Therapists in Novato, CA

Photo of Joy A Fillman, Psychologist in Novato, CA
Joy A Fillman
Psychologist, PhD, MA
Verified Verified
Novato, CA 94945  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
If life events, relationships, performance, school or job stresses have brought you here, you deserve congratulations for having already done 50% of the work. Your willingness to consult and collaborate with a practiced professional means you have taken an all important first step in developing a lifelong plan toward a sense of well being and vitality. My practice combines a research degree in Developmental Psychology with PhD in Clinical Psychology to identify and disable hidden, often old, myths that have blocked or hindered my clients' access to happy, fulfilled lives at each stage of development. Together we can do it.
If life events, relationships, performance, school or job stresses have brought you here, you deserve congratulations for having already done 50% of the work. Your willingness to consult and collaborate with a practiced professional means you have taken an all important first step in developing a lifelong plan toward a sense of well being and vitality. My practice combines a research degree in Developmental Psychology with PhD in Clinical Psychology to identify and disable hidden, often old, myths that have blocked or hindered my clients' access to happy, fulfilled lives at each stage of development. Together we can do it.
(415) 800-2493 View (415) 800-2493
Photo of Mary Paige, Marriage & Family Therapist in Novato, CA
Mary Paige
Marriage & Family Therapist, PsyD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Novato, CA 94949
I have been practicing as a psychotherapist since 1987 in San Francisco and Novato. My specialty has been working with people who have grown up with a narcissistic parent or who have married or is working for someone with this very difficult disorder. Out of this work, I have developed ways of working with the anxiety and depression that comes along with the destruction to self esteem. Of course, I have also worked with other issues that we humans have such as fertility problems, marital problems, body image and weight, sexuality, sexual preference and coping with loss, grief and loneliness.
I have been practicing as a psychotherapist since 1987 in San Francisco and Novato. My specialty has been working with people who have grown up with a narcissistic parent or who have married or is working for someone with this very difficult disorder. Out of this work, I have developed ways of working with the anxiety and depression that comes along with the destruction to self esteem. Of course, I have also worked with other issues that we humans have such as fertility problems, marital problems, body image and weight, sexuality, sexual preference and coping with loss, grief and loneliness.
(415) 799-9616 View (415) 799-9616
Photo of Stacey Nelson, Psychologist in Novato, CA
Stacey Nelson
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Novato, CA 94949  (Online Only)
Welcome to my practice! I'm a licensed psychologist who specializes in psychological, psychoeducational, and neuropsychological evaluations of children, adolescents, and adults. You may be seeking an evaluation for yourself or your child in order to clarify areas of concern, formulate a set of recommendations, and/or determine eligibility for accommodations either in school or for standardized testing. An evaluation can serve to help better understand your challenges, highlight your strengths, and help you reach your potential in a variety of life domains.
Welcome to my practice! I'm a licensed psychologist who specializes in psychological, psychoeducational, and neuropsychological evaluations of children, adolescents, and adults. You may be seeking an evaluation for yourself or your child in order to clarify areas of concern, formulate a set of recommendations, and/or determine eligibility for accommodations either in school or for standardized testing. An evaluation can serve to help better understand your challenges, highlight your strengths, and help you reach your potential in a variety of life domains.
(415) 532-8731 View (415) 532-8731
Photo of Joni Metolius, Marriage & Family Therapist in Novato, CA
Joni Metolius
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, MFT
Verified Verified
Novato, CA 94947  (Online Only)
My ideal clients want to resolve the stumbling blocks in a variety of areas. Those include facing or have a family member facing a life altering medical condition and their challenges, dealing with traumas. Clients often come to me with anxiety, depression, self-esteem issues. We explore avenues to overcome or adapt to those conditions. Many clients determine as we work together that they need help with how they communicate - with themselves as well as with others.
My ideal clients want to resolve the stumbling blocks in a variety of areas. Those include facing or have a family member facing a life altering medical condition and their challenges, dealing with traumas. Clients often come to me with anxiety, depression, self-esteem issues. We explore avenues to overcome or adapt to those conditions. Many clients determine as we work together that they need help with how they communicate - with themselves as well as with others.
