Therapists in Ashland, OR

Photo of Maria A Connolly, Licensed Professional Counselor in Ashland, OR
Maria A Connolly
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, FP, PCC, CMC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Ashland, OR 97520
Are you seeking deeper self-awareness, emotional healing, and a life infused with authenticity and vitality? As a somatic therapist, I guide clients on a transformative growth journey through somatic (body-centered) practices. Our bodies hold innate wisdom for emotional liberation and heightened consciousness. Through mindfulness, and embodied exploration, we'll attune to your body's narratives, unveiling core beliefs that shape your experiences.
Are you seeking deeper self-awareness, emotional healing, and a life infused with authenticity and vitality? As a somatic therapist, I guide clients on a transformative growth journey through somatic (body-centered) practices. Our bodies hold innate wisdom for emotional liberation and heightened consciousness. Through mindfulness, and embodied exploration, we'll attune to your body's narratives, unveiling core beliefs that shape your experiences.
(541) 859-3203 View (541) 859-3203
Photo of Christy Ivory, Licensed Professional Counselor in Ashland, OR
Christy Ivory
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Ashland, OR 97520
Clients have chosen to work with me because of my years of experience navigating such issues as anxiety, depression, symptoms of trauma, dysfunctional family relationships, and substance use disorders. I like to believe I provide a safe space for clients to gain a deeper understanding and awareness of themselves. It feels like life seems to be getting harder and more challenging for many people and I believe we can all use a little extra support. I would love to support you in your journey of implementing a plan for navigating your specific life challenges.
Clients have chosen to work with me because of my years of experience navigating such issues as anxiety, depression, symptoms of trauma, dysfunctional family relationships, and substance use disorders. I like to believe I provide a safe space for clients to gain a deeper understanding and awareness of themselves. It feels like life seems to be getting harder and more challenging for many people and I believe we can all use a little extra support. I would love to support you in your journey of implementing a plan for navigating your specific life challenges.
(541) 652-6802 View (541) 652-6802
Photo of Sunny Brown, Licensed Professional Counselor in Ashland, OR
Sunny Brown
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Ashland, OR 97520  (Online Only)
Compassion and curiosity are the starting place for our exploration. Life is inherently challenging and difficult, and we all suffer from hurts large and small, past and present. And most of us are plagued by a strong inner critic who thinks they are helping but often shames and limits us. I feel honored to work with people who are deeply examining the relationship they have to themselves and to the world. With a passion for inspiring individuals to claim their own personal excellence, my expertise is in understanding interpersonal dynamics, and successfully counseling individuals and groups into reaching their highest self.
Compassion and curiosity are the starting place for our exploration. Life is inherently challenging and difficult, and we all suffer from hurts large and small, past and present. And most of us are plagued by a strong inner critic who thinks they are helping but often shames and limits us. I feel honored to work with people who are deeply examining the relationship they have to themselves and to the world. With a passion for inspiring individuals to claim their own personal excellence, my expertise is in understanding interpersonal dynamics, and successfully counseling individuals and groups into reaching their highest self.
(458) 203-6451 View (458) 203-6451
Photo of Rogue Psych Consultants, LLC, Psychologist in Ashland, OR
Rogue Psych Consultants, LLC
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Ashland, OR 97520
Rogue Psych Consultants' mission is to provide quality mental health services to the residents of Skilled Nursing, Assisted Living and Memory Care residents and timely consultation with facility staff and administration. Our team of providers currently services Southern Oregon as well as Roseburg, Eugene and Portland. If you are a Licensed Psychologist or Clinical Social Worker and would like to join our team or a facility requesting services, please visit roguepsych.org.
Rogue Psych Consultants' mission is to provide quality mental health services to the residents of Skilled Nursing, Assisted Living and Memory Care residents and timely consultation with facility staff and administration. Our team of providers currently services Southern Oregon as well as Roseburg, Eugene and Portland. If you are a Licensed Psychologist or Clinical Social Worker and would like to join our team or a facility requesting services, please visit roguepsych.org.
(541) 262-1063 View (541) 262-1063
Photo of Bo Christal, Licensed Professional Counselor in Ashland, OR
Bo Christal
