all want healing and growth, both in self and relationships. Come see me, lets put in the work, and create something meaningful.
I enjoy working with couples and individuals. As humans, we all have the same needs- to be seen, heard, and valued. Whether it is family history, trauma, trust issues, control, betrayal, or current stressors, creating connection and bonding is at the center or our work. The process can be hard, emotional, or feel impossible at times, but I believe in our desire to grow and be better. We all want healing and growth, both in self and relationships. Come see me, lets put in the work, and create something meaningful.
(208) 218-8325 View (208) 218-8325
Photo of Westslope Counseling Pllc - Cortney Edwards, Counselor in Coeur d'Alene, ID
Westslope Counseling Pllc - Cortney Edwards
Counselor, MS, LCPC
Verified Verified
Coeur d'Alene, ID 83814  (Online Only)
You are the expert of your own life; however, we all need some support at different times in our lives. I have a passion for working with teens and adults to process and heal from tough experiences, achieve goals and navigate life transitions. I'm going to meet you where you are without judgment and offer the best support that I can.
You are the expert of your own life; however, we all need some support at different times in our lives. I have a passion for working with teens and adults to process and heal from tough experiences, achieve goals and navigate life transitions. I'm going to meet you where you are without judgment and offer the best support that I can.
(208) 644-8850 View (208) 644-8850
Photo of Kendyl Kissell, Counselor in Coeur d'Alene, ID
Kendyl Kissell
Counselor, LCPC, LMHC, NCC
Verified Verified
Coeur d'Alene, ID 83815
Waitlist for new clients
Each individual experience is a unique one. Whether you are dealing with daily challenges or a challenging season of life, know that you have already taken the hardest step and reached out for help. Most of our mental health symptoms were born with the intention to protect us in some way. Over time, those symptoms have become unmanageable. When our lives feel unmanageable, we lose confidence in our ability to make choices and assert our sense of free will. My goal is to help you understand yourself and find confidence and hope in your ability to move forward and find contentment.
Each individual experience is a unique one. Whether you are dealing with daily challenges or a challenging season of life, know that you have already taken the hardest step and reached out for help. Most of our mental health symptoms were born with the intention to protect us in some way. Over time, those symptoms have become unmanageable. When our lives feel unmanageable, we lose confidence in our ability to make choices and assert our sense of free will. My goal is to help you understand yourself and find confidence and hope in your ability to move forward and find contentment.
(208) 295-9416 View (208) 295-9416
Photo of Whitney Baker, Marriage & Family Therapist Intern in Coeur d'Alene, ID
Whitney Baker
Marriage & Family Therapist Intern
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Coeur d'Alene, ID 83814
If you're finding yourself here, perhaps you're navigating through a period of anxiety, facing the echoes of past traumas, or you're in the midst of life changes that feel overwhelmingly complex. You might be someone who values deep, meaningful relationships, yet finds yourself struggling with creating or maintaining these connections, whether with a partner, family members, or within your circle of friends. If these words resonate with you, know that you're not alone in these experiences.
If you're finding yourself here, perhaps you're navigating through a period of anxiety, facing the echoes of past traumas, or you're in the midst of life changes that feel overwhelmingly complex. You might be someone who values deep, meaningful relationships, yet finds yourself struggling with creating or maintaining these connections, whether with a partner, family members, or within your circle of friends. If these words resonate with you, know that you're not alone in these experiences.
(208) 408-8961 View (208) 408-8961
Photo of Kathryn (Katie) Sumner Kelso, Counselor in Coeur d'Alene, ID
Kathryn (Katie) Sumner Kelso
Counselor, MEd, LCPC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Coeur d'Alene, ID 83814
I feel your pain and I can help. Life can throw incredibly tough curve balls that freeze us in our tracks and take the joy right out of living. We can fix it together if you are ready and willing to do the work with me.
I feel your pain and I can help. Life can throw incredibly tough curve balls that freeze us in our tracks and take the joy right out of living. We can fix it together if you are ready and willing to do the work with me.
