Therapists in Chattanooga, TN

Photo of Kim Gaines Eckert, Psychologist in Chattanooga, TN
Kim Gaines Eckert
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Chattanooga, TN 37415  (Online Only)
I am a psychologist with over 25 years of experience helping people on their journeys toward health, healing and wholeness. Sometimes people seek support during challenging seasons of life, while undergoing significant transitions, or when faced with grief and loss. Others come after years of struggling with anxiety, fear, inadequacy or sadness. I specialize in relationship issues and coping skills, especially related to anxiety, self-esteem, worry and depression. I also work extensively with trauma, sexuality and spirituality. I draw upon EMDR, mindfulness, IFS, interpersonal and cognitive-behavioral therapies.
I am a psychologist with over 25 years of experience helping people on their journeys toward health, healing and wholeness. Sometimes people seek support during challenging seasons of life, while undergoing significant transitions, or when faced with grief and loss. Others come after years of struggling with anxiety, fear, inadequacy or sadness. I specialize in relationship issues and coping skills, especially related to anxiety, self-esteem, worry and depression. I also work extensively with trauma, sexuality and spirituality. I draw upon EMDR, mindfulness, IFS, interpersonal and cognitive-behavioral therapies.
(423) 800-5423 View (423) 800-5423
Photo of Allison White, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chattanooga, TN
Allison White
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Chattanooga, TN 37405  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
I have over 20 years of professional experience in a wide variety of settings including Community Behavioral Health, Healthcare, Corrections, and school-based counseling. I enjoy working with Adults and Adolescents in all stages of life. I utilize a strengths-based approach to assist my clients in becoming the best version of themselves. I utilize a variety of treatment modalities including Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy and Short-Term Solution Focused Therapy. I provide an inviting and non-judgmental space for my clients and I am dedicated to helping others navigate life's obstacles.
I have over 20 years of professional experience in a wide variety of settings including Community Behavioral Health, Healthcare, Corrections, and school-based counseling. I enjoy working with Adults and Adolescents in all stages of life. I utilize a strengths-based approach to assist my clients in becoming the best version of themselves. I utilize a variety of treatment modalities including Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy and Short-Term Solution Focused Therapy. I provide an inviting and non-judgmental space for my clients and I am dedicated to helping others navigate life's obstacles.
(423) 556-9792 View (423) 556-9792
Photo of Carmen Lydia Torres, Pre-Licensed Professional in Chattanooga, TN
Carmen Lydia Torres
Pre-Licensed Professional, MDiv, MACMHC
Verified Verified
Chattanooga, TN 37412
Hi, I’m Lydia! Thank you for visiting my page. I believe it takes courage and strength to seek help during life's most stressful seasons. My passion is to create a safe space for people to process their life experiences, challenges, and pain, so they can experience growth and healing. I use an integrative approach that combines a variety of therapeutic techniques focused on each person’s individual needs and goals. I enjoy working with individuals from all walks of life including adolescents (15 and older), adults of all ages, Latino families, ministers/clergy, and clients diagnosed with cancer.
Hi, I’m Lydia! Thank you for visiting my page. I believe it takes courage and strength to seek help during life's most stressful seasons. My passion is to create a safe space for people to process their life experiences, challenges, and pain, so they can experience growth and healing. I use an integrative approach that combines a variety of therapeutic techniques focused on each person’s individual needs and goals. I enjoy working with individuals from all walks of life including adolescents (15 and older), adults of all ages, Latino families, ministers/clergy, and clients diagnosed with cancer.
(423) 560-6436 x119 View (423) 560-6436 x119
Photo of Jessica Meadows, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chattanooga, TN
Jessica Meadows
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chattanooga, TN 37411  (Online Only)
Jessica has five years of experience working as an LMSW. Jessica has worked in an oncology setting, working with clients and families to help adjust to severe illness. She has also worked in home health and hospice settings where she has provided grief counseling. Jessica also has experience working with families and couples and mainly specializes in grief, anxiety, depression, relationship concerns, and trauma related to domestic violence.
