Therapists in Berkeley, CA

Photo of Mona Perlman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Mona Perlman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94704  (Online Only)
I have extensive experience working with adults of all ages. Since receiving my Master’s from Columbia University, I’ve been trained in various therapeutic models and utilize an integrative and client-centered approach. For the past several years my training is in the model of Accelerated Experiential Dynamic Psychotherapy. My relational approach helps to create a safe space to undo aloneness and bring solace to pain. As a compassionate guide, together we will work on your therapeutic journey to help you manage and move through difficult emotions, get unstuck from self-defeating patterns and regain access to your innate strengths.
I have extensive experience working with adults of all ages. Since receiving my Master’s from Columbia University, I’ve been trained in various therapeutic models and utilize an integrative and client-centered approach. For the past several years my training is in the model of Accelerated Experiential Dynamic Psychotherapy. My relational approach helps to create a safe space to undo aloneness and bring solace to pain. As a compassionate guide, together we will work on your therapeutic journey to help you manage and move through difficult emotions, get unstuck from self-defeating patterns and regain access to your innate strengths.
(415) 475-1280 View (415) 475-1280
Photo of Abigail Stone, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Abigail Stone
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, RDT
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94710
I offer neurodiversity-affirming, client-focused care to neurodivergent children, adolescents and adults. My clients tend to have several of these qualities: They are highly intelligent and verbal. They often feel like they don’t fit in, but may form fewer and deeper friendships. They throw themselves enthusiastically into the things they’re passionate about. They struggle to find appropriate outlets for intense emotions. They often have “geeky” hobbies. Many identify as neurodivergent, autistic, or a person with ADHD, with or without a diagnosis.
I offer neurodiversity-affirming, client-focused care to neurodivergent children, adolescents and adults. My clients tend to have several of these qualities: They are highly intelligent and verbal. They often feel like they don’t fit in, but may form fewer and deeper friendships. They throw themselves enthusiastically into the things they’re passionate about. They struggle to find appropriate outlets for intense emotions. They often have “geeky” hobbies. Many identify as neurodivergent, autistic, or a person with ADHD, with or without a diagnosis.
(510) 288-5843 View (510) 288-5843
Photo of Ian Silverness, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Berkeley, CA
Ian Silverness
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Berkeley, CA 94703
Are you feeling stuck, blocked, or living less fully than you would like? Maybe you would like to feel more embodied, alive, and confident. Whether it is fear, trauma, or stories we tell about ourselves and others, there are many obstacles that prevent us from thriving. I am here to support you on your journey toward wholeness.
Are you feeling stuck, blocked, or living less fully than you would like? Maybe you would like to feel more embodied, alive, and confident. Whether it is fear, trauma, or stories we tell about ourselves and others, there are many obstacles that prevent us from thriving. I am here to support you on your journey toward wholeness.
(415) 938-5352 View (415) 938-5352
Photo of Katy Bullick, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Katy Bullick
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Berkeley, CA 94705
Are you wondering what needs to change for you to feel better than you do, or having trouble making it happen? I believe that the struggles we face in our lives are invitations for us to grow. Seeking support for life's challenges is a courageous and powerful choice; consider me a partner on your road toward empowerment. I have a special interest in working with clients navigating intersectional identities: creative and intellectual seekers overcoming struggle, working to find their unique path in the world. Many of my clients are artists, activists, or environmentally conscious folks committed to personal and collective healing.
Are you wondering what needs to change for you to feel better than you do, or having trouble making it happen? I believe that the struggles we face in our lives are invitations for us to grow. Seeking support for life's challenges is a courageous and powerful choice; consider me a partner on your road toward empowerment. I have a special interest in working with clients navigating intersectional identities: creative and intellectual seekers overcoming struggle, working to find their unique path in the world. Many of my clients are artists, activists, or environmentally conscious folks committed to personal and collective healing.