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Ashland, OR 97520  (Online Only)
Counseling is a challenging avenue to pursue. Usually at moments of confusion, loss, even desperation. Having been in the field for over 20 years, I can admit I don't have 1 answer. However, having that amount of professional (and considerable personal) experience, I've accumulated quite a tool box. It may not guide you to immediate enlightenment, but it will help with the journey. I hope to hear from you.
Counseling is a challenging avenue to pursue. Usually at moments of confusion, loss, even desperation. Having been in the field for over 20 years, I can admit I don't have 1 answer. However, having that amount of professional (and considerable personal) experience, I've accumulated quite a tool box. It may not guide you to immediate enlightenment, but it will help with the journey. I hope to hear from you.
(541) 256-3032 View (541) 256-3032
Photo of Kay Hagen, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Ashland, OR
Kay Hagen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Ashland, OR 97520
Not accepting new clients
My specialty is working with folks who have a developmental or intellectual disability (DD) as well as having a dual diagnosis, and those who are close to them. I understand there are many issues confronting you. I would love to help you sort through those issues and find solutions. Sometimes just a few tips can change a situation into something workable for everyone. I am here to listen and provide the guidance you are looking for in making your life better.
My specialty is working with folks who have a developmental or intellectual disability (DD) as well as having a dual diagnosis, and those who are close to them. I understand there are many issues confronting you. I would love to help you sort through those issues and find solutions. Sometimes just a few tips can change a situation into something workable for everyone. I am here to listen and provide the guidance you are looking for in making your life better.
(541) 233-0277 View (541) 233-0277
Photo of Delaine Due, Licensed Professional Counselor in Ashland, OR
Delaine Due
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, ATR-BC, LAT, LPC
Verified Verified
Ashland, OR 97520
Not accepting new clients
As a Board Certified Art Therapist I give my clients a safe space where expression without judgment is supported. I work with adolescents and adults in both brief and long-term art psychotherapy. I work with people to transform trauma and anxiety, as well as those questioning sexuality and gender identity. The modality and practice of art psychotherapy combined with my background in depth psychology create a therapeutic experience that supports your own internal wisdom in the process. I am also practical and provide immediate skills to my clients for managing stress, changing detrimental thought patterns and behaviors, and gaining insight.
As a Board Certified Art Therapist I give my clients a safe space where expression without judgment is supported. I work with adolescents and adults in both brief and long-term art psychotherapy. I work with people to transform trauma and anxiety, as well as those questioning sexuality and gender identity. The modality and practice of art psychotherapy combined with my background in depth psychology create a therapeutic experience that supports your own internal wisdom in the process. I am also practical and provide immediate skills to my clients for managing stress, changing detrimental thought patterns and behaviors, and gaining insight.
(541) 526-7358 View (541) 526-7358
Photo of Graham Collins, Licensed Professional Counselor in Ashland, OR
Graham Collins
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Ashland, OR 97520
I strongly believe that all humans can reach an optimum state of health. An essential part of achieving this often involves addressing limiting habitual patterns of behavior or belief systems as well as learning skills to optimize healthy relationships. I seek to provide a safe and non-judgmental environment in which clients can identify their own answers and achieve tangible results. This can occur both in individual sessions as well as with the collaboration of family members. My practice has lead me to work with youth, young adults, adults, and families facing some very challenging life situations and internal struggles.
I strongly believe that all humans can reach an optimum state of health. An essential part of achieving this often involves addressing limiting habitual patterns of behavior or belief systems as well as learning skills to optimize healthy relationships. I seek to provide a safe and non-judgmental environment in which clients can identify their own answers and achieve tangible results. This can occur both in individual sessions as well as with the collaboration of family members. My practice has lead me to work with youth, young adults, adults, and families facing some very challenging life situations and internal struggles.
(541) 951-3095 View (541) 951-3095
Photo of Patricia Lal Montoya, Psychologist in Ashland, OR
Patricia Lal Montoya
Psychologist, PsyD, MS
Verified Verified
