Therapists in Colorado Springs, CO

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Photo of Jose Ramon, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Colorado Springs, CO
Jose Ramon
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Colorado Springs, CO 80909
Waitlist for new clients
I'm a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with a focus on helping clients rebuild, restructure and work through tough situations. I have a strong background in the natural sciences and philsophy and incorporate this experience into my clinical work and have found this to be a very effective approach in seeing clients effectively work through and resolve issues in their lives. I primarily focus on a cognitive behavioral therapy approach as it is an applied model to use as a template that describes the internal distress with specific methods to apply and reduce severity of those stressors.
I'm a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with a focus on helping clients rebuild, restructure and work through tough situations. I have a strong background in the natural sciences and philsophy and incorporate this experience into my clinical work and have found this to be a very effective approach in seeing clients effectively work through and resolve issues in their lives. I primarily focus on a cognitive behavioral therapy approach as it is an applied model to use as a template that describes the internal distress with specific methods to apply and reduce severity of those stressors.
(719) 212-1845 View (719) 212-1845
Photo of Adina Rosen, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Colorado Springs, CO
Adina Rosen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Colorado Springs, CO 80920
The mind-body approach drives my work as a therapist, and I am passionate about empowering my clients to build more wholesome lives. I enjoy working with individuals ages 10 and up, and specialize in issues including anxiety, depression, trauma, behavioral problems, pregnancy/postpartum, women’s issues, and personal growth.
The mind-body approach drives my work as a therapist, and I am passionate about empowering my clients to build more wholesome lives. I enjoy working with individuals ages 10 and up, and specialize in issues including anxiety, depression, trauma, behavioral problems, pregnancy/postpartum, women’s issues, and personal growth.
(719) 888-3866 View (719) 888-3866
Photo of Christina Roig, Licensed Professional Counselor in Colorado Springs, CO
Christina Roig
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Colorado Springs, CO 80910
Christina Roig is a Licensed Professional Counselor in Colorado who has been practicing since 2017. She has a Masters of Arts in Mental Health Counseling and Wellness from New York University and a Bachelors of Arts in Psychology with a focus on counseling at Carlow University. Christina believes that clients are the foremost experts of their lives and you will work together to establish meaning within that. There are structures within society that impact our mental health, so understanding the client within these contexts, you can work together to create boundaries, understanding and resilience.
Christina Roig is a Licensed Professional Counselor in Colorado who has been practicing since 2017. She has a Masters of Arts in Mental Health Counseling and Wellness from New York University and a Bachelors of Arts in Psychology with a focus on counseling at Carlow University. Christina believes that clients are the foremost experts of their lives and you will work together to establish meaning within that. There are structures within society that impact our mental health, so understanding the client within these contexts, you can work together to create boundaries, understanding and resilience.
(323) 968-6864 View (323) 968-6864
Photo of Vanessa Monette, Licensed Professional Counselor in Colorado Springs, CO
Vanessa Monette
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC, EMDR
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Colorado Springs, CO 80920
What if our journey in life isn't meant to be a journey of proving we are enough. What if our journey is one of knowing that we always were. What if who we are, exactly how we are has always been enough; enough to be loved, to be heard, to be seen, enough to be you. Traumatic experiences have a way of making us feeling that we are irreparably broken. We carry them with us in our mind, body, and soul as we continue through our lives searching for something to fill the emptiness they left behind. To the outside world we are who we've always been, yet inside we are showing up in our lives as someone we don't even recognize.
What if our journey in life isn't meant to be a journey of proving we are enough. What if our journey is one of knowing that we always were. What if who we are, exactly how we are has always been enough; enough to be loved, to be heard, to be seen, enough to be you. Traumatic experiences have a way of making us feeling that we are irreparably broken. We carry them with us in our mind, body, and soul as we continue through our lives searching for something to fill the emptiness they left behind. To the outside world we are who we've always been, yet inside we are showing up in our lives as someone we don't even recognize.
