Therapists in Reno, NV

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Photo of Michele Happe in Reno, NV
Michele Happe
MA
Verified Verified
Reno, NV 89503  (Online Only)
After having been an addictions counselor since 1987 and many years as a practicing Buddhist I have retired my license and shifting my focus to recovery coaching and mindfulness counseling using Buddhist principles to promote happiness. I help with loosening the grip on attachments and aversion which lead to issues with food, substances, and unhealthy relationships with others and self. I directed one of the first eating disorder units in the country and have expertise in food attachments. I love working with family members who struggle with relationship with a loved one with compulsive attachment to substance or behavior.
After having been an addictions counselor since 1987 and many years as a practicing Buddhist I have retired my license and shifting my focus to recovery coaching and mindfulness counseling using Buddhist principles to promote happiness. I help with loosening the grip on attachments and aversion which lead to issues with food, substances, and unhealthy relationships with others and self. I directed one of the first eating disorder units in the country and have expertise in food attachments. I love working with family members who struggle with relationship with a loved one with compulsive attachment to substance or behavior.
(775) 391-4212 View (775) 391-4212
Photo of Justus Mora, Marriage & Family Therapist in Reno, NV
Justus Mora
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Reno, NV 89502
OPEN to New Clients! I specialize in treating a variety of anxiety issues, depression, relationship issues, family systems issues, and individual growth. Additionally, I have experience working with concerning sexual behaviors, desire discrepancy, and communication issues. I’ve had the privilege to work with diverse populations and utilize myriad of therapeutic modalities. I see clients at various points in their journey to self-discovery. Some suffer from anxiety, some with relationship concerns, others struggle with sexual concerns, but at the end of the day you are much more than a diagnosis.
OPEN to New Clients! I specialize in treating a variety of anxiety issues, depression, relationship issues, family systems issues, and individual growth. Additionally, I have experience working with concerning sexual behaviors, desire discrepancy, and communication issues. I’ve had the privilege to work with diverse populations and utilize myriad of therapeutic modalities. I see clients at various points in their journey to self-discovery. Some suffer from anxiety, some with relationship concerns, others struggle with sexual concerns, but at the end of the day you are much more than a diagnosis.
(775) 206-0117 View (775) 206-0117
Photo of Grady Gallagher, Psychological Associate in Reno, NV
Grady Gallagher
Psychological Associate, PhD
Verified Verified
Reno, NV 89521  (Online Only)
I am currently accepting clients. Life doesn't come with instruction manuals, and yet, there's this unspoken assumption that we should just know what to do. Sometimes, we fall into unhelpful patterns, and we struggle to change them. My passion is in creating a non-judgemental space dedicated to unpacking, understanding, and relating to your emotions, thoughts, and values in a new way. Our meetings may be just a fraction of your week, but they can be a catalyst for lasting change.
I am currently accepting clients. Life doesn't come with instruction manuals, and yet, there's this unspoken assumption that we should just know what to do. Sometimes, we fall into unhelpful patterns, and we struggle to change them. My passion is in creating a non-judgemental space dedicated to unpacking, understanding, and relating to your emotions, thoughts, and values in a new way. Our meetings may be just a fraction of your week, but they can be a catalyst for lasting change.
(775) 406-8619 View (775) 406-8619
Photo of Amanda Green, Marriage & Family Therapist in Reno, NV
Amanda Green
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
Reno, NV 89509
You or your child struggling with the way our environment is? Your child struggling with problem behaviors at home and school? Struggling with depression and anxiety that is impacting your relationships? Right now, we are in unprecedented times. People are needing additional support. I work with anyone individual or family ages 5 and above. I use play therapy with children ages 5 to 10. With adolescent and teenagers we either do activity based therapy or talk therapy. Adults, typically talk therapy. Some individuals find it helpful when we go on walks and talk. I enjoy working with all ages, couples, and families.
You or your child struggling with the way our environment is? Your child struggling with problem behaviors at home and school? Struggling with depression and anxiety that is impacting your relationships? Right now, we are in unprecedented times. People are needing additional support. I work with anyone individual or family ages 5 and above. I use play therapy with children ages 5 to 10. With adolescent and teenagers we either do activity based therapy or talk therapy. Adults, typically talk therapy. Some individuals find it helpful when we go on walks and talk. I enjoy working with all ages, couples, and families.