Ashland, OR 97520
Hello and welcome to my profile. Brene' Brown, Ph.D. wrote, "Courage starts with showing up and letting ourselves be seen." Finding a therapist and allowing ourselves to "be seen" takes courage. So, I'd like to applaud you for taking this initial step.
Hello and welcome to my profile. Brene' Brown, Ph.D. wrote, "Courage starts with showing up and letting ourselves be seen." Finding a therapist and allowing ourselves to "be seen" takes courage. So, I'd like to applaud you for taking this initial step.
(541) 255-1210 View (541) 255-1210
Photo of Judy Voruz, Drug & Alcohol Counselor in Ashland, OR
Judy Voruz
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, MA, QMHP-R, CADCII
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Ashland, OR 97520
Waitlist for new clients
My clients come from diverse backgrounds and are struggling with depression, anxiety, relationship difficulties and substance abuse. They are looking for a counselor who supports them in creating real change in their daily lives. They engage in counseling to understand themselves and appreciate their innate goodness and well being. They seek contentment and an experience of inner freedom
My clients come from diverse backgrounds and are struggling with depression, anxiety, relationship difficulties and substance abuse. They are looking for a counselor who supports them in creating real change in their daily lives. They engage in counseling to understand themselves and appreciate their innate goodness and well being. They seek contentment and an experience of inner freedom
(458) 221-9815 View (458) 221-9815
Photo of Kimberly Womack, Counselor in Ashland, OR
Kimberly Womack
Counselor, LMHC, LPC
Verified Verified
Ashland, OR 97520  (Online Only)
Now Accepting New Clients! Choosing a therapist can seem like a daunting task, especially when your life already feels challenging and overwhelming. I encourage you to take a deep breath and trust yourself in this process. Let me tell you a little about myself and you can see how that feels …. My name is Kim and I have been practicing mental health counseling for 30 years. I have worked in private practice and university settings. I absolutely love my career and feel blessed by the connections I make with each of my clients.
Now Accepting New Clients! Choosing a therapist can seem like a daunting task, especially when your life already feels challenging and overwhelming. I encourage you to take a deep breath and trust yourself in this process. Let me tell you a little about myself and you can see how that feels …. My name is Kim and I have been practicing mental health counseling for 30 years. I have worked in private practice and university settings. I absolutely love my career and feel blessed by the connections I make with each of my clients.
(458) 224-8687 View (458) 224-8687
Photo of Center Of Balance Counseling-Kaijah Bjorklund, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor in Ashland, OR
Center Of Balance Counseling-Kaijah Bjorklund, LPC
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MS, NCC
Verified Verified
Ashland, OR 97520  (Online Only)
I specialize in working with unique adults who are overwhelmed, stressed or feeling lost and disoriented. If you’re here, you've taken a powerful step towards finding the clarity and resilience you deserve. You are ready to embark on a journey of self-discovery, uncover your true potential and are seeking guidance toward a more authentic life. You need to find the right support to fit your needs. I use a collaborative approach rooted in empowerment to provide support and tools for navigating challenging times. We focus on what matters most to you: relationships, work, and self-esteem, helping you reclaim control and find balance.
I specialize in working with unique adults who are overwhelmed, stressed or feeling lost and disoriented. If you’re here, you've taken a powerful step towards finding the clarity and resilience you deserve. You are ready to embark on a journey of self-discovery, uncover your true potential and are seeking guidance toward a more authentic life. You need to find the right support to fit your needs. I use a collaborative approach rooted in empowerment to provide support and tools for navigating challenging times. We focus on what matters most to you: relationships, work, and self-esteem, helping you reclaim control and find balance.
(541) 604-7036 View (541) 604-7036
Photo of Beth Campbell Sparks, Professional Counselor Associate in Ashland, OR
Beth Campbell Sparks
Professional Counselor Associate, MS
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Ashland, OR 97520
Welcome! I am glad you are considering getting support as you gain clarity and confidence for your next steps. I am a professional counselor associate offering a caring and compassionate space for you to explore, heal, and change. I am committed offering actionable approaches to mental health and behavior change to help transform your life. If you are looking for someone to help with depression, anxiety, relationship conflict or feel like you just need help figuring things out, I offer individual and couples counseling focused on your needs.