(719) 259-4082 View (719) 259-4082
Photo of Kelsey Jones, Marriage and Family Therapist Candidate in Colorado Springs, CO
Kelsey Jones
Marriage and Family Therapist Candidate, MA, MFTC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Colorado Springs, CO 80920
I know that life is full of struggle and hardship that can take its toll on us mentally, physically, emotionally, and spiritually. It is my belief that, through therapy, there can be healing and growth in all areas of life. I use a variety of therapeutic modalities to match the needs of each of my unique clients. My focus is finding my clients strengths and guiding them on their own journey to expand on those innate traits to heal. I use Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, and Social Constructionism to guide my variety of clients. I also integrate meditation, art, and chakra work when needed.
I know that life is full of struggle and hardship that can take its toll on us mentally, physically, emotionally, and spiritually. It is my belief that, through therapy, there can be healing and growth in all areas of life. I use a variety of therapeutic modalities to match the needs of each of my unique clients. My focus is finding my clients strengths and guiding them on their own journey to expand on those innate traits to heal. I use Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, and Social Constructionism to guide my variety of clients. I also integrate meditation, art, and chakra work when needed.
(719) 496-4179 View (719) 496-4179
Photo of Katie LaCombe, Counselor in Colorado Springs, CO
Katie LaCombe
Counselor, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Colorado Springs, CO 80919
Waitlist for new clients
It is my privilege and passion to walk alongside of those who are healing from trauma, abuse, anxiety, and those grappling with spirituality and personal identity. I firmly believe that through respectful, culturally competent and trauma informed approaches, space can be held for you to feel empowered to not just survive, but thrive! In sessions, I often use Internal Family Systems Therapy, and Somatic Therapy to equip and encourage clients to live mindfully in the present while honoring and healing what happened in the past.
It is my privilege and passion to walk alongside of those who are healing from trauma, abuse, anxiety, and those grappling with spirituality and personal identity. I firmly believe that through respectful, culturally competent and trauma informed approaches, space can be held for you to feel empowered to not just survive, but thrive! In sessions, I often use Internal Family Systems Therapy, and Somatic Therapy to equip and encourage clients to live mindfully in the present while honoring and healing what happened in the past.
(719) 751-5766 View (719) 751-5766
Photo of Jessa Crisp, Counselor in Colorado Springs, CO
Jessa Crisp
Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Colorado Springs, CO 80923
Do you feel like past trauma, negative experiences, and anxiety rule your life? Or maybe you see other people who have gone through hard things and are still able to experience joy, leading you to feel hopeless in your chasm of pain. It’s okay to take steps towards your journey of discovering what healing might look like for you and the person you are becoming.
Do you feel like past trauma, negative experiences, and anxiety rule your life? Or maybe you see other people who have gone through hard things and are still able to experience joy, leading you to feel hopeless in your chasm of pain. It’s okay to take steps towards your journey of discovering what healing might look like for you and the person you are becoming.
(720) 358-9501 View (720) 358-9501
Photo of Marilyn D Reese, Licensed Professional Counselor in Colorado Springs, CO
Marilyn D Reese
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Colorado Springs, CO 80918
Accepting New Clients for Individuals and Couples Therapy! Whatever your issues, past, present or future, I am here to listen to you, to be fully present with you and to provide a safe space for you to be you. The frustrations of everyday life and the difficulties of personal relationships can be challenging. I can help you to find better solutions to cope with your challenges and help you to relate in healthier ways with yourself and with others. My passion is to help you to improve your mental and emotional well-being, to better understand yourself and others, and to assist you in achieving your goals for therapy.
Accepting New Clients for Individuals and Couples Therapy! Whatever your issues, past, present or future, I am here to listen to you, to be fully present with you and to provide a safe space for you to be you. The frustrations of everyday life and the difficulties of personal relationships can be challenging. I can help you to find better solutions to cope with your challenges and help you to relate in healthier ways with yourself and with others. My passion is to help you to improve your mental and emotional well-being, to better understand yourself and others, and to assist you in achieving your goals for therapy.