(415) 966-4356 View (415) 966-4356
Photo of Allison Prine, Marriage & Family Therapist in Novato, CA
Allison Prine
Marriage & Family Therapist, BS, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Novato, CA 94945  (Online Only)
You deserve to experience a life that is authentic, connected, and rich with meaning. It takes courage to rewrite your story from a place of disconnection, struggle, and fear, transforming it into a narrative full of empowerment, growth, and healing. Whether you are struggling with balance and identity in new parenthood, grieving infertility or pregnancy loss, processing your own neurodivergence, parenting a child with complex needs, grappling with the anxiety of being a millennial navigating the impact of life transitions on your relationships, career, and purpose in this overwhelming world, I am here to hold space for you.
You deserve to experience a life that is authentic, connected, and rich with meaning. It takes courage to rewrite your story from a place of disconnection, struggle, and fear, transforming it into a narrative full of empowerment, growth, and healing. Whether you are struggling with balance and identity in new parenthood, grieving infertility or pregnancy loss, processing your own neurodivergence, parenting a child with complex needs, grappling with the anxiety of being a millennial navigating the impact of life transitions on your relationships, career, and purpose in this overwhelming world, I am here to hold space for you.
(415) 965-8631 View (415) 965-8631
Photo of Elisha Ellis Madsen | Board-Certified Music Therapist in Novato, CA
Elisha Ellis Madsen | Board-Certified Music Therapist
MME, MT-BC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Novato, CA 94949
Are you struggling with anxiety or self-doubt? Do you ever feel like your emotions control you? Constantly worried about the future or stuck in the past? Lost touch with your creative side (or perhaps you were never allowed to explore it in the first place?) You aren’t alone, and I want to help you feel grounded, confident, and more present in your own life. I’m Elisha: I specialize in music therapy for adults who want to ease anxiety, improve self-esteem, and reignite creativity through a holistic lens. My therapeutic approach is authentic, bold, intuitive, and creative. I am committed to anti-oppressive and inclusive practice.
Are you struggling with anxiety or self-doubt? Do you ever feel like your emotions control you? Constantly worried about the future or stuck in the past? Lost touch with your creative side (or perhaps you were never allowed to explore it in the first place?) You aren’t alone, and I want to help you feel grounded, confident, and more present in your own life. I’m Elisha: I specialize in music therapy for adults who want to ease anxiety, improve self-esteem, and reignite creativity through a holistic lens. My therapeutic approach is authentic, bold, intuitive, and creative. I am committed to anti-oppressive and inclusive practice.
(415) 236-5937 View (415) 236-5937
Photo of Diba Ataie, Marriage & Family Therapist in Novato, CA
Diba Ataie
Marriage & Family Therapist, EdD, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Novato, CA 94948  (Online Only)
Looking to repair relationships while coping with life's transitions? Have trouble standing up for yourself at your job, school or with people? Let's start growing in our responses to stressors together! After overcoming many life struggles personally and still working through them actively, I have a mission to help people overcome their fears through exploring self-worth.
Looking to repair relationships while coping with life's transitions? Have trouble standing up for yourself at your job, school or with people? Let's start growing in our responses to stressors together! After overcoming many life struggles personally and still working through them actively, I have a mission to help people overcome their fears through exploring self-worth.
(415) 862-7522 View (415) 862-7522
Photo of Dawn Holiday-Bruner, Marriage & Family Therapist in Novato, CA
Dawn Holiday-Bruner
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Novato, CA 94945
Most of us would like to feel closer to those we love. However, we often get stuck in patterns of relating and conflict that fall short of what we truly desire. My passion is to see people find healing and experience growth as individuals and in their personal relationships.
Most of us would like to feel closer to those we love. However, we often get stuck in patterns of relating and conflict that fall short of what we truly desire. My passion is to see people find healing and experience growth as individuals and in their personal relationships.
(707) 289-9521 View (707) 289-9521
Photo of Hidden Harbor Counseling, Marriage & Family Therapist in Novato, CA
Hidden Harbor Counseling
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Novato, CA 94945  (Online Only)
Hey there, I'm Julie! I am passionate about helping teens, adults, and families navigate life's challenges such as depression, anxiety, stress, identity exploration, self-esteem, communication struggles, conflict resolution, parenting issues, and life transitions.