Welcome! I am glad you are considering getting support as you gain clarity and confidence for your next steps. I am a professional counselor associate offering a caring and compassionate space for you to explore, heal, and change. I am committed offering actionable approaches to mental health and behavior change to help transform your life. If you are looking for someone to help with depression, anxiety, relationship conflict or feel like you just need help figuring things out, I offer individual and couples counseling focused on your needs.
(541) 854-3734 View (541) 854-3734
Photo of Andrew Bertell, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Ashland, OR
Andrew Bertell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Ashland, OR 97520
Hello and thank you for visiting my profile. A decision to face what ails and challenges us, to commit to growing and making more of our own happiness and fulfillment is a distinctly personal one. And it is one that I would be glad to partner in with you.
Hello and thank you for visiting my profile. A decision to face what ails and challenges us, to commit to growing and making more of our own happiness and fulfillment is a distinctly personal one. And it is one that I would be glad to partner in with you.
(541) 576-1319 View (541) 576-1319
Photo of Danielle Mancuso, Professional Counselor Associate in Ashland, OR
Danielle Mancuso
Professional Counselor Associate, MS
Verified Verified
Ashland, OR 97520
Waitlist for new clients
I support people grappling with issues of identity, anxiety, depression, trauma and relationships. I assist you to act as an explorer of your life and the narratives you engage in, fostering self-acceptance while addressing patterns. I have a passion for supporting other people within the LGBTQIA+ community and beyond to address the unique ways that trauma and empowerment can happen as we move through the world. Radical compassion is a tenet of my practice, as many people struggle with self care, and negative thinking about themselves. My goal is to be strengths-based, thoughtful, and empowering.
I support people grappling with issues of identity, anxiety, depression, trauma and relationships. I assist you to act as an explorer of your life and the narratives you engage in, fostering self-acceptance while addressing patterns. I have a passion for supporting other people within the LGBTQIA+ community and beyond to address the unique ways that trauma and empowerment can happen as we move through the world. Radical compassion is a tenet of my practice, as many people struggle with self care, and negative thinking about themselves. My goal is to be strengths-based, thoughtful, and empowering.
(541) 827-8737 View (541) 827-8737
Photo of Kasey Hayden, Professional Counselor Associate in Ashland, OR
Kasey Hayden
Professional Counselor Associate, MA, MEd, QMHP, NCC, LPC
Verified Verified
Ashland, OR 97520
I am passionate about being there for others helping them discover their strengths, build their resilience and increase their joy. My approach is client-centered and focuses on empathy, compassion, and being there for others so they feel truly seen. My hope is to meet clients where they are in each moment and help them find their inner strength to be their truest self. I am a wife, mother, and survivor of infertility that can relate to the struggles and joys of parenting and navigating relationships. I love to support parents, children, women and couples as they try to find their way during challenging times.
I am passionate about being there for others helping them discover their strengths, build their resilience and increase their joy. My approach is client-centered and focuses on empathy, compassion, and being there for others so they feel truly seen. My hope is to meet clients where they are in each moment and help them find their inner strength to be their truest self. I am a wife, mother, and survivor of infertility that can relate to the struggles and joys of parenting and navigating relationships. I love to support parents, children, women and couples as they try to find their way during challenging times.
(458) 203-8755 View (458) 203-8755
Photo of Caelin Johnson-Lupes, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Ashland, OR
Caelin Johnson-Lupes
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, CCATP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Ashland, OR 97520
Welcome! I am a licensed clinician of 13 years, and a trauma and anxiety specialist. Safety, trust, and warmth are essential in my process. While stress and difficult changes are facts of modern life, they do not have to be a life sentence. I'm curious: Are you overwhelmed? Do you feel stuck and wish something would change? Are you an HSP? Whether you are seeking a warm, trustworthy guide to explore your patterns and unlock your potential, or you already know exactly what you want to overcome, I'm here to partner with you. Let's chart a new course towards confidence, joy, and a future you are excited to discover!