(719) 259-2788 View (719) 259-2788
Photo of Diana Barfoot, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Colorado Springs, CO
Diana Barfoot
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Colorado Springs, CO 80918  (Online Only)
You can feel peace – again or for the first time. You deserve the support and space you need to get there. It will be hard, but my intention is to create that space and support for your very important work. I seek to help people acquire the tools and confidence they need to invite and sustain peace in their lives.
You can feel peace – again or for the first time. You deserve the support and space you need to get there. It will be hard, but my intention is to create that space and support for your very important work. I seek to help people acquire the tools and confidence they need to invite and sustain peace in their lives.
(719) 225-2610 View (719) 225-2610
Photo of Afrah Caraballo, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Colorado Springs, CO
Afrah Caraballo
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Colorado Springs, CO 80960  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I am here to help guide you on your healing journey. PTSD, Anxiety, Depression and chronic anger are all moods and behaviors that result from mental, emotional and/or physical abuse. Call me and I will explain. Then we can start your healing journey together. I promise to work as hard as you are on this path to wellness. I wish you peace and wellness.
I am here to help guide you on your healing journey. PTSD, Anxiety, Depression and chronic anger are all moods and behaviors that result from mental, emotional and/or physical abuse. Call me and I will explain. Then we can start your healing journey together. I promise to work as hard as you are on this path to wellness. I wish you peace and wellness.
(719) 425-4693 View (719) 425-4693
Photo of Sonya Madden in Colorado Springs, CO
Sonya Madden
LMFT
Verified Verified
Colorado Springs, CO 80920  (Online Only)
Sonya Madden is a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist with 4 years of experience working with a variety of populations including individuals, couples, and families. She is passionate about working collaboratively with clients to help them work towards their goals and find healing. Sonya specializes in depression, anxiety, trauma, relationship issues, and women's issues. Sonya earned her MA in Marriage and Family Therapy from Regis University, where she graduated with honors.
Sonya Madden is a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist with 4 years of experience working with a variety of populations including individuals, couples, and families. She is passionate about working collaboratively with clients to help them work towards their goals and find healing. Sonya specializes in depression, anxiety, trauma, relationship issues, and women's issues. Sonya earned her MA in Marriage and Family Therapy from Regis University, where she graduated with honors.
(719) 224-0997 View (719) 224-0997
Photo of Justin Barry, Psychologist in Colorado Springs, CO
Justin Barry
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Colorado Springs, CO 80918
I am a psychologist who specializes in identity-personality exploration, enriching self-understanding, gaining insight, getting people "unstuck," and catalyzing change in people's lives. My services range from psychological testing (with a focus on Therapeutic Assessment), professional-leadership development, consultation, training, and psychotherapy.
I am a psychologist who specializes in identity-personality exploration, enriching self-understanding, gaining insight, getting people "unstuck," and catalyzing change in people's lives. My services range from psychological testing (with a focus on Therapeutic Assessment), professional-leadership development, consultation, training, and psychotherapy.
(719) 735-5685 View (719) 735-5685
Photo of Christin R. Garcia, Licensed Professional Counselor in Colorado Springs, CO
Christin R. Garcia
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC, EMDR
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Colorado Springs, CO 80918  (Online Only)
You feel lost, angry and can’t seem to deal with what’s happened or is happening in your life. Your heart is always racing, and you mask what’s going on so nobody will know. We’ve all been there and together we can transition towards change. Let’s work together to resolve your past or present trauma. It’s hard to reach out for the first time or even once again. Together though we can give you that energy back, feel like you have a sense of purpose and learn to deal with your trauma. There can be something better on the other side and we will find that together for you. Let’s take ownership of a better present and future.