(341) 888-7030 View (341) 888-7030
Photo of Red Karpman, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Red Karpman
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Berkeley, CA 94705  (Online Only)
Sometimes amazing things can grow under pressure. Living with stigma - related to a mind that works differently, a body that's unruly or "too much," or a sexuality that doesn't fit behind a white picket fence - asks us to be creative and fierce. The wisdom that can grow here is astounding. But the burden of stigma is heavy, and sometimes it grips us in painful positions. Whether you're feeling exhausted, sick of yourself, or just don't know quite how to relate to other people, therapy with me can help.
Sometimes amazing things can grow under pressure. Living with stigma - related to a mind that works differently, a body that's unruly or "too much," or a sexuality that doesn't fit behind a white picket fence - asks us to be creative and fierce. The wisdom that can grow here is astounding. But the burden of stigma is heavy, and sometimes it grips us in painful positions. Whether you're feeling exhausted, sick of yourself, or just don't know quite how to relate to other people, therapy with me can help.
(510) 328-4259 View (510) 328-4259
Photo of Larry Santiago, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Larry Santiago
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94703
I have a particular expertise in working with clients who have diverse cultural backgrounds (e.g. ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation.) I also have a deep association working with artistic/creative type individuals and can address particular issues that arise being an artist confined to a conventional/mainstream worldview.
I have a particular expertise in working with clients who have diverse cultural backgrounds (e.g. ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation.) I also have a deep association working with artistic/creative type individuals and can address particular issues that arise being an artist confined to a conventional/mainstream worldview.
(925) 247-3396 View (925) 247-3396
Photo of Aretha Hampton, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Aretha Hampton
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Berkeley, CA 94702
Navigating this thing called Life is truly a trip! My mission is to support you to have more effective communication and coping skills, develop an uncompromising and joyful sense of self, develop stronger life skills, increased healthy coping with life transitions and heal traumas so that you can be the person you need to be.
Navigating this thing called Life is truly a trip! My mission is to support you to have more effective communication and coping skills, develop an uncompromising and joyful sense of self, develop stronger life skills, increased healthy coping with life transitions and heal traumas so that you can be the person you need to be.
(510) 847-8847 View (510) 847-8847
Photo of Sarah Rose Easton, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Sarah Rose Easton
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94710
You are about to begin an important journey to explore your struggles, connection with yourself and others, and how you can live in deeper alignment with your values. You might be challenged by your intimate relationships, you may be dealing with a chronic illness, addiction, the loss of a loved one, feeling overwhelmed or stagnant. You might want to cultivate a deeper sense of meaning and purpose in your life. I will work with you on improving your relationship with yourself and others through building insight into your history, integrating therapeutic tools, and deepening your mind-body connection.
You are about to begin an important journey to explore your struggles, connection with yourself and others, and how you can live in deeper alignment with your values. You might be challenged by your intimate relationships, you may be dealing with a chronic illness, addiction, the loss of a loved one, feeling overwhelmed or stagnant. You might want to cultivate a deeper sense of meaning and purpose in your life. I will work with you on improving your relationship with yourself and others through building insight into your history, integrating therapeutic tools, and deepening your mind-body connection.
(510) 738-3886 View (510) 738-3886
Photo of Helen Chao, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Helen Chao
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94705  (Online Only)
Hello there - my name is Helen, and I am highly skilled in working with depression, anxiety, and stress. More specifically, I work with emotion dysregulation (fear, anger, sadness, dissociation; even personality disorders and complex PTSD). I am deeply curious and enjoy exploring and adventuring, which is reflected in the attentive and inclusive way I work as a therapist. At the same time, I am organized and structured, and am highly motivated to guide you in consistently working towards your treatment goals.