(775) 380-8944 View (775) 380-8944
Photo of Patrice A. Boyakins, Marriage & Family Therapist Intern in Reno, NV
Patrice A. Boyakins
Marriage & Family Therapist Intern, MS, MFT-I, LADC-I
Verified Verified
Reno, NV 89509
In the midst of life and its constant changes, it is comforting, at times, to have someone to talk with. I enjoy being a light and ear for others during more challenging times. The needs we have as individuals change as we grow and it can be tough to identify the lessons that motivate us to press forward. As we and our environments continue to shift, at times we can get stuck. It takes courage to acknowledge our own reflection and seek what we need. While attempting to balance various life developments, emotionally/mentally, conquering goals may seem bleak or unattainable. Whatever those desires or stressors, I will sit with you.
In the midst of life and its constant changes, it is comforting, at times, to have someone to talk with. I enjoy being a light and ear for others during more challenging times. The needs we have as individuals change as we grow and it can be tough to identify the lessons that motivate us to press forward. As we and our environments continue to shift, at times we can get stuck. It takes courage to acknowledge our own reflection and seek what we need. While attempting to balance various life developments, emotionally/mentally, conquering goals may seem bleak or unattainable. Whatever those desires or stressors, I will sit with you.
(775) 234-0046 View (775) 234-0046
Photo of Nimsha Asia Goins, Marriage & Family Therapist in Reno, NV
Nimsha Asia Goins
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Reno, NV 89521
I became a therapist because of many different reasons but the most uncomplicated reason is - I love helping, challenging, being in relationship with and motivating people. I have numerous skills and abilities in meeting people where they are at and helping them move forward toward health and happiness. I have a very direct and focused energy which I use to help my clients achieve their goals.
I became a therapist because of many different reasons but the most uncomplicated reason is - I love helping, challenging, being in relationship with and motivating people. I have numerous skills and abilities in meeting people where they are at and helping them move forward toward health and happiness. I have a very direct and focused energy which I use to help my clients achieve their goals.
(775) 312-8626 View (775) 312-8626
Photo of Center for Therapy & Mediation, Marriage & Family Therapist in Reno, NV
Center for Therapy & Mediation
Marriage & Family Therapist
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Reno, NV 89511
Relationships can be a great source of health and joy, because they can help us feel fulfilled and connected with others. When relationships are in conflict, it can also be a great source of anxiety or sadness. As a relationship specialists, we focus on strengthening communication skills and increasing your own insight, to help you achieve greater connection and intimacy. Within the safe/neutral environment, we work with individuals, couples and families in a warm and collaborative manner. We find it important to build trust and have a good rapport with our clients.
Relationships can be a great source of health and joy, because they can help us feel fulfilled and connected with others. When relationships are in conflict, it can also be a great source of anxiety or sadness. As a relationship specialists, we focus on strengthening communication skills and increasing your own insight, to help you achieve greater connection and intimacy. Within the safe/neutral environment, we work with individuals, couples and families in a warm and collaborative manner. We find it important to build trust and have a good rapport with our clients.
(775) 318-5914 View (775) 318-5914
Photo of Emily Stewart in Reno, NV
Emily Stewart
MT-BC, CCTS-A
Verified Verified
Reno, NV 89502
It's my philosophy to meet you where you are today, and honor you as the expert on your life. I use music therapy as a method for therapeutic change to address many concerns a person may face on their journey, as well as to enhance overall wellness and quality of life. I understand the process of engaging in music as a neurological and psychological science, and as a holistic way of being. Any person struggling with emotional, physical, cognitive, identity, or other personhood issues may benefit from music therapy.
It's my philosophy to meet you where you are today, and honor you as the expert on your life. I use music therapy as a method for therapeutic change to address many concerns a person may face on their journey, as well as to enhance overall wellness and quality of life. I understand the process of engaging in music as a neurological and psychological science, and as a holistic way of being. Any person struggling with emotional, physical, cognitive, identity, or other personhood issues may benefit from music therapy.