You feel lost, angry and can’t seem to deal with what’s happened or is happening in your life. Your heart is always racing, and you mask what’s going on so nobody will know. We’ve all been there and together we can transition towards change. Let’s work together to resolve your past or present trauma. It’s hard to reach out for the first time or even once again. Together though we can give you that energy back, feel like you have a sense of purpose and learn to deal with your trauma. There can be something better on the other side and we will find that together for you. Let’s take ownership of a better present and future.
(719) 626-4331 View (719) 626-4331
Photo of Kim Butler, Licensed Professional Counselor Candidate in Colorado Springs, CO
Kim Butler
Licensed Professional Counselor Candidate , LPCC, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Colorado Springs, CO 80906
I create a safe space for children to learn and explore their emotions, process conflicts at home and at school, improve their self-esteem and create safe and stable bonds with the adults in their lives. Using a person-centered, strengths based, trauma informed approach, as well as elements of CBT, Play Therapy, Solution-Focused therapy and mindfulness, children can thrive and build the skills they need to navigate the challenges that come up as they learn and grow. I work with neurodivergent children to help them embrace their unique gifts and create a toolbox of coping skills to help them navigate a sometimes challenging world.
I create a safe space for children to learn and explore their emotions, process conflicts at home and at school, improve their self-esteem and create safe and stable bonds with the adults in their lives. Using a person-centered, strengths based, trauma informed approach, as well as elements of CBT, Play Therapy, Solution-Focused therapy and mindfulness, children can thrive and build the skills they need to navigate the challenges that come up as they learn and grow. I work with neurodivergent children to help them embrace their unique gifts and create a toolbox of coping skills to help them navigate a sometimes challenging world.
(719) 824-2381 View (719) 824-2381
Photo of Sarah Fhuere, Licensed Professional Counselor in Colorado Springs, CO
Sarah Fhuere
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, LAC
Verified Verified
Colorado Springs, CO 80903
Not accepting new clients
Beginning a therapeutic journey is a process both vulnerable and brave. It is not an easy process, but one of hard-work and growth. I believe as we create our stories, therapy can work as an essential means for self-exploration and development. My passion lies in working with individuals who seek to facilitate healthy relationships in their lives or are working to maneuver or heal from relationships which have caused pain and confusion. In addition, I specialize in working with co-occurring disorders of substance use and mental health diagnoses, most often working with anxiety, depression, and mood disorders.
Beginning a therapeutic journey is a process both vulnerable and brave. It is not an easy process, but one of hard-work and growth. I believe as we create our stories, therapy can work as an essential means for self-exploration and development. My passion lies in working with individuals who seek to facilitate healthy relationships in their lives or are working to maneuver or heal from relationships which have caused pain and confusion. In addition, I specialize in working with co-occurring disorders of substance use and mental health diagnoses, most often working with anxiety, depression, and mood disorders.
(719) 974-4067 x12 View (719) 974-4067 x12
Photo of Cheryl Winters, Licensed Professional Counselor in Colorado Springs, CO
Cheryl Winters
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MS, NCC
Verified Verified
Colorado Springs, CO 80909
At Resolution Counseling, it is my goal to help produce meaningful, long lasting changes instead of short term fixes. I am here to help you identify your own strengths and teach you how and when to utilize those strengths on your own healing journey. You will hear some things during therapy that make you feel better and some that may be painful. Addressing and facing the problem is the best way to overcome it. I believe in treating the whole person - Mind - Body - Spirit. Awareness of the interaction between mind, body and spirit encourages true healing and real growth.
At Resolution Counseling, it is my goal to help produce meaningful, long lasting changes instead of short term fixes. I am here to help you identify your own strengths and teach you how and when to utilize those strengths on your own healing journey. You will hear some things during therapy that make you feel better and some that may be painful. Addressing and facing the problem is the best way to overcome it. I believe in treating the whole person - Mind - Body - Spirit. Awareness of the interaction between mind, body and spirit encourages true healing and real growth.
(719) 285-6053 View (719) 285-6053
Photo of Julia Walker, Licensed Professional Counselor Candidate in Colorado Springs, CO
Julia Walker
Licensed Professional Counselor Candidate, LPCC, NCC, MA
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Colorado Springs, CO 80918
Waitlist for new clients