Hey there, I'm Julie! I am passionate about helping teens, adults, and families navigate life's challenges such as depression, anxiety, stress, identity exploration, self-esteem, communication struggles, conflict resolution, parenting issues, and life transitions.
(628) 888-6395 View (628) 888-6395
Photo of Dr. Norman Hering, Marriage & Family Therapist in Novato, CA
Dr. Norman Hering
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Novato, CA 94949
Thank you for reading! I imagine you are here because you are searching for something; an answer to your pain and suffering. People don't typically come to therapy because all is well; they are looking for relief from the pain. We will sit together in that pain because pain shared is pain decreased. And then we begin to take action to feel more in control of our lives. Taking action is the perfect antidote to that crippling sense of powerlessness. Yes, there are many things we can't control; we identify them and let them go. And, there are many things we can control, primarily through a change in perspective.
Thank you for reading! I imagine you are here because you are searching for something; an answer to your pain and suffering. People don't typically come to therapy because all is well; they are looking for relief from the pain. We will sit together in that pain because pain shared is pain decreased. And then we begin to take action to feel more in control of our lives. Taking action is the perfect antidote to that crippling sense of powerlessness. Yes, there are many things we can't control; we identify them and let them go. And, there are many things we can control, primarily through a change in perspective.
(415) 366-2357 View (415) 366-2357
Photo of Jill Nicole Peeler, Marriage & Family Therapist in Novato, CA
Jill Nicole Peeler
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Novato, CA 94949
I am a LMFT in Novato and serve first responders, military and their families in the State of California. Approximately ninety percent of my clientele consists of first responders and public safety professionals, highlighting my dedication to supporting those who serve on the front lines. Drawing upon my extensive experience, Drawing upon my extensive experience, I delve deep into the unique challenges faced by first responders and public safety employees.
I am a LMFT in Novato and serve first responders, military and their families in the State of California. Approximately ninety percent of my clientele consists of first responders and public safety professionals, highlighting my dedication to supporting those who serve on the front lines. Drawing upon my extensive experience, Drawing upon my extensive experience, I delve deep into the unique challenges faced by first responders and public safety employees.
(415) 523-9061 View (415) 523-9061
Photo of Nicole Douglas, Marriage & Family Therapist in Novato, CA
Nicole Douglas
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Novato, CA 94945
Welcome! You may have been thinking about seeking support from a therapist for quite a while. Maybe you’ve been struggling with anxiety, feeling alone, insecure in your relationship, or feeling stuck with distressing thought patterns that lead to an uneasy feeling of avoidance. I care deeply about creating a warm, empathic, and well-attuned connection with my clients. I strive to provide a collaborative experience while working with an array of diverse individuals who seek support with navigating their specific challenges.
Welcome! You may have been thinking about seeking support from a therapist for quite a while. Maybe you’ve been struggling with anxiety, feeling alone, insecure in your relationship, or feeling stuck with distressing thought patterns that lead to an uneasy feeling of avoidance. I care deeply about creating a warm, empathic, and well-attuned connection with my clients. I strive to provide a collaborative experience while working with an array of diverse individuals who seek support with navigating their specific challenges.
(415) 366-9064 View (415) 366-9064
Photo of Dan O'Donnell, Marriage & Family Therapist in Novato, CA
Dan O'Donnell
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Novato, CA 94949
Problems with your teen or lack of purpose issues? I also work with adults, couples and families. As a solution-focused therapist, my goal is to help you uncover your true potential and lead a life that is worth celebrating. While we can't change difficult situations of the past, we can work together to better understand and resolve current challenges. If you're looking for extra support and guidance through a challenging situation or you're just ready to move in a new direction in your life, Please call or email me for an individual, couples or family therapy consultation today
Problems with your teen or lack of purpose issues? I also work with adults, couples and families. As a solution-focused therapist, my goal is to help you uncover your true potential and lead a life that is worth celebrating. While we can't change difficult situations of the past, we can work together to better understand and resolve current challenges. If you're looking for extra support and guidance through a challenging situation or you're just ready to move in a new direction in your life, Please call or email me for an individual, couples or family therapy consultation today
