Therapists in Seattle, WA

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Photo of Upper Left Coast Counseling, Counselor in Seattle, WA
Upper Left Coast Counseling
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98101  (Online Only)
As a mental health professional, I want to assure you that it is completely normal to feel overwhelmed and lost at times. It is important to recognize when you are struggling and to seek help. It is not a sign of weakness to ask for support, but rather a sign of strength and self-awareness. There are many resources available to help you, including therapy, support groups, and self-care activities. It is never too late to start taking care of yourself and to work towards a happier and healthier life. It may be difficult to make the first step, but trust that it will be worth it in the long run. You deserve to feel better and to live
As a mental health professional, I want to assure you that it is completely normal to feel overwhelmed and lost at times. It is important to recognize when you are struggling and to seek help. It is not a sign of weakness to ask for support, but rather a sign of strength and self-awareness. There are many resources available to help you, including therapy, support groups, and self-care activities. It is never too late to start taking care of yourself and to work towards a happier and healthier life. It may be difficult to make the first step, but trust that it will be worth it in the long run. You deserve to feel better and to live
(360) 583-4117 View (360) 583-4117
Photo of Christy Sweaney Herrick, Counselor in Seattle, WA
Christy Sweaney Herrick
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98103
People often come to therapy struggling with a particular feeling, relationship, or question that they can't seem to escape no matter what they do. Why? Research shows us that our struggles are typically about far more than they appear on the surface. Often the problems of our present are deeply rooted in our pasts and the lessons we learned from our families, cultures, and formative experiences. Yet, many are unaware of the learned assumptions that govern their lives, even when they get in their way.
People often come to therapy struggling with a particular feeling, relationship, or question that they can't seem to escape no matter what they do. Why? Research shows us that our struggles are typically about far more than they appear on the surface. Often the problems of our present are deeply rooted in our pasts and the lessons we learned from our families, cultures, and formative experiences. Yet, many are unaware of the learned assumptions that govern their lives, even when they get in their way.
(206) 203-6113 View (206) 203-6113
Photo of Elizabeth Olsen, Counselor in Seattle, WA
Elizabeth Olsen
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98115  (Online Only)
My approach is client-centered, working as your ally with the privilege of witnessing your life as you grow and live into your goals, becoming ever more yourself. We will look deeply into what has been, how to become more present and mentally and relationally healthy in your life, moving forward with new tools and ways of being, bringing the mind, heart, and body into an alliance of further holistic health. Commonly addressed issues include: depression, anxiety, identity development, self awareness/esteem, life transitions, work stress, relational struggles, people pleasing/codependency, self-advocacy, emotional issues, grief, etc.
My approach is client-centered, working as your ally with the privilege of witnessing your life as you grow and live into your goals, becoming ever more yourself. We will look deeply into what has been, how to become more present and mentally and relationally healthy in your life, moving forward with new tools and ways of being, bringing the mind, heart, and body into an alliance of further holistic health. Commonly addressed issues include: depression, anxiety, identity development, self awareness/esteem, life transitions, work stress, relational struggles, people pleasing/codependency, self-advocacy, emotional issues, grief, etc.
(206) 737-3990 View (206) 737-3990
Photo of Melanie E Mitchell, Psychologist in Seattle, WA
Melanie E Mitchell
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98119
"I work with adults, adolescents, couples and children experiencing difficulty in a wide range of issues. I specialize in working with trauma, grief/loss, emerging adults (ages 15-25) and couples. Areas of interest are depression, anxiety, eating issues, women's issues, parenting support and life transitions. In my work with couples I utilize the work of John Gottman, Ph.D., an empirically-based approach emphasizing marital friendship, intimacy and respect to create a lasting marital foundation. My approach is warm, collaborative and interactive with an emphasis on the therapeutic relationship, and a focus on your strengths and resiliencies."