Hello there - my name is Helen, and I am highly skilled in working with depression, anxiety, and stress. More specifically, I work with emotion dysregulation (fear, anger, sadness, dissociation; even personality disorders and complex PTSD). I am deeply curious and enjoy exploring and adventuring, which is reflected in the attentive and inclusive way I work as a therapist. At the same time, I am organized and structured, and am highly motivated to guide you in consistently working towards your treatment goals.
(341) 895-6437 View (341) 895-6437
Photo of Lisa Bograd, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Lisa Bograd
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94705
If you are someone who is motivated to understand yourself on a deeper level and to challenge and change beliefs and behaviors that no longer serve you than I am the therapist for you. I work well with people who are struggling with addiction and relationship issues; people who keep repeating the same unfufilling patterns and want to change them, whether at work, with their partner or spouse, or with their children. Often these dynamics are reflective of deeper wounds, and need to be addressed so they can change and heal. I am deeply committed to helping my clients get unstuck, and this process takes some time, but is well worth it.
If you are someone who is motivated to understand yourself on a deeper level and to challenge and change beliefs and behaviors that no longer serve you than I am the therapist for you. I work well with people who are struggling with addiction and relationship issues; people who keep repeating the same unfufilling patterns and want to change them, whether at work, with their partner or spouse, or with their children. Often these dynamics are reflective of deeper wounds, and need to be addressed so they can change and heal. I am deeply committed to helping my clients get unstuck, and this process takes some time, but is well worth it.
(415) 935-1922 View (415) 935-1922
Photo of Sophie Soltani, Psychologist in Berkeley, CA
Sophie Soltani
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94704
I strongly believe in an individual's ability to change and improve the quality of his or her life. I view my role as a catalyst for transformation, and work to create a safe collaborative environment of mutual trust, where any issue can be discussed and explored in depth: www.drsophiesoltani.com
I strongly believe in an individual's ability to change and improve the quality of his or her life. I view my role as a catalyst for transformation, and work to create a safe collaborative environment of mutual trust, where any issue can be discussed and explored in depth: www.drsophiesoltani.com
(510) 431-2835 View (510) 431-2835
Photo of Larry A Miller, Psychologist in Berkeley, CA
Larry A Miller
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94702
Waitlist for new clients
The deep questions we struggle with include; what's not working in my relationships, work life, or myself? How does a person change so that they can get unstuck and pursue what is meaningful? These are the questions we'd explore and answer together. By appreciating both conscious ideas and the pull of unconscious and historical forces, we would focus on what can be understood, what can be altered, and what must be accepted.
The deep questions we struggle with include; what's not working in my relationships, work life, or myself? How does a person change so that they can get unstuck and pursue what is meaningful? These are the questions we'd explore and answer together. By appreciating both conscious ideas and the pull of unconscious and historical forces, we would focus on what can be understood, what can be altered, and what must be accepted.
(510) 681-2340 View (510) 681-2340
Photo of Tristan Destry Saldaña, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Berkeley, CA
Tristan Destry Saldaña
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94709  (Online Only)
Perhaps no one can ever inhabit fully the lived experience of another, nor would I presume that I could know it, yet our therapeutic relationship can—without disrespecting the integrity of your lived experience—present the opportunity to take your perspective. I hope to imagine your experience because, as Carl Jung articulates: “Loneliness does not come from having no people around you but from being unable to communicate the things that seem important to you," and in the memory of childhood’s loneliness and solitude, creative power resides.
Perhaps no one can ever inhabit fully the lived experience of another, nor would I presume that I could know it, yet our therapeutic relationship can—without disrespecting the integrity of your lived experience—present the opportunity to take your perspective. I hope to imagine your experience because, as Carl Jung articulates: “Loneliness does not come from having no people around you but from being unable to communicate the things that seem important to you," and in the memory of childhood’s loneliness and solitude, creative power resides.
(628) 214-7695 View (628) 214-7695
Photo of Brie Robertori, Psychologist in Berkeley, CA
Brie Robertori
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