(208) 218-8213 View (208) 218-8213
Photo of Chris Allen, Marriage & Family Therapist in Coeur d'Alene, ID
Chris Allen
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, CSAT, CPTT
Verified Verified
Coeur d'Alene, ID 83814  (Online Only)
New in recovery? just need a tuneup, or are looking for long-term recovery support? I can help you with the support you need. Trauma, PTSD, and betrayal trauma are huge contributors to addiction, depression, anxiety, and other mental health struggles. With training in EMDR, TFCBT, and as a CSAT and CPTT I'm here to help you navigate, heal, and recover from your past hurts and current triggers. Having a therapist who understands the pain and complexity of betrayal trauma can validate your struggle and help you to heal. I see a variety of clients of all ages with various needs. Let's do a free consultation to see if we are a good fit.
New in recovery? just need a tuneup, or are looking for long-term recovery support? I can help you with the support you need. Trauma, PTSD, and betrayal trauma are huge contributors to addiction, depression, anxiety, and other mental health struggles. With training in EMDR, TFCBT, and as a CSAT and CPTT I'm here to help you navigate, heal, and recover from your past hurts and current triggers. Having a therapist who understands the pain and complexity of betrayal trauma can validate your struggle and help you to heal. I see a variety of clients of all ages with various needs. Let's do a free consultation to see if we are a good fit.
(208) 944-1045 View (208) 944-1045
Photo of Sandra Marie Gunn, Marriage & Family Therapist in Coeur d'Alene, ID
Sandra Marie Gunn
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Coeur d'Alene, ID 83814  (Online Only)
My name is Sandra Gunn and I am a Licensed Marriage Family Therapist in Idaho. I have worked extensively with families, children and couples for many years in private practice. I have also worked in the Non Profit sector advocating for children's safety and strong family systems. My many years as a business owner has given me hands on life experiences, both with managing children, work, and relationships. I believe that the key to a fulfilled life is to keep it simple as is my view on change and therapy- focus on our strengths with positive affirmations, and make small attainable goals and trust me change will follow.
My name is Sandra Gunn and I am a Licensed Marriage Family Therapist in Idaho. I have worked extensively with families, children and couples for many years in private practice. I have also worked in the Non Profit sector advocating for children's safety and strong family systems. My many years as a business owner has given me hands on life experiences, both with managing children, work, and relationships. I believe that the key to a fulfilled life is to keep it simple as is my view on change and therapy- focus on our strengths with positive affirmations, and make small attainable goals and trust me change will follow.
(208) 469-4887 View (208) 469-4887
Photo of HighRoad Human Services, Counselor in Coeur d'Alene, ID
HighRoad Human Services
Counselor, LCPC, LMSW, LPC
Verified Verified
Coeur d'Alene, ID 83815
No Waitlist! We are accepting new clients. Our therapists see teens and adults with Idaho Medicaid, Regence (Blue Cross Blue Shield), Blue Cross, or Private Pay. Highroad Human Services has been a leader in mental health counseling for over 20 years. We offer counseling services to fit your individual goals and to inspire wellness and success. You can expect to meet a caring and empathetic therapist who will build a strong connection with you so that you feel safe and empowered to reach your goals.
No Waitlist! We are accepting new clients. Our therapists see teens and adults with Idaho Medicaid, Regence (Blue Cross Blue Shield), Blue Cross, or Private Pay. Highroad Human Services has been a leader in mental health counseling for over 20 years. We offer counseling services to fit your individual goals and to inspire wellness and success. You can expect to meet a caring and empathetic therapist who will build a strong connection with you so that you feel safe and empowered to reach your goals.
(208) 759-5822 View (208) 759-5822
Photo of Tammy Cain in Coeur d'Alene, ID
Tammy Cain
DTh, MTh, BCPC, BCCC
Verified Verified
Coeur d'Alene, ID 83814
Tammy has dedicated nearly two decades to helping others reach their full potential. With an exceptional background in counseling, she walks with people through difficult times – like trauma and terminal illness – or everyday life pressures. She even works as a suicide negotiator! Recognized in youth ministry leadership at the International House of Prayer Ministries plus her pastoral counseling commitment that no one has to endure pain alone brings incredible accessibility for all.