"I work with adults, adolescents, couples and children experiencing difficulty in a wide range of issues. I specialize in working with trauma, grief/loss, emerging adults (ages 15-25) and couples. Areas of interest are depression, anxiety, eating issues, women's issues, parenting support and life transitions. In my work with couples I utilize the work of John Gottman, Ph.D., an empirically-based approach emphasizing marital friendship, intimacy and respect to create a lasting marital foundation. My approach is warm, collaborative and interactive with an emphasis on the therapeutic relationship, and a focus on your strengths and resiliencies."
(425) 318-7501 View (425) 318-7501
Photo of Heartleaf Healing PLLC - Katelyn Yam, Counselor in Seattle, WA
Heartleaf Healing PLLC - Katelyn Yam
Counselor, LMHC, NCC, MAED
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98119  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
My passion is working with individuals who have strong and sometimes even overwhelming emotions. People with a lot of passion and who sometimes struggle to regulate their intensity. Those who might be considered highly sensitive or highly empathic.
My passion is working with individuals who have strong and sometimes even overwhelming emotions. People with a lot of passion and who sometimes struggle to regulate their intensity. Those who might be considered highly sensitive or highly empathic.
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Photo of Ellen M. Rugg, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Seattle, WA
Ellen M. Rugg
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, MSW, LICSW, CPG, PLLC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98103  (Online Only)
I'm a seasoned individual and group psychotherapist who loves her work. I'm guided by the belief that most of the time we have our own answers, but sometimes we need help uncovering our own answers and trusting our own judgment. Depending on your needs, we may: 1. work psychodynamically (explore your history and it influences current life), 2. work cognitive- behaviorally (explore how distorted beliefs affect your feelings & behavior) or, 3. work to resolve difficult experiences by weaving back and forth between the "here & now" and the past.
I'm a seasoned individual and group psychotherapist who loves her work. I'm guided by the belief that most of the time we have our own answers, but sometimes we need help uncovering our own answers and trusting our own judgment. Depending on your needs, we may: 1. work psychodynamically (explore your history and it influences current life), 2. work cognitive- behaviorally (explore how distorted beliefs affect your feelings & behavior) or, 3. work to resolve difficult experiences by weaving back and forth between the "here & now" and the past.
(206) 547-7844 View (206) 547-7844
Photo of Cynthia Castro Martinez, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Seattle, WA
Cynthia Castro Martinez
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, SWAICL, MSW
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98101  (Online Only)
Healing the mind, body, and soul through meaningful long-lasting change can result from effective therapeutic solutions. I have a well-rounded background in trauma-informed therapy and refined talents in addictions treatment and mood disorders assessment/treatment. High level experience working with multi-cultural clients/patients, victims of abuse to develop service needs; I am bilingual. I strongly believe in strength-based client focused therapy by identifying his or her strength, needs, abilities, and preferences.
Healing the mind, body, and soul through meaningful long-lasting change can result from effective therapeutic solutions. I have a well-rounded background in trauma-informed therapy and refined talents in addictions treatment and mood disorders assessment/treatment. High level experience working with multi-cultural clients/patients, victims of abuse to develop service needs; I am bilingual. I strongly believe in strength-based client focused therapy by identifying his or her strength, needs, abilities, and preferences.
(360) 295-9997 View (360) 295-9997
Photo of Allie Ash, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Seattle, WA
Allie Ash
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LSWAIC
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98119  (Online Only)
As we enter this spring time, it is full of new beginnings through the joy of the sunshine coming through the great pacific northwest and newness blooming outside and within us. I am a psychotherapist that works primarily with clients that experience anxiety and depressive signs and symptoms. In my approach, I provide support in identifying the triggers that impact the anxiety to fester and how to reverse the depression by using a cognitive behavioral therapy approach.
As we enter this spring time, it is full of new beginnings through the joy of the sunshine coming through the great pacific northwest and newness blooming outside and within us. I am a psychotherapist that works primarily with clients that experience anxiety and depressive signs and symptoms. In my approach, I provide support in identifying the triggers that impact the anxiety to fester and how to reverse the depression by using a cognitive behavioral therapy approach.