(775) 587-2329 View (775) 587-2329
Photo of Angie Pulido-Banner, Psychologist in Reno, NV
Angie Pulido-Banner
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Reno, NV 89503  (Online Only)
Let’s be honest. You’re not happy with your life. You feel alone, like an outcast, and not welcomed by others. Despite your efforts, nothing has been able to change and you’re not sure why. It hurts. You’re tired of feeling rejected and waiting for the good stuff of life to happen for you. Maybe you’re a parent of a teen or young adult with ADHD or autism. You see them struggle in school, friendships, & the transition to adulthood. You’re concerned they may be too isolated, spending time in their room on their devices. Sometimes things get heated and they struggle with strong emotions. You want to help them, but you’re not sure how
Let’s be honest. You’re not happy with your life. You feel alone, like an outcast, and not welcomed by others. Despite your efforts, nothing has been able to change and you’re not sure why. It hurts. You’re tired of feeling rejected and waiting for the good stuff of life to happen for you. Maybe you’re a parent of a teen or young adult with ADHD or autism. You see them struggle in school, friendships, & the transition to adulthood. You’re concerned they may be too isolated, spending time in their room on their devices. Sometimes things get heated and they struggle with strong emotions. You want to help them, but you’re not sure how
(775) 234-0353 View (775) 234-0353
Photo of Namaste Counseling, Marriage & Family Therapist in Reno, NV
Namaste Counseling
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT, LCADC
Verified Verified
Reno, NV 89509
"Making the decision to be vulnerable takes courage. I embrace supporting others with compassion while working collaboratively to create change, mindful that redefining and moving through life can be daunting. Struggling with substance abuse, trauma, mood, relationships, or life's adjustments, each individual, couple, and family is treated with kindness and respect. Being defined by life circumstances and changing this worldview is possible with support. Holistically, each one of us is unique and no one truly experiences life like that of another. However, one commonality we all do share is the need to belong and matter. Namaste"
"Making the decision to be vulnerable takes courage. I embrace supporting others with compassion while working collaboratively to create change, mindful that redefining and moving through life can be daunting. Struggling with substance abuse, trauma, mood, relationships, or life's adjustments, each individual, couple, and family is treated with kindness and respect. Being defined by life circumstances and changing this worldview is possible with support. Holistically, each one of us is unique and no one truly experiences life like that of another. However, one commonality we all do share is the need to belong and matter. Namaste"
(775) 549-6112 View (775) 549-6112
Photo of Andrea Gorin, Marriage & Family Therapist in Reno, NV
Andrea Gorin
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
Reno, NV 89521
I come with a lot of compassion over the difficult process of attending therapy. Life is a wild ride with so many different variables. Most of us need an external person outside of our system to help us along the way and for different transitions in life. If you find yourself overwhelmed by life, a situation, marital conflict/separation, a person, a job, or maybe anxiety/depression then therapy might be a great option for you.
I come with a lot of compassion over the difficult process of attending therapy. Life is a wild ride with so many different variables. Most of us need an external person outside of our system to help us along the way and for different transitions in life. If you find yourself overwhelmed by life, a situation, marital conflict/separation, a person, a job, or maybe anxiety/depression then therapy might be a great option for you.
(775) 391-0830 View (775) 391-0830
Photo of Holly Flammer in Reno, NV
Holly Flammer
PhD(c), MA, QMHA
Verified Verified
Reno, NV 89509
I am taking clients in person in Reno, and online nationwide. I specialize in: attachment and adult relationships, reframing pathology and mental illness diagnosis, addiction issues, sexual trauma and sexual dysfunction, shadow and dream work, psychedelic integration and narrative therapies and lastly self actualization and living and creating the life of your dreams! Reach out today to chat! Holly Flammer, QMHA (Qualified Mental Health Associate-Medicaid), MA (Masters in Transpersonal Psychology), Ph.D. (c), (Ph.D. candidate in Jungian Depth Psychology and Integrative Healing Methods).