Tammy has dedicated nearly two decades to helping others reach their full potential. With an exceptional background in counseling, she walks with people through difficult times – like trauma and terminal illness – or everyday life pressures. She even works as a suicide negotiator! Recognized in youth ministry leadership at the International House of Prayer Ministries plus her pastoral counseling commitment that no one has to endure pain alone brings incredible accessibility for all.
(208) 285-3793 View (208) 285-3793
Photo of Value.Identity.Purpose (VIP) Counseling, Counselor in Coeur d'Alene, ID
Value.Identity.Purpose (VIP) Counseling
Counselor, MS, LCPC
Verified Verified
Coeur d'Alene, ID 83815
As a Christian therapist, I believe that every person is given unique and intrinsic value by God. When we understand our unique value we can discover our identity and live a life of greater purpose.
As a Christian therapist, I believe that every person is given unique and intrinsic value by God. When we understand our unique value we can discover our identity and live a life of greater purpose.
(208) 203-7442 View (208) 203-7442
Photo of Janet Frakes Poorman, Licensed Professional Counselor in Coeur d'Alene, ID
Janet Frakes Poorman
Licensed Professional Counselor, LCPC, ACADC
Verified Verified
Coeur d'Alene, ID 83814
My clients would describe me as “warm, open, non-judgmental, and client focused”. It is a privilege to have the opportunity to hear someone’s story, and meet them on their journey. I spent the past four years in community health specializing in substance use and co-occurring mental health treatment. I am intrigued by trauma and how unresolved trauma affects the body. I am EMDR trained and use this modality to allow the natural healing powers of the brain move toward adaptive resolution of trauma. I also specialize in anxiety, depression, addiction, body awareness, brain spotting, and gender identity.
My clients would describe me as “warm, open, non-judgmental, and client focused”. It is a privilege to have the opportunity to hear someone’s story, and meet them on their journey. I spent the past four years in community health specializing in substance use and co-occurring mental health treatment. I am intrigued by trauma and how unresolved trauma affects the body. I am EMDR trained and use this modality to allow the natural healing powers of the brain move toward adaptive resolution of trauma. I also specialize in anxiety, depression, addiction, body awareness, brain spotting, and gender identity.
(208) 203-7797 View (208) 203-7797
Photo of Danielle Cannon, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Coeur d'Alene, ID
Danielle Cannon
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LICSW, RYT-200
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Coeur d'Alene, ID 83814
Not accepting new clients
When you can get to the root of the problem(s) and know better, you will feel better! I have a holistic approach to therapy, trained in working with people who have depression, anxiety and/or trauma - especially as it relates to issues from childhood. I am open to working with those 18+. I use the science of the brain, its impact on emotions and behavior, as well as cognitive behavioral and EMDR as primary modalities in my practice.
When you can get to the root of the problem(s) and know better, you will feel better! I have a holistic approach to therapy, trained in working with people who have depression, anxiety and/or trauma - especially as it relates to issues from childhood. I am open to working with those 18+. I use the science of the brain, its impact on emotions and behavior, as well as cognitive behavioral and EMDR as primary modalities in my practice.
(208) 449-0893 View (208) 449-0893
Photo of Diana Lynn Kelsey, Counselor in Coeur d'Alene, ID
Diana Lynn Kelsey
Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
Coeur d'Alene, ID 83814
Helping individuals, families and couples who want to free themselves of self defeating patterns to realize their potential and goals through various modalities including EMDR, DBT, and CBT.
Helping individuals, families and couples who want to free themselves of self defeating patterns to realize their potential and goals through various modalities including EMDR, DBT, and CBT.
(208) 754-5294 View (208) 754-5294
Photo of Grace Ridge Counseling, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Coeur d'Alene, ID
Grace Ridge Counseling
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, LAMFT
Verified Verified
Coeur d'Alene, ID 83814
Waitlist for new clients