(707) 595-2303 View (707) 595-2303
Photo of Michelle Shariat-Hansen, Psychologist in Novato, CA
Michelle Shariat-Hansen
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Novato, CA 94949  (Online Only)
My passion has always been to help people alleviate symptoms that interfere with their quality of life, in order to live a more fulfilling, purposeful and balanced life. To facilitate this process, I provide a warm and supportive environment with respectful and non-judgmental listening to your personal concerns. My style is active and goal-oriented, I use encouragement and offer new perspectives and tools. I help guide clients through challenging situations to discover solutions to the issues that bring them to therapy. Since each person's situation is unique, my treatment approach is individualized depending on your particular needs and goals.
My passion has always been to help people alleviate symptoms that interfere with their quality of life, in order to live a more fulfilling, purposeful and balanced life. To facilitate this process, I provide a warm and supportive environment with respectful and non-judgmental listening to your personal concerns. My style is active and goal-oriented, I use encouragement and offer new perspectives and tools. I help guide clients through challenging situations to discover solutions to the issues that bring them to therapy. Since each person's situation is unique, my treatment approach is individualized depending on your particular needs and goals.
(415) 968-6896 View (415) 968-6896
Photo of Robyn McKenzie, Marriage & Family Therapist in Novato, CA
Robyn McKenzie
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Novato, CA 94945
Waitlist for new clients
I believe that every person has the capacity to achieve growth at any stage of life. My passion is to support my clients in gaining insight into their thoughts, feelings, experiences, and behaviors in order to effect lasting change and move toward a more satisfying life. My therapy style is warm, empathic, active, and practical. I believe therapy works best when there is a strong, collaborative relationship between client and therapist. You are the expert on your own life, and my goal is to partner with you to learn about your experiences and bring my own perspective and expertise to help discover how therapy can most benefit you.
I believe that every person has the capacity to achieve growth at any stage of life. My passion is to support my clients in gaining insight into their thoughts, feelings, experiences, and behaviors in order to effect lasting change and move toward a more satisfying life. My therapy style is warm, empathic, active, and practical. I believe therapy works best when there is a strong, collaborative relationship between client and therapist. You are the expert on your own life, and my goal is to partner with you to learn about your experiences and bring my own perspective and expertise to help discover how therapy can most benefit you.
(415) 639-5848 View (415) 639-5848
Photo of Patricia Duncan, Counselor in Novato, CA
Patricia Duncan
Counselor, MA, LPCC, CCTP, CTHP
Verified Verified
Novato, CA 94945
Your relationship is stressed or you're looking for one, you're restless in your career or you're searching for meaning. Your self-care has taken backseat to busyness and life has become about being mother, wife, or caretaker. You're feeling stagnant, uninspired, and worried the world is passing you by. Waking up in the morning and looking forward to your day seems like a distant reality. You want to change but feel paralyzed by uncertainty. It feels too hard on your own to get clear with what's missing in your relationship, your career, and your life or where to begin to make lasting, meaningful change that feels worth the effort.
Your relationship is stressed or you're looking for one, you're restless in your career or you're searching for meaning. Your self-care has taken backseat to busyness and life has become about being mother, wife, or caretaker. You're feeling stagnant, uninspired, and worried the world is passing you by. Waking up in the morning and looking forward to your day seems like a distant reality. You want to change but feel paralyzed by uncertainty. It feels too hard on your own to get clear with what's missing in your relationship, your career, and your life or where to begin to make lasting, meaningful change that feels worth the effort.
(415) 930-9559 View (415) 930-9559
Photo of Jean Hayes, Marriage & Family Therapist in Novato, CA
Jean Hayes
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, MFT
Verified Verified
Novato, CA 94945  (Online Only)
I successfully treat relationship breakdowns, alcohol, drug, eating problems, depression, dual-diagnosis, anxiety, trauma, bariatric surgery patients. Individuals and couples address how the misuse of substances impacts their lives in negative and unproductive ways. We seek solutions together to more satisfying lifestyles and relationships. I work with couples and individuals having difficulties in relationships, wanting to resolve problems rather than separating or divorcing as their only solution. I work to separate past hurts from present reality. As an Equine Therapist, I use horses and exotic farm animals as requested.