Hello and welcome! My name is Julia Walker and I am an LPCC at Project Ember Initiative honored to work with children, adolescents, and adults of all ages. I enjoy working with those who are struggling with self-confidence issues, identity exploration, interpersonal conflict, and symptoms of trauma. I have experience working with survivors of sexual assault and relational trauma and have found this to be a passion area of mine, as well.
Hello and welcome! My name is Julia Walker and I am an LPCC at Project Ember Initiative honored to work with children, adolescents, and adults of all ages. I enjoy working with those who are struggling with self-confidence issues, identity exploration, interpersonal conflict, and symptoms of trauma. I have experience working with survivors of sexual assault and relational trauma and have found this to be a passion area of mine, as well.
(719) 212-1906 View (719) 212-1906
Photo of Rebecca Van Pelt, Licensed Professional Counselor in Colorado Springs, CO
Rebecca Van Pelt
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Colorado Springs, CO 80903
Hi I’m Rebecca. I have extensive experience working with people who are struggling with anxiety and depression, as well as with adolescents and family conflict. I don’t believe that there is a “one size fits all” approach to getting well. I have spent many years doing intense family therapy. I’ve done work with couples and families helping them to get along better, effectively communicate and improve their relationships. I’ve also done a lot of work helping parents target and address problem areas with their children to empower them to manage their child’s high-risk behaviors.
Hi I’m Rebecca. I have extensive experience working with people who are struggling with anxiety and depression, as well as with adolescents and family conflict. I don’t believe that there is a “one size fits all” approach to getting well. I have spent many years doing intense family therapy. I’ve done work with couples and families helping them to get along better, effectively communicate and improve their relationships. I’ve also done a lot of work helping parents target and address problem areas with their children to empower them to manage their child’s high-risk behaviors.
(719) 350-6330 View (719) 350-6330
Photo of Spring Rainbow Counseling, Marriage & Family Therapist in Colorado Springs, CO
Spring Rainbow Counseling
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Colorado Springs, CO 80903
I treat a number of mental health concerns, and provide an open space for individuals, families, and couples. I have experience and training working with children age of 10 and above with an array of presenting concerns such as trauma, divorce, anxiety, social skills, physical complaints, and many more. As a member of the LGBTQ+ community, I am passionate about working with this community. I strive to provide competent and affirming therapy and have been honored to work with individuals, couples, and families in this community.
I treat a number of mental health concerns, and provide an open space for individuals, families, and couples. I have experience and training working with children age of 10 and above with an array of presenting concerns such as trauma, divorce, anxiety, social skills, physical complaints, and many more. As a member of the LGBTQ+ community, I am passionate about working with this community. I strive to provide competent and affirming therapy and have been honored to work with individuals, couples, and families in this community.
(719) 292-3509 View (719) 292-3509
Photo of Krystal Watson, Pre-Licensed Professional in Colorado Springs, CO
Krystal Watson
Pre-Licensed Professional, LSW, MSW
Verified Verified
Colorado Springs, CO 80918
Are you grappling with wanting to feel better but feeling stuck where you are? Whether you're new to therapy or already started your mental health journey and are looking for someone new, I might be the fit for you! I have experience working with adults and adolescents 13+. I am excited to see clients of all backgrounds, looking for help with anxiety, life transitions, dissociation, burn out and/or trauma.
Are you grappling with wanting to feel better but feeling stuck where you are? Whether you're new to therapy or already started your mental health journey and are looking for someone new, I might be the fit for you! I have experience working with adults and adolescents 13+. I am excited to see clients of all backgrounds, looking for help with anxiety, life transitions, dissociation, burn out and/or trauma.
(719) 350-6864 View (719) 350-6864

See more therapy options for Colorado Springs

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Colorado Springs, CO

1,000+

Average cost per session

$125

Therapists in Colorado Springs, CO who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
87% Depression
77% Trauma and PTSD
74% Relationship Issues
71% Self Esteem
68% Coping Skills
68% Stress

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

78% Aetna
73% Cigna and Evernorth
71% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Colorado Springs, CO see their clients

69% In Person and Online
31% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
20% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Colorado Springs?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.