11 Endorsed
Berkeley, CA 94705
“There’s nothing more healing than choosing love.” You want connection and closeness yet you struggle to find it. You feel frustrated that your relationships aren’t fulfilling or aren't right for you. You're reflective and thoughtful, and yet you're having difficulty showing up how you want to in your life, partnership, or family. Perhaps you're struggling with isolation, anxiety, depression, or overwhelm. These are real challenges. Together we can co-create a gentle yet courageous space to explore who you are, what you need, and how to try new things that move you toward what you value most in life and in your relationships.
“There’s nothing more healing than choosing love.” You want connection and closeness yet you struggle to find it. You feel frustrated that your relationships aren’t fulfilling or aren't right for you. You're reflective and thoughtful, and yet you're having difficulty showing up how you want to in your life, partnership, or family. Perhaps you're struggling with isolation, anxiety, depression, or overwhelm. These are real challenges. Together we can co-create a gentle yet courageous space to explore who you are, what you need, and how to try new things that move you toward what you value most in life and in your relationships.
(510) 826-3439 View (510) 826-3439
Photo of Josie Levine, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Josie Levine
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94702  (Online Only)
Telehealth only, early a.m. sessions available, prompt email communication. Are you plagued by "What if..." thoughts? Overwhelmed by fear, worry? Consumed by negativity? Self-talk can be debilitating. It drives behavior, alters mood, interferes with sleep. Feeling stuck or frustrated? Nothing is permanent. Difficult situations at work, with your health or in your personal life can be navigated. Acceptance of your reality, like health, transitions or aging issues, makes a significant difference. Let me help you feel more at peace and learn skillful ways to respond to those thoughts.
Telehealth only, early a.m. sessions available, prompt email communication. Are you plagued by "What if..." thoughts? Overwhelmed by fear, worry? Consumed by negativity? Self-talk can be debilitating. It drives behavior, alters mood, interferes with sleep. Feeling stuck or frustrated? Nothing is permanent. Difficult situations at work, with your health or in your personal life can be navigated. Acceptance of your reality, like health, transitions or aging issues, makes a significant difference. Let me help you feel more at peace and learn skillful ways to respond to those thoughts.
(510) 246-3804 View (510) 246-3804
Photo of Olivia Miller, Associate Clinical Social Worker in Berkeley, CA
Olivia Miller
Associate Clinical Social Worker, ACSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Berkeley, CA 94703  (Online Only)
On our therapy journey together, I will guide you through a collaborative process that helps you explore the difficult questions present in your life. How can I quiet my constant inner critic? How can I feel less overwhelmed? How do I accept myself for who I am if there are things about myself I don’t like? Sitting with questions such as these, we will ground into their root causes to help you find relief from emotional pain, gain clarity on your issues, and develop coping skills to move forward. I take an eclectic, interconnected, and social justice-informed approach that meets you in the unique place you’re in while growth.
On our therapy journey together, I will guide you through a collaborative process that helps you explore the difficult questions present in your life. How can I quiet my constant inner critic? How can I feel less overwhelmed? How do I accept myself for who I am if there are things about myself I don’t like? Sitting with questions such as these, we will ground into their root causes to help you find relief from emotional pain, gain clarity on your issues, and develop coping skills to move forward. I take an eclectic, interconnected, and social justice-informed approach that meets you in the unique place you’re in while growth.
(323) 310-0412 View (323) 310-0412
Photo of Emily Rose Heard, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Emily Rose Heard
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94704  (Online Only)
I believe that true transformation is possible when we are willing to take responsibility for our own healing and growth. By choosing to engage in therapy, you are choosing to embrace your power and make positive changes in your life. I am here to support you on this journey and help you uncover your true potential. In holistic psychotherapy, we address all aspects of a person's life - physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual. By looking at the whole person, we can identify underlying issues and work towards healing and growth in all areas. I am experienced in working with challenges such as anxiety, depression, ADHD, and PTSD.