I successfully treat relationship breakdowns, alcohol, drug, eating problems, depression, dual-diagnosis, anxiety, trauma, bariatric surgery patients. Individuals and couples address how the misuse of substances impacts their lives in negative and unproductive ways. We seek solutions together to more satisfying lifestyles and relationships. I work with couples and individuals having difficulties in relationships, wanting to resolve problems rather than separating or divorcing as their only solution. I work to separate past hurts from present reality. As an Equine Therapist, I use horses and exotic farm animals as requested.
(415) 574-0967 View (415) 574-0967
Photo of Christel S Berry, Marriage & Family Therapist in Novato, CA
Christel S Berry
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Novato, CA 94947  (Online Only)
I work on treating Trauma, PTSD Depression, Anxiety disorders, repairing relationships and resolving conflicts. Throughout my journey as a therapist I have gathered years of experience working with a large variety of populations, adolescents, adults, foster youth, children with disabilities and families. I combine multiple modalities and customize them to your specific unique needs. I also offer Art Therapy as an additional tool for self expression, healing and processing.
I work on treating Trauma, PTSD Depression, Anxiety disorders, repairing relationships and resolving conflicts. Throughout my journey as a therapist I have gathered years of experience working with a large variety of populations, adolescents, adults, foster youth, children with disabilities and families. I combine multiple modalities and customize them to your specific unique needs. I also offer Art Therapy as an additional tool for self expression, healing and processing.
(415) 853-4744 View (415) 853-4744
Photo of Susan Kenny, Marriage & Family Therapist in Novato, CA
Susan Kenny
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, SEP
Verified Verified
Novato, CA 94949
I work as a Somatic Psychotherapist helping adults understand and regulate their nervous system. I am trained as both a Somatic Experiencing Practitioner and a Transforming Touch Therapist to help clients with developmental trauma as well as depression, anxiety, stress, and loss. I use a body based approach to understand sensations in the body, and my style is active, warm and empathic. I provide a safe environment to learn how to harness your inner resources, manage stress and emotions in both the mind and the nervous system, and help you create more balance and ease in you life.
I work as a Somatic Psychotherapist helping adults understand and regulate their nervous system. I am trained as both a Somatic Experiencing Practitioner and a Transforming Touch Therapist to help clients with developmental trauma as well as depression, anxiety, stress, and loss. I use a body based approach to understand sensations in the body, and my style is active, warm and empathic. I provide a safe environment to learn how to harness your inner resources, manage stress and emotions in both the mind and the nervous system, and help you create more balance and ease in you life.
(415) 408-6891 View (415) 408-6891
Photo of Kristi M. Hudson, Marriage & Family Therapist in Novato, CA
Kristi M. Hudson
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Novato, CA 94945
You and your relationships are important and worth the investment of therapy. Reaching out for help can be challenging, but know that part of healthy relating is being able to reach out and trust that your needs can be met. It may be helpful to know that my Marin County office hours are Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays in Novato and Thursdays in San Rafael. I look forward to meeting you for a free initial consultation to see if we're a good fit!
You and your relationships are important and worth the investment of therapy. Reaching out for help can be challenging, but know that part of healthy relating is being able to reach out and trust that your needs can be met. It may be helpful to know that my Marin County office hours are Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays in Novato and Thursdays in San Rafael. I look forward to meeting you for a free initial consultation to see if we're a good fit!
(415) 877-9318 View (415) 877-9318

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Novato, CA

200+

Average cost per session

$180

Therapists in Novato, CA who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
85% Depression
84% Relationship Issues
77% Self Esteem
73% Trauma and PTSD
67% Grief
65% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

18 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

42% Other
35% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
35% Optum

How Therapists in Novato, CA see their clients

71% In Person and Online
29% Online Only

Gender breakdown

80% Female
19% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Novato?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.