(206) 207-5228 View (206) 207-5228
Photo of Maggie Bielefeldt, Counselor in Seattle, WA
Maggie Bielefeldt
Counselor, MA, LMHCA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98118  (Online Only)
Emotions are often like water. They slip through our fingers, overwhelm us in crashes, ebb & flow like waves. Therapy can be a place to explore the depths of our emotional experiences, building our capacity to hold them, and our ability to learn from them. My training in existential phenomenological psychology provides my grounding, meaning your experience is central to our sessions. I approach therapy with an integrative practice, mixing theories and modalities to find the right tools for each person I work with. I will ask what has and hasn't worked for you in the past, and individualize our time together to meet your needs.
Emotions are often like water. They slip through our fingers, overwhelm us in crashes, ebb & flow like waves. Therapy can be a place to explore the depths of our emotional experiences, building our capacity to hold them, and our ability to learn from them. My training in existential phenomenological psychology provides my grounding, meaning your experience is central to our sessions. I approach therapy with an integrative practice, mixing theories and modalities to find the right tools for each person I work with. I will ask what has and hasn't worked for you in the past, and individualize our time together to meet your needs.
(206) 672-2881 View (206) 672-2881
Photo of AVYIA Ketamine in Seattle, WA
AVYIA Ketamine
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98104
AVYIA ketamine specializing in delivering IV, nasal, or microdose ketamine therapies straight to the patient's home. Patients wishing to take advantage of the rapid and sustained mental health benefits of ketamine can be treated from the comfort of their homes with one of our 3 treatment programs: IV, intranasal, and microdosing. Our health care providers go to you, in person, to provide safe and effective IV or nasal spray ketamine. Microdosing ketamine daily is an effective and safe option for those who prefer a different approach, at a more affordable price point. Patients choose which program fits their needs and budget.
AVYIA ketamine specializing in delivering IV, nasal, or microdose ketamine therapies straight to the patient's home. Patients wishing to take advantage of the rapid and sustained mental health benefits of ketamine can be treated from the comfort of their homes with one of our 3 treatment programs: IV, intranasal, and microdosing. Our health care providers go to you, in person, to provide safe and effective IV or nasal spray ketamine. Microdosing ketamine daily is an effective and safe option for those who prefer a different approach, at a more affordable price point. Patients choose which program fits their needs and budget.
(206) 203-9503 View (206) 203-9503
Photo of Lynn Marie Tienken, Counselor in Seattle, WA
Lynn Marie Tienken
Counselor, MS, LMHC
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98118
With 42 years as a therapist I can say that my passion and joy is sitting with couples and individuals who want more meaning and depth in their relationships. Spirit leads the way in my work. Watching couples light up when they understand how to "be present with curiosity in listening to their partner" adds spark to my day. Knowing that they are beginning to get the tools for change that grow inner confidence is what brings richness to my work and hope for them.
With 42 years as a therapist I can say that my passion and joy is sitting with couples and individuals who want more meaning and depth in their relationships. Spirit leads the way in my work. Watching couples light up when they understand how to "be present with curiosity in listening to their partner" adds spark to my day. Knowing that they are beginning to get the tools for change that grow inner confidence is what brings richness to my work and hope for them.
(206) 488-0469 View (206) 488-0469
Photo of Lark Huang-Storms, Psychologist in Seattle, WA
Lark Huang-Storms
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98125
Waitlist for new clients
I am a clinical psychologist who specializes in diagnostic assessment of autism across the lifespan (including presentation in adult women). I provide evaluations for clients who wonder about possible autism for themselves or their children. I also have a small therapy practice where I focus on mental health and wellness with clients who are autistic or whose lives are shaped by autism (including Asperger’s Syndrome). Over the past decades, I directed Autism Centers at UT Southwestern Medical Center and Oregon Health & Science University where I engaged in research, training and clinical care.
I am a clinical psychologist who specializes in diagnostic assessment of autism across the lifespan (including presentation in adult women). I provide evaluations for clients who wonder about possible autism for themselves or their children. I also have a small therapy practice where I focus on mental health and wellness with clients who are autistic or whose lives are shaped by autism (including Asperger’s Syndrome). Over the past decades, I directed Autism Centers at UT Southwestern Medical Center and Oregon Health & Science University where I engaged in research, training and clinical care.