I believe that true transformation is possible when we are willing to take responsibility for our own healing and growth. By choosing to engage in therapy, you are choosing to embrace your power and make positive changes in your life. I am here to support you on this journey and help you uncover your true potential. In holistic psychotherapy, we address all aspects of a person's life - physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual. By looking at the whole person, we can identify underlying issues and work towards healing and growth in all areas. I am experienced in working with challenges such as anxiety, depression, ADHD, and PTSD.
(650) 551-9870 View (650) 551-9870
Photo of Kellen Tisinger, Psychologist in Berkeley, CA
Kellen Tisinger
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Berkeley, CA 94704
Therapy is a way to be kinder to yourself. It provides a chance to get to know yourself better. My aim is to offer people a sense of understanding themselves in a collaborative way. Together, we make efforts to notice the ways you relate to yourself and others, how you’re feeling and thinking, and the reasons why you manage stress in particular ways. I value an understanding of people’s backgrounds, early experiences, and environments. This can help us clarify the roots of current distressing patterns, as well as your existing strengths.
Therapy is a way to be kinder to yourself. It provides a chance to get to know yourself better. My aim is to offer people a sense of understanding themselves in a collaborative way. Together, we make efforts to notice the ways you relate to yourself and others, how you’re feeling and thinking, and the reasons why you manage stress in particular ways. I value an understanding of people’s backgrounds, early experiences, and environments. This can help us clarify the roots of current distressing patterns, as well as your existing strengths.
(925) 718-7066 View (925) 718-7066
Photo of Leann Ravenel, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor in Berkeley, CA
Leann Ravenel
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, MA, LMHC, LCPC, LPCC, NBCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Berkeley, CA 94705
I am a warm, caring, authentic and dynamic therapist. The foundation of my work is based on connection and the idea that when people are aware of their needs, wishes, and feelings they can make choices that bring them satisfaction and fulfillment. It is important to me that my clients feel comfortable expressing themselves and my hope is they will find my practice to be one in which they will be able to freely discuss their thoughts, feelings, and goals.
I am a warm, caring, authentic and dynamic therapist. The foundation of my work is based on connection and the idea that when people are aware of their needs, wishes, and feelings they can make choices that bring them satisfaction and fulfillment. It is important to me that my clients feel comfortable expressing themselves and my hope is they will find my practice to be one in which they will be able to freely discuss their thoughts, feelings, and goals.
(415) 843-4010 View (415) 843-4010
Photo of Gioia Schuler, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Gioia Schuler
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, ATR
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94707
I’m a bilingual (English/Spanish) Marriage and Family Therapist with four years of experience treating cultural diversity issues. I believe every individual is unique and finding the strength to defend that uniqueness is my goal as a clinician. Many times, we find ourselves dwelling in a place of discomfort because we are in transit, in a new position, a new career, a new family or a new country. We are living constantly transitioning from one culture to another one, through life phases, starting new traditions. My goal is helping you to succeed in your own special journey.
I’m a bilingual (English/Spanish) Marriage and Family Therapist with four years of experience treating cultural diversity issues. I believe every individual is unique and finding the strength to defend that uniqueness is my goal as a clinician. Many times, we find ourselves dwelling in a place of discomfort because we are in transit, in a new position, a new career, a new family or a new country. We are living constantly transitioning from one culture to another one, through life phases, starting new traditions. My goal is helping you to succeed in your own special journey.
(510) 726-6246 View (510) 726-6246

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Berkeley, CA

1,000+

Average cost per session

$190

Therapists in Berkeley, CA who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
89% Depression
85% Relationship Issues
76% Self Esteem
75% Trauma and PTSD
73% Grief
66% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

13 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

50% Aetna
39% Cigna and Evernorth
38% Other

How Therapists in Berkeley, CA see their clients

65% In Person and Online
35% Online Only

Gender breakdown

76% Female
22% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Berkeley?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.