Jessica has five years of experience working as an LMSW. Jessica has worked in an oncology setting, working with clients and families to help adjust to severe illness. She has also worked in home health and hospice settings where she has provided grief counseling. Jessica also has experience working with families and couples and mainly specializes in grief, anxiety, depression, relationship concerns, and trauma related to domestic violence.
(423) 251-8106 View (423) 251-8106
Photo of Scout Counseling, PLLC in Chattanooga, TN
Scout Counseling, PLLC
LMFT, LPC, ACS
Verified Verified
Chattanooga, TN 37403
We are a team focused practice near downtown Chattanooga. We are equipped to serve a number of issues and strive to provide affordable, accessible care consistently. We are focused on getting results for you and giving excellent care. Our clinicians either have a great deal of experience or are receiving a high degree of oversight, direction, and guidance from an experienced clinician. We hope you will check out our website, the services we offer, and reach out today. We work to have openings within 2 weeks of your inquiry call, and we aim to return your inquiry within 24 to 48 hours. We are ready to join you on your journey today!
We are a team focused practice near downtown Chattanooga. We are equipped to serve a number of issues and strive to provide affordable, accessible care consistently. We are focused on getting results for you and giving excellent care. Our clinicians either have a great deal of experience or are receiving a high degree of oversight, direction, and guidance from an experienced clinician. We hope you will check out our website, the services we offer, and reach out today. We work to have openings within 2 weeks of your inquiry call, and we aim to return your inquiry within 24 to 48 hours. We are ready to join you on your journey today!
(423) 401-6126 View (423) 401-6126
Photo of Brooke Douglas, Pre-Licensed Professional in Chattanooga, TN
Brooke Douglas
Pre-Licensed Professional, MFT-I
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chattanooga, TN 37408
Whether you feel stuck or just need support in learning to communicate with one another, I am here for you. My goal is to offer a safe comforting space free of the fear of judgement and rejection for you or your family to explore what healing looks like for you. My passion is walking along side teens ages 12-18, their families, and couples. I offer help with those struggling with anxiety, depression, trauma, substance abuse, ADHD, spectrum disorder, grief, adoption, and more. As a therapist I have experience working with adolescents, families, and premarital couples counseling!
Whether you feel stuck or just need support in learning to communicate with one another, I am here for you. My goal is to offer a safe comforting space free of the fear of judgement and rejection for you or your family to explore what healing looks like for you. My passion is walking along side teens ages 12-18, their families, and couples. I offer help with those struggling with anxiety, depression, trauma, substance abuse, ADHD, spectrum disorder, grief, adoption, and more. As a therapist I have experience working with adolescents, families, and premarital couples counseling!
(423) 528-9902 View (423) 528-9902
Photo of Jordan Cody Manning, Marriage & Family Therapist in Chattanooga, TN
Jordan Cody Manning
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Chattanooga, TN 37415
I work with adolescents and adults who are struggling with anxiety, depression, low self esteem, grief, family conflict, anger, life transitions, and marital issues. I enjoy working with clients who desire to have someone help them in navigating these issues and finding their own unique path to wholeness. I strive to create an environment of genuine acceptance that promotes a sense of safety and encouragement for personal and familial growth. I have had over four years of experience focused on working with younger adolescents and their families addressing conflict, behavior problems, and family relationship dynamics.
I work with adolescents and adults who are struggling with anxiety, depression, low self esteem, grief, family conflict, anger, life transitions, and marital issues. I enjoy working with clients who desire to have someone help them in navigating these issues and finding their own unique path to wholeness. I strive to create an environment of genuine acceptance that promotes a sense of safety and encouragement for personal and familial growth. I have had over four years of experience focused on working with younger adolescents and their families addressing conflict, behavior problems, and family relationship dynamics.
(423) 436-8252 View (423) 436-8252
Photo of Travis D Hutchinson, Pastoral Counselor in Chattanooga, TN
Travis D Hutchinson
Pastoral Counselor
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chattanooga, TN 37408
I love introducing people to Gospel freedom and hope. My background in substance abuse counseling included a strong emphasis on family systems. My work as a pastor gave me an opportunity to take an understanding of systems and brokenness and apply it to marriages and families. Working for a decade in a school deepened my experience with crisis intervention, grief, trauma, and the wonderful ways connecting with creation can be part of God’s healing grace in our lives.