(206) 279-6922 View (206) 279-6922
Photo of Audrey Jensen, Counselor in Seattle, WA
Audrey Jensen
Counselor, LMHC, LCAS-A, MA
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98104  (Online Only)
I am currently accepting new clients. I understand therapy can be an old familiar friend to some or a new experience which can bring some anxiety and nervousness for others. Either way, if you are excited or nervous about therapy, I make sure our sessions are a safe place to express your thoughts and gain perspective around difficult life issues. My hope is for you to feel empowered to uncover your own sense of peace and wholeness and to know you do not have to do that alone.
I am currently accepting new clients. I understand therapy can be an old familiar friend to some or a new experience which can bring some anxiety and nervousness for others. Either way, if you are excited or nervous about therapy, I make sure our sessions are a safe place to express your thoughts and gain perspective around difficult life issues. My hope is for you to feel empowered to uncover your own sense of peace and wholeness and to know you do not have to do that alone.
(206) 785-3634 View (206) 785-3634
Photo of Erik Marsh, Psychologist in Seattle, WA
Erik Marsh
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98188  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Life can be experienced in various degrees of openness or constriction in one’s existence. When you live life in relative openness to yourself and the world around you, suffering is typically minimal. This is the realm of health and happiness. When you begin to experience a constriction in your openness to yourself or the world around you, suffering begins to color your existence. This is the realm of illness and pain, wherein people often seek help from others. If your life has become constricted in some way, it is my job to help your reestablish an openness to life.
Life can be experienced in various degrees of openness or constriction in one’s existence. When you live life in relative openness to yourself and the world around you, suffering is typically minimal. This is the realm of health and happiness. When you begin to experience a constriction in your openness to yourself or the world around you, suffering begins to color your existence. This is the realm of illness and pain, wherein people often seek help from others. If your life has become constricted in some way, it is my job to help your reestablish an openness to life.
(206) 752-6296 View (206) 752-6296
Photo of Jay French, Counselor in Seattle, WA
Jay French
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98136  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
My goal is to help you make contact with the most alive and vital parts of yourself, and to foster the natural creative energy that we all have inside. I believe that all symptoms exist for good reasons. Together we can discover these reasons and help you transcend the thoughts, feelings or behaviors that limit you. Through patient and careful listening, I seek to become attuned to what is struggling to become known in and between your words, and to reflect this back to you in a way that allows you to more fully inhabit your truth.
My goal is to help you make contact with the most alive and vital parts of yourself, and to foster the natural creative energy that we all have inside. I believe that all symptoms exist for good reasons. Together we can discover these reasons and help you transcend the thoughts, feelings or behaviors that limit you. Through patient and careful listening, I seek to become attuned to what is struggling to become known in and between your words, and to reflect this back to you in a way that allows you to more fully inhabit your truth.
(253) 777-1588 View (253) 777-1588
Photo of Tom Benson, Counselor in Seattle, WA
Tom Benson
Counselor, Tom Benson
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98109
Not accepting new clients
I take the mysticism out of therapy. We both know that not everything is "about your mother." Figuring out why you are the way you are can be interesting and even enlightening, but it's worthless if you're still experiencing the same emotional pain. You have the ability to make changes in your life. Things don't have to stay the same.
I take the mysticism out of therapy. We both know that not everything is "about your mother." Figuring out why you are the way you are can be interesting and even enlightening, but it's worthless if you're still experiencing the same emotional pain. You have the ability to make changes in your life. Things don't have to stay the same.
(206) 518-9740 View (206) 518-9740
Photo of Carina Ziegler, Counselor in Seattle, WA
Carina Ziegler
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98102
I want you to know that change is possible for you. I believe that every person deserves to experience a fulfilling life, and I am grateful for the opportunity to be able to walk alongside clients as they work to experience change. Our past experiences can inform the way we show up in present moment experiences with self and others, and earlier attachment wounds and traumatic experiences can cause us to experience suffering in current relationships, struggle to connect with and communicate emotions, and utilize tools that no longer feel supportive. You can have a different experience, and I would love to help you on that journey.