Hello and Welcome! My name is Lauren Luchini, I am a Licensed Associate Marriage and Family Therapist in Coeur d'Alene, called Grace Ridge Counseling. Beware, I am not your average therapist! You will be challenged. You may even be uncomfortable. Therapy is up close, personal, and truthfully it's not always pretty. Its raw, its honest, and it can get messy. I am here to support you whether its a life transition, a loss, conflict with a loved one, or just need a safe place to process any trauma that you may be holding on too. Life is not meant to be lived alone, we are human beings we are meant for love, relationships, and community.
Hello and Welcome! My name is Lauren Luchini, I am a Licensed Associate Marriage and Family Therapist in Coeur d'Alene, called Grace Ridge Counseling. Beware, I am not your average therapist! You will be challenged. You may even be uncomfortable. Therapy is up close, personal, and truthfully it's not always pretty. Its raw, its honest, and it can get messy. I am here to support you whether its a life transition, a loss, conflict with a loved one, or just need a safe place to process any trauma that you may be holding on too. Life is not meant to be lived alone, we are human beings we are meant for love, relationships, and community.
(208) 974-5833 View (208) 974-5833
Photo of Elizabeth Barraza Lee, Marriage & Family Therapist in Coeur d'Alene, ID
Elizabeth Barraza Lee
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, ATR, EMDR
Verified Verified
Coeur d'Alene, ID 83814  (Online Only)
Are you struggling with discouragement and worrisome thoughts? Are you a mom who is struggling with thoughts of self loathing, guilt, feeling depressed and questioning your ability to be a good mother? Do you find it challenging to be in control of your own thinking patterns, your feelings, struggling to connect with your loved ones and perhaps feeling stuck? It's easy to lose touch with ourselves when circumstances and experiences overwhelm us. I am here to help you reconnect with your inner strengths, challenge negative thoughts and feelings of yourself and empower you to feel in control of your lives.
Are you struggling with discouragement and worrisome thoughts? Are you a mom who is struggling with thoughts of self loathing, guilt, feeling depressed and questioning your ability to be a good mother? Do you find it challenging to be in control of your own thinking patterns, your feelings, struggling to connect with your loved ones and perhaps feeling stuck? It's easy to lose touch with ourselves when circumstances and experiences overwhelm us. I am here to help you reconnect with your inner strengths, challenge negative thoughts and feelings of yourself and empower you to feel in control of your lives.
(562) 414-5998 View (562) 414-5998
Photo of Jami Walker, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Coeur d'Alene, ID
Jami Walker
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, COSP-F
Verified Verified
Coeur d'Alene, ID 83815  (Online Only)
Balanced Life Counseling Services, LLC is owned and operated by Jami Walker, LCSW. Jami has been in the mental health care field since 2009; engaging in roles of PSR/CBRS and mental health therapy. Jami has attended many trainings that focus around children and families; specifically with past and current traumatic events, attachment, play therapy, CBT, child and adolescent development, anxiety, depression, and emotion focused work. Jami has experience working with people of all ages including children young as two years old. Jami is a Certified Circle of Security Parenting Facilitator.
Balanced Life Counseling Services, LLC is owned and operated by Jami Walker, LCSW. Jami has been in the mental health care field since 2009; engaging in roles of PSR/CBRS and mental health therapy. Jami has attended many trainings that focus around children and families; specifically with past and current traumatic events, attachment, play therapy, CBT, child and adolescent development, anxiety, depression, and emotion focused work. Jami has experience working with people of all ages including children young as two years old. Jami is a Certified Circle of Security Parenting Facilitator.
(208) 591-6165 View (208) 591-6165
Photo of Psychiatry and Neurotherapy of Idaho, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Coeur d'Alene, ID
Psychiatry and Neurotherapy of Idaho
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, BCN
Verified Verified
Coeur d'Alene, ID 83814
As an agency, we specialize in providing psychiatry services, neurotherapy and QEEG analysis. Neurotherapy is a combination of neurofeedback and neurostimulation. The combination of approaches provides a superior result in mitigating a client’s symptoms. Neurotherapy is an effective empirically supported intervention for some mental health diagnoses. Over the years, we have treated and observed moderate to significant improvement in symptom reduction with our clients. Neurotherapy is a one of several tools we utilize at the clinic to achieve optimal results.