I love introducing people to Gospel freedom and hope. My background in substance abuse counseling included a strong emphasis on family systems. My work as a pastor gave me an opportunity to take an understanding of systems and brokenness and apply it to marriages and families. Working for a decade in a school deepened my experience with crisis intervention, grief, trauma, and the wonderful ways connecting with creation can be part of God’s healing grace in our lives.
(423) 345-8609 View (423) 345-8609
Photo of Phil Houston, Pre-Licensed Professional in Chattanooga, TN
Phil Houston
Pre-Licensed Professional, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Chattanooga, TN 37405
I work with individuals to help them strengthen the relationship with themselves and others while learning how to live a more meaningful life. Working with me, you will learn techniques and practices that help you to increase self-awareness and embrace authenticity in life. It is my belief that there is nothing inherently "wrong" with us, but instead we develop certain behaviors and patterns in an effort to protect ourselves from some type of pain. Together, we will explore what is holding you back and you will learn practical tools that will support you in understanding and processing your emotions.
I work with individuals to help them strengthen the relationship with themselves and others while learning how to live a more meaningful life. Working with me, you will learn techniques and practices that help you to increase self-awareness and embrace authenticity in life. It is my belief that there is nothing inherently "wrong" with us, but instead we develop certain behaviors and patterns in an effort to protect ourselves from some type of pain. Together, we will explore what is holding you back and you will learn practical tools that will support you in understanding and processing your emotions.
(423) 537-6661 View (423) 537-6661
Photo of Karen Fortuno, Licensed Professional Counselor in Chattanooga, TN
Karen Fortuno
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Chattanooga, TN 37405
Does life with your partner look different then you imagined? Are you worried to bring up issues because it always seems to end in a blowout? Is the person you used to love and adore now a source of pain and stress? Or maybe there been a betrayal of trust that has made it impossible to move forward and find joy with each other? Is it difficult to enjoy your children and spouse because of the demands of raising children, working and running a household? Has there has been a loss of passion and intimate connection? Perhaps you feel you are simply roommates.
Does life with your partner look different then you imagined? Are you worried to bring up issues because it always seems to end in a blowout? Is the person you used to love and adore now a source of pain and stress? Or maybe there been a betrayal of trust that has made it impossible to move forward and find joy with each other? Is it difficult to enjoy your children and spouse because of the demands of raising children, working and running a household? Has there has been a loss of passion and intimate connection? Perhaps you feel you are simply roommates.
(423) 299-4917 View (423) 299-4917
Photo of Andi Fisher, Licensed Professional Counselor in Chattanooga, TN
Andi Fisher
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MHSP, MACC, NCC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Chattanooga, TN 37405
I approach counseling with the understanding that all individuals have a unique story that is deserving of a safe space to process and heal. I believe that the counseling room can be a place that encourages hope and helps individuals enter into a healthier, deeper, and richer understanding of both themselves and others. Although I have a degree in Christian counseling, my practice welcomes individuals of all worldviews to engage with their stories in a way that invites restoration and healing. In addition to my time at Gordon-Conwell, I have been trained in EMDR, DBT Skills Training, and am a Certified First Responder Associate.
I approach counseling with the understanding that all individuals have a unique story that is deserving of a safe space to process and heal. I believe that the counseling room can be a place that encourages hope and helps individuals enter into a healthier, deeper, and richer understanding of both themselves and others. Although I have a degree in Christian counseling, my practice welcomes individuals of all worldviews to engage with their stories in a way that invites restoration and healing. In addition to my time at Gordon-Conwell, I have been trained in EMDR, DBT Skills Training, and am a Certified First Responder Associate.
(423) 592-5608 View (423) 592-5608
Photo of Michelle Waldrop (Johnson), Pre-Licensed Professional in Chattanooga, TN
Michelle Waldrop (Johnson)
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA-CMHC
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Chattanooga, TN 37404