I am taking clients in person in Reno, and online nationwide. I specialize in: attachment and adult relationships, reframing pathology and mental illness diagnosis, addiction issues, sexual trauma and sexual dysfunction, shadow and dream work, psychedelic integration and narrative therapies and lastly self actualization and living and creating the life of your dreams! Reach out today to chat! Holly Flammer, QMHA (Qualified Mental Health Associate-Medicaid), MA (Masters in Transpersonal Psychology), Ph.D. (c), (Ph.D. candidate in Jungian Depth Psychology and Integrative Healing Methods).
(775) 535-5974 View (775) 535-5974
Photo of Somakhanden Park, LPC Intern in Reno, NV
Somakhanden Park
LPC Intern, MS, LCPC I , LMFT I
Verified Verified
Reno, NV 89511
A significant pattern that I notice in the people that I work with is often the feeling that their direction in life has gotten out of control, whether they see it in their relationships with others or themselves, or in the unexpected changes in life that throws their carefully detailed plans in for a whirlwind. It is with the simple step back, deep breath, and space to process these thoughts and feelings that allow for people to make sense of the overwhelm they have experienced for that moment. People have a primal need to feel safe in their environment to be able to express themselves without judgment or harm.
A significant pattern that I notice in the people that I work with is often the feeling that their direction in life has gotten out of control, whether they see it in their relationships with others or themselves, or in the unexpected changes in life that throws their carefully detailed plans in for a whirlwind. It is with the simple step back, deep breath, and space to process these thoughts and feelings that allow for people to make sense of the overwhelm they have experienced for that moment. People have a primal need to feel safe in their environment to be able to express themselves without judgment or harm.
(775) 362-8995 View (775) 362-8995
Photo of Heather Kaminsky, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Reno, NV
Heather Kaminsky
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Reno, NV 89511
Welcome and thank you for considering me in your therapeutic journey! Getting started and taking steps toward growth and change is a real challenge, and one that has led you to this website. Others described me throughout my life as as lighthearted, approachable, and a person who lends a "good ear." I'm hopeful that I am able to use these skills in my clinical work to help as many people from our community one person and one skill at a time.
Welcome and thank you for considering me in your therapeutic journey! Getting started and taking steps toward growth and change is a real challenge, and one that has led you to this website. Others described me throughout my life as as lighthearted, approachable, and a person who lends a "good ear." I'm hopeful that I am able to use these skills in my clinical work to help as many people from our community one person and one skill at a time.
(775) 535-7637 View (775) 535-7637
Photo of Raquel Ramirez, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Reno, NV
Raquel Ramirez
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Reno, NV 89501
Hello! I'm a bilingual therapist (Spanish/English) and I specialize in trauma recovery and attachment wound healing through an Internal Family Systems (IFS) lens. Being culturally sensitive, I integrate diverse perspectives into therapy, acknowledging the unique influence of culture on each person's healing journey. With a focus of IFS, I guide clients in exploring their inner dynamics, fostering self-compassion and creating pathways to holistic recovery.
Hello! I'm a bilingual therapist (Spanish/English) and I specialize in trauma recovery and attachment wound healing through an Internal Family Systems (IFS) lens. Being culturally sensitive, I integrate diverse perspectives into therapy, acknowledging the unique influence of culture on each person's healing journey. With a focus of IFS, I guide clients in exploring their inner dynamics, fostering self-compassion and creating pathways to holistic recovery.
(775) 256-2900 View (775) 256-2900
Photo of Dannielle Adler, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Reno, NV
Dannielle Adler
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CA, NV
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Reno, NV 89503
Not accepting new clients
I believe our relationship with ourself impacts all other relationships in our life, hence making it the most important one to focus on. I work with adults and teens who are experiencing stress, intense anxiety, depression, and grief. I believe therapy can transform someone's life through the process of exploring current or past events and stressors. Together, we can uncover beliefs, thoughts, and traumas, as we work to empower you towards self-acceptance and healing.
I believe our relationship with ourself impacts all other relationships in our life, hence making it the most important one to focus on. I work with adults and teens who are experiencing stress, intense anxiety, depression, and grief. I believe therapy can transform someone's life through the process of exploring current or past events and stressors. Together, we can uncover beliefs, thoughts, and traumas, as we work to empower you towards self-acceptance and healing.