I want you to know that change is possible for you. I believe that every person deserves to experience a fulfilling life, and I am grateful for the opportunity to be able to walk alongside clients as they work to experience change. Our past experiences can inform the way we show up in present moment experiences with self and others, and earlier attachment wounds and traumatic experiences can cause us to experience suffering in current relationships, struggle to connect with and communicate emotions, and utilize tools that no longer feel supportive. You can have a different experience, and I would love to help you on that journey.
(206) 590-1593 View (206) 590-1593
Photo of Bailey D S Cheshire, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Seattle, WA
Bailey D S Cheshire
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, LMFTA
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98119
I know that reaching out for therapy can be so intimidating, especially with issues related to sexuality. You may be looking to step into a more authentic versions of yourself or you may be dealing with relationship struggles. You may have felt stuck for some time or are just beginning to question what doesn't feel right. Together, we can embrace the challenges of life's struggles and work towards your dreams and goals. I am an identity affirming therapist who especially loves working with people who are queer, BIPOC, neurodivergent, disabled, or somehow 'othered' by society.
I know that reaching out for therapy can be so intimidating, especially with issues related to sexuality. You may be looking to step into a more authentic versions of yourself or you may be dealing with relationship struggles. You may have felt stuck for some time or are just beginning to question what doesn't feel right. Together, we can embrace the challenges of life's struggles and work towards your dreams and goals. I am an identity affirming therapist who especially loves working with people who are queer, BIPOC, neurodivergent, disabled, or somehow 'othered' by society.
(206) 752-3683 View (206) 752-3683
Photo of K’Leia Wilson, Pre-Licensed Professional in Seattle, WA
K’Leia Wilson
Pre-Licensed Professional, EdS, NCSP, LMHCA
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98115
Mood Check Therapy empowers adolescents to build a solid self-love practice early in their lives that they will lean on when experiencing uncomfortable emotions and thoughts. Clients may have difficulty going to school or being flexible with others, getting started or finishing a task, and looking to feel comfortable and confident more of the time.
Mood Check Therapy empowers adolescents to build a solid self-love practice early in their lives that they will lean on when experiencing uncomfortable emotions and thoughts. Clients may have difficulty going to school or being flexible with others, getting started or finishing a task, and looking to feel comfortable and confident more of the time.
(206) 759-8196 View (206) 759-8196
Photo of Jade Stefano in Seattle, WA
Jade Stefano
ND, PATP
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98102
Please note I am only taking clients for Ketamine Assisted Psychotherapy and integrative mental health at the AIMS Institute in Seattle. I do not practice regular psychotherapy. I am a naturopathic physician and a certified psychedelic-assisted therapy provider (PATP). I utilize nutraceuticals, botanical medicine, nutrition, lifestyle coaching, counseling, and pharmaceuticals when needed. As a Ketamine Assisted Psychotherapy (KAP) provider I encourage my clients to connect with their inner healing intelligence, providing a safe and compassionate container to support them on their journey.
Please note I am only taking clients for Ketamine Assisted Psychotherapy and integrative mental health at the AIMS Institute in Seattle. I do not practice regular psychotherapy. I am a naturopathic physician and a certified psychedelic-assisted therapy provider (PATP). I utilize nutraceuticals, botanical medicine, nutrition, lifestyle coaching, counseling, and pharmaceuticals when needed. As a Ketamine Assisted Psychotherapy (KAP) provider I encourage my clients to connect with their inner healing intelligence, providing a safe and compassionate container to support them on their journey.
(206) 672-1556 View (206) 672-1556

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Seattle, WA

3,000+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Seattle, WA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
86% Depression
79% Relationship Issues
76% Self Esteem
72% Trauma and PTSD
71% Stress
69% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

71% Premera
54% Aetna
47% Regence

How Therapists in Seattle, WA see their clients

51% Online Only
49% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

75% Female
21% Male
4% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Seattle?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.