I am passionate about story, visual arts, paying attention to attachment wounds, and a holistic view of the person as emotional, spiritual, and physical. I enjoy using therapeutic art practices with my clients to explore many aspects of hurt and healing. I have several years of experience working in mental and behavioral health treatment, with a variety of ages. I currently desire to work with adolescents and adults struggling with anxiety, depression, OCD, codependency, trauma post-traumatic stress, and other life stressors. I believe we are formed by both the things we have experienced and the relationships we have been a part of.
I am passionate about story, visual arts, paying attention to attachment wounds, and a holistic view of the person as emotional, spiritual, and physical. I enjoy using therapeutic art practices with my clients to explore many aspects of hurt and healing. I have several years of experience working in mental and behavioral health treatment, with a variety of ages. I currently desire to work with adolescents and adults struggling with anxiety, depression, OCD, codependency, trauma post-traumatic stress, and other life stressors. I believe we are formed by both the things we have experienced and the relationships we have been a part of.
(423) 250-9433 View (423) 250-9433
Photo of Northshore Counseling Group, Licensed Professional Counselor in Chattanooga, TN
Northshore Counseling Group
Licensed Professional Counselor
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chattanooga, TN 37405
Northshore Counseling Group is dedicated to creating a safe space for individual counseling needs in the greater Chattanooga area. We all have experiences that have led to where we are today. Individual counseling is designed to create space for you to come alongside a counselor and navigate how your story has impacted the way you view yourself and the world around you.
Northshore Counseling Group is dedicated to creating a safe space for individual counseling needs in the greater Chattanooga area. We all have experiences that have led to where we are today. Individual counseling is designed to create space for you to come alongside a counselor and navigate how your story has impacted the way you view yourself and the world around you.
(423) 205-7980 View (423) 205-7980
Photo of Christopher Byrnes, Licensed Professional Counselor in Chattanooga, TN
Christopher Byrnes
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MHSP
Verified Verified
Chattanooga, TN 37421
Mental illnesses, addictions and relationship problems - I have found that these three arenas are where most of our pain centers. And also where so much work has been done. You've gotten this far, and I'd consider it a privilege to fight the next battle alongside you.
Mental illnesses, addictions and relationship problems - I have found that these three arenas are where most of our pain centers. And also where so much work has been done. You've gotten this far, and I'd consider it a privilege to fight the next battle alongside you.
(423) 454-2667 View (423) 454-2667
Photo of Sarah Otis, Psychologist in Chattanooga, TN
Sarah Otis
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Chattanooga, TN 37411
Dr. Sarah Otis provides psychological and psychoeducational evaluations for a wide range of psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders including ADHD, learning disability, intellectual disability, autism, giftedness, and emotional/behavioral difficulties. She is passionate about helping others navigate cognitive and/or emotional difficulties by taking a strengths based approach and supporting growth through empirically supported recommendations and treatment. Sarah also provides psychotherapy and utilizes an integrative approach that is scientifically informed and psychodynamically influenced.
Dr. Sarah Otis provides psychological and psychoeducational evaluations for a wide range of psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders including ADHD, learning disability, intellectual disability, autism, giftedness, and emotional/behavioral difficulties. She is passionate about helping others navigate cognitive and/or emotional difficulties by taking a strengths based approach and supporting growth through empirically supported recommendations and treatment. Sarah also provides psychotherapy and utilizes an integrative approach that is scientifically informed and psychodynamically influenced.
(423) 919-9126 View (423) 919-9126
Photo of Kristen Moore, Marriage & Family Therapist in Chattanooga, TN
Kristen Moore
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Chattanooga, TN 37403
If you are looking for a therapeutic companion as you walk toward healing and growth, I would be honored to work with you. Through our work together, we will identify ways for you to manage your symptoms and address any barriers standing in the way of you reaching your goals.
If you are looking for a therapeutic companion as you walk toward healing and growth, I would be honored to work with you. Through our work together, we will identify ways for you to manage your symptoms and address any barriers standing in the way of you reaching your goals.
(423) 436-8755 View (423) 436-8755
Photo of A. G. Estes, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Chattanooga, TN
A. G. Estes