(775) 256-5851 View (775) 256-5851
Photo of Kaitlind Johnson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Reno, NV
Kaitlind Johnson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Reno, NV 89509
It can feel very overwhelming to start the healing journey. From finding a therapist who we connect with to understanding what we need and want, it can all seem very intimidating at first. However, these are things that we can discover and work through together.
It can feel very overwhelming to start the healing journey. From finding a therapist who we connect with to understanding what we need and want, it can all seem very intimidating at first. However, these are things that we can discover and work through together.
(775) 402-2675 View (775) 402-2675
Photo of Andrew Noble, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Reno, NV
Andrew Noble
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Reno, NV 89501
Not accepting new clients
Seeking help can be a difficult challenge that requires bravery and perseverance. However, it is often the first step to a greater quality of life and finding peace and contentment. My mission is to help you succeed in this journey. I can help you manage anxiety, anger, and depression, or process past trauma. Let’s work together to identify ways of thinking or behavior that no longer serve you.
Seeking help can be a difficult challenge that requires bravery and perseverance. However, it is often the first step to a greater quality of life and finding peace and contentment. My mission is to help you succeed in this journey. I can help you manage anxiety, anger, and depression, or process past trauma. Let’s work together to identify ways of thinking or behavior that no longer serve you.
(775) 571-6834 View (775) 571-6834
Photo of Steven Dente, Marriage & Family Therapist in Reno, NV
Steven Dente
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Reno, NV 89509
I find that we as humans are often held back by anxiety, insecurity, or feelings of inadequacy that tend to surface in our relationships with others. Often we live our lives based on what we imagine others expect from us rather than trusting our own instincts. Therapy can help get us in touch with our deeper instincts, which includes thoughts and feelings we may have learned to tune out in order to get by in the world. By looking inward and getting to know ourselves better, we often develop a more honest relationship with ourselves and others, and are better able to reach our individual potential.
I find that we as humans are often held back by anxiety, insecurity, or feelings of inadequacy that tend to surface in our relationships with others. Often we live our lives based on what we imagine others expect from us rather than trusting our own instincts. Therapy can help get us in touch with our deeper instincts, which includes thoughts and feelings we may have learned to tune out in order to get by in the world. By looking inward and getting to know ourselves better, we often develop a more honest relationship with ourselves and others, and are better able to reach our individual potential.
(775) 522-9224 View (775) 522-9224
Photo of Bernadette Hinojos, Psychological Associate in Reno, NV
Bernadette Hinojos
Psychological Associate, PsyD
Verified Verified
Reno, NV 89511
I am currently under the supervision of Dr. Quinten Lynn, Ph.D. (PY0812). I believe my role as a therapist, is the greatest form of advocacy that I can engage in. My approach to therapy is an integrative approach of Feminist and Narrative therapies, combining empowerment & social justice. I have a lengthy history of working with diverse clients from various intersections of identities, diagnoses, & presenting concerns. My clinical focuses include but are not limited to: identity exploration, trauma, sex work, body image, racism, & gender issues. I am also an LGBTQIA2+/kink/poly knowledgeable/ affirming therapist.
I am currently under the supervision of Dr. Quinten Lynn, Ph.D. (PY0812). I believe my role as a therapist, is the greatest form of advocacy that I can engage in. My approach to therapy is an integrative approach of Feminist and Narrative therapies, combining empowerment & social justice. I have a lengthy history of working with diverse clients from various intersections of identities, diagnoses, & presenting concerns. My clinical focuses include but are not limited to: identity exploration, trauma, sex work, body image, racism, & gender issues. I am also an LGBTQIA2+/kink/poly knowledgeable/ affirming therapist.
(775) 254-8621 View (775) 254-8621

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Reno, NV

500+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Reno, NV who prioritize treating:

90% Anxiety
86% Depression
75% Trauma and PTSD
75% Self Esteem
74% Relationship Issues
67% Coping Skills
67% Stress

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

67% Aetna
62% BlueCross and BlueShield
62% Hometown Health

How Therapists in Reno, NV see their clients

71% In Person and Online
29% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
18% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Reno?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.