As an agency, we specialize in providing psychiatry services, neurotherapy and QEEG analysis. Neurotherapy is a combination of neurofeedback and neurostimulation. The combination of approaches provides a superior result in mitigating a client’s symptoms. Neurotherapy is an effective empirically supported intervention for some mental health diagnoses. Over the years, we have treated and observed moderate to significant improvement in symptom reduction with our clients. Neurotherapy is a one of several tools we utilize at the clinic to achieve optimal results.
(208) 495-7391 View (208) 495-7391
Photo of Christine Tamm, Marriage & Family Therapist in Coeur d'Alene, ID
Christine Tamm
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Coeur d'Alene, ID 83814
Seeking counsel outside your circle of family and friends can be a difficult process. My goal is to offer a safe, empathic and compassionate environment within which to address the issues you face. Guiding conversations toward hope and healing, collaborating on possible solutions to help you remember your most authentic and joyous self.
Seeking counsel outside your circle of family and friends can be a difficult process. My goal is to offer a safe, empathic and compassionate environment within which to address the issues you face. Guiding conversations toward hope and healing, collaborating on possible solutions to help you remember your most authentic and joyous self.
(208) 960-6440 View (208) 960-6440
Photo of Waves of Hope Counseling PLLC, Marriage & Family Therapist Intern in Coeur d'Alene, ID
Waves of Hope Counseling PLLC
Marriage & Family Therapist Intern, MFTI
Verified Verified
Coeur d'Alene, ID 83814
Welcome to my Psychology Today profile; my name is Bonnie Martinez. I am a pre-licensed MFTI at Waves of Hope Counseling. I am a dedicated and compassionate therapist with a strong commitment to helping individuals navigate their mental health challenges and achieve personal growth. With a Master's degree in Counseling Psychology, over a year of direct experience in the field, and numerous years of experience with faith-based counseling in the church, I am equipped with the knowledge and skills to provide effective therapy to my clients.
Welcome to my Psychology Today profile; my name is Bonnie Martinez. I am a pre-licensed MFTI at Waves of Hope Counseling. I am a dedicated and compassionate therapist with a strong commitment to helping individuals navigate their mental health challenges and achieve personal growth. With a Master's degree in Counseling Psychology, over a year of direct experience in the field, and numerous years of experience with faith-based counseling in the church, I am equipped with the knowledge and skills to provide effective therapy to my clients.
(208) 987-1190 View (208) 987-1190
Photo of Rachel Jones, Counselor in Coeur d'Alene, ID
Rachel Jones
Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Coeur d'Alene, ID 83814
Waitlist for new clients
My office has moved to 2005 Ironwood Parkway Suite 120, Coeur d'Alene. I provide a non-judgmental space for older teens and adults to adjust to life's changes, find a way out of depression and/or anxious cycles, reprocess trauma, and more effectively cope in the world. I assist in clarifying, setting, and enforcing your boundaries. I provide an honest, empathic, and curious approach to who you are and who you seek to be in the world.
My office has moved to 2005 Ironwood Parkway Suite 120, Coeur d'Alene. I provide a non-judgmental space for older teens and adults to adjust to life's changes, find a way out of depression and/or anxious cycles, reprocess trauma, and more effectively cope in the world. I assist in clarifying, setting, and enforcing your boundaries. I provide an honest, empathic, and curious approach to who you are and who you seek to be in the world.
(208) 747-0600 View (208) 747-0600

See more therapy options for Coeur d'Alene

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Coeur d'Alene, ID

100+

Average cost per session

$130

Therapists in Coeur d'Alene, ID who prioritize treating:

90% Anxiety
87% Depression
79% Trauma and PTSD
77% Relationship Issues
74% Self Esteem
68% Coping Skills
66% Stress

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

68% Blue Cross
67% BlueCross and BlueShield
65% Regence

How Therapists in Coeur d'Alene, ID see their clients

74% In Person and Online
26% Online Only

Gender breakdown

74% Female
25% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Coeur d'Alene?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.