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, TLMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chattanooga, TN 37403
Day-to-day life can be exhausting. Maybe you were laying your child down for bed, and they said something that scared you or maybe your family is going through transitions, and you're worried about how they are responding to it. Through the therapeutic relationship, I join alongside children (ages 3-12), families, and individuals to provide an empathic, welcoming place where fears and hopelessness can be replaced with coping skills and a greater understanding of oneself. I work with children experiencing big emotions, behavioral/school difficulties, anxiety, self-esteem, and low social engagement.
Day-to-day life can be exhausting. Maybe you were laying your child down for bed, and they said something that scared you or maybe your family is going through transitions, and you're worried about how they are responding to it. Through the therapeutic relationship, I join alongside children (ages 3-12), families, and individuals to provide an empathic, welcoming place where fears and hopelessness can be replaced with coping skills and a greater understanding of oneself. I work with children experiencing big emotions, behavioral/school difficulties, anxiety, self-esteem, and low social engagement.
(423) 430-6307 View (423) 430-6307
Photo of Amanda Jones, Marriage & Family Therapist in Chattanooga, TN
Amanda Jones
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, LPC-, MHSP, CEDS
Verified Verified
8 Endorsed
Chattanooga, TN 37404
As a counselor, I believe that no person is beyond helping, regardless of prior therapy experience, life history, or their current situation. I provide a safe and welcoming environment in which people are able to talk without fear of judgment, and can feel heard and validated. I believe in treating the roots of the issues, rather than providing Band-Aids for symptoms, and am passionate about empowering individuals to recognize their own strengths and abilities. I provide therapy from an interpersonal perspective, in which I believe relationship is the catalyst for healing.
As a counselor, I believe that no person is beyond helping, regardless of prior therapy experience, life history, or their current situation. I provide a safe and welcoming environment in which people are able to talk without fear of judgment, and can feel heard and validated. I believe in treating the roots of the issues, rather than providing Band-Aids for symptoms, and am passionate about empowering individuals to recognize their own strengths and abilities. I provide therapy from an interpersonal perspective, in which I believe relationship is the catalyst for healing.
(423) 250-1707 View (423) 250-1707
Photo of Caitlin Murray, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chattanooga, TN
Caitlin Murray
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chattanooga, TN 37421
I have experience with childhood trauma, substance abuse, depression, and anxiety, as well as other mental health issues. I work with my clients to discover the most helpful way to reach their goals. I ask my clients to do the hard work, and I am with them every step of the way.
I have experience with childhood trauma, substance abuse, depression, and anxiety, as well as other mental health issues. I work with my clients to discover the most helpful way to reach their goals. I ask my clients to do the hard work, and I am with them every step of the way.
(423) 690-7037 x1 View (423) 690-7037 x1
Photo of Emma DuBose, Pre-Licensed Professional in Chattanooga, TN
Emma DuBose
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA CFT, MFT-i
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Chattanooga, TN 37405
As a secular therapist committed to social justice, I specialize in working with the LGBTQ+ community, especially polyamorous or ethically non-monogamous relationships. I enjoy working with couples, families, and alternative relationship structures who might be struggling with a range of issues, from communication hangups to parenting to mismatched sexual desire or infidelity.
As a secular therapist committed to social justice, I specialize in working with the LGBTQ+ community, especially polyamorous or ethically non-monogamous relationships. I enjoy working with couples, families, and alternative relationship structures who might be struggling with a range of issues, from communication hangups to parenting to mismatched sexual desire or infidelity.
(423) 455-9770 View (423) 455-9770

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Chattanooga, TN

400+

Average cost per session

$120

Therapists in Chattanooga, TN who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
85% Depression
81% Relationship Issues
79% Self Esteem
76% Trauma and PTSD
75% Coping Skills
74% Stress

Average years in practice

8 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

78% Cigna and Evernorth
71% Aetna
64% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Chattanooga, TN see their clients

75% In Person and Online
25% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
20% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Chattanooga?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.