Welcome! I am a licensed clinician of 13 years, and a trauma and anxiety specialist. Safety, trust, and warmth are essential in my process. While stress and difficult changes are facts of modern life, they do not have to be a life sentence. I'm curious: Are you overwhelmed? Do you feel stuck and wish something would change? Are you an HSP? Whether you are seeking a warm, trustworthy guide to explore your patterns and unlock your potential, or you already know exactly what you want to overcome, I'm here to partner with you. Let's chart a new course towards confidence, joy, and a future you are excited to discover!
(541) 708-3902 View (541) 708-3902
Photo of Cody Christopherson, Psychologist in Ashland, OR
Cody Christopherson
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Ashland, OR 97520
You have a right to therapy supported by good evidence and theory. It is my mission to provide the best of the field of psychology. I work with adults, adolescents, couples, and families who initiate psychotherapy to address a variety of concerns (emotional, motivational, developmental, relational, sexual, existential) and to facilitate personal growth toward greater meaning and satisfaction in life. Examples of goals may include psychological flexibility, behavior change, expanded coping capacity, development of deeper sense of relationships, and more open views of your own life.
You have a right to therapy supported by good evidence and theory. It is my mission to provide the best of the field of psychology. I work with adults, adolescents, couples, and families who initiate psychotherapy to address a variety of concerns (emotional, motivational, developmental, relational, sexual, existential) and to facilitate personal growth toward greater meaning and satisfaction in life. Examples of goals may include psychological flexibility, behavior change, expanded coping capacity, development of deeper sense of relationships, and more open views of your own life.
(541) 833-9107 View (541) 833-9107
Photo of Janiece Anjali Pllc, Mental Health Counselor in Ashland, OR
Janiece Anjali Pllc
Mental Health Counselor, MEd, MA, LMHC, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Ashland, OR 97520
Waitlist for new clients
Seeking counseling is a responsible way to take care of what matters most. As Toni Morrison told us, "It's good when you've got a woman who is a friend of your mind." I welcome diverse clients navigating many situations and specialize in recovery and post-traumatic growth from narcissistic abuse, misuse, and relational or social trauma. I also focus on loss, grief, anxiety, depression, adjustments to changes, life stages, and the promises and pitfalls of pursuing an authentic creative life.
Seeking counseling is a responsible way to take care of what matters most. As Toni Morrison told us, "It's good when you've got a woman who is a friend of your mind." I welcome diverse clients navigating many situations and specialize in recovery and post-traumatic growth from narcissistic abuse, misuse, and relational or social trauma. I also focus on loss, grief, anxiety, depression, adjustments to changes, life stages, and the promises and pitfalls of pursuing an authentic creative life.
(425) 615-7529 View (425) 615-7529
Photo of Amirah K David, Licensed Professional Counselor in Ashland, OR
Amirah K David
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, PMH-C
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Ashland, OR 97520
Waitlist for new clients
I love people, and I love my work. I believe we are all in deep need of understanding and feeling our innate worth, separate from what we do or prove to the world. I seek to gently support clients in finding the true source of this worth. I employ an eclectic and integrated approach depending on individual client needs, and seek to support the whole person in a collaborative, compassionate, and relational manner. I specialize in perinatal mental health, faith-based counseling, and women seeking deeper meaning in life and fulfilling creative expression. Please see my website at www.amirahdavid.com.
I love people, and I love my work. I believe we are all in deep need of understanding and feeling our innate worth, separate from what we do or prove to the world. I seek to gently support clients in finding the true source of this worth. I employ an eclectic and integrated approach depending on individual client needs, and seek to support the whole person in a collaborative, compassionate, and relational manner. I specialize in perinatal mental health, faith-based counseling, and women seeking deeper meaning in life and fulfilling creative expression. Please see my website at www.amirahdavid.com.
(458) 214-8578 View (458) 214-8578

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Ashland, OR

200+

Average cost per session

$160

Therapists in Ashland, OR who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
89% Depression
81% Relationship Issues
79% Trauma and PTSD
78% Self Esteem
75% Stress
71% Grief

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

68% Oregon Health Plan (OHP)
57% Other
43% PacificSource

How Therapists in Ashland, OR see their clients

62% In Person and Online
38% Online Only

Gender breakdown

73% Female
23% Male
4% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Ashland?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.