Therapists in Boca Raton, FL

Photo of Ashlee Lucarevski, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Boca Raton, FL
Ashlee Lucarevski
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Boca Raton, FL 33432  (Online Only)
I am delighted that you have taken this first step in seeking a safe space where you can openly explore your current challenges and past experiences. We all need help from time to time to understand what we are feeling and why we are feeling it. This understanding can lead to a renewed sense of stability, peace, and well-being. I am here to help and support you as you work towards reaching your goals.
I am delighted that you have taken this first step in seeking a safe space where you can openly explore your current challenges and past experiences. We all need help from time to time to understand what we are feeling and why we are feeling it. This understanding can lead to a renewed sense of stability, peace, and well-being. I am here to help and support you as you work towards reaching your goals.
(561) 532-1441 View (561) 532-1441
Photo of Dr. Vivian Grout, Counselor in Boca Raton, FL
Dr. Vivian Grout
Counselor, PhD, LMHC, LMFT
Verified Verified
Boca Raton, FL 33433
From the outside looking in, it looks as if you have it all together. You excel at school or work, you are always there for everyone, and you rarely complain or ask for help. But as good as everyone else thinks you are doing; it doesn’t feel anywhere near good enough to you. You often wonder how much longer you can keep up this image others expect from you. It's starting to impact your health, mood, and relationships. You want to stop aiming for perfection but it’s all you know.
From the outside looking in, it looks as if you have it all together. You excel at school or work, you are always there for everyone, and you rarely complain or ask for help. But as good as everyone else thinks you are doing; it doesn’t feel anywhere near good enough to you. You often wonder how much longer you can keep up this image others expect from you. It's starting to impact your health, mood, and relationships. You want to stop aiming for perfection but it’s all you know.
(954) 953-3586 View (954) 953-3586
Photo of Lotus Counseling Center, Counselor in Boca Raton, FL
Lotus Counseling Center
Counselor, MS, LMHC, LMFT, PhD
Verified Verified
Boca Raton, FL 33434
At Lotus Counseling Center, we understand the challenges of navigating relationship difficulties, the desire for life changes, and the obstacles that may seem insurmountable. Whether you're grappling with depression or anxiety or seeking ways to manage anger, we're here to guide you through. Uncover what's holding you back from living a life filled with satisfaction, fulfillment, and joy. Our skilled psychotherapists in Boca Raton can help you pinpoint those parts of your life that you can change and tailor their approach to your needs. For more insight into how we can assist you, please visit our website at www.lotuscounseling.com.
At Lotus Counseling Center, we understand the challenges of navigating relationship difficulties, the desire for life changes, and the obstacles that may seem insurmountable. Whether you're grappling with depression or anxiety or seeking ways to manage anger, we're here to guide you through. Uncover what's holding you back from living a life filled with satisfaction, fulfillment, and joy. Our skilled psychotherapists in Boca Raton can help you pinpoint those parts of your life that you can change and tailor their approach to your needs. For more insight into how we can assist you, please visit our website at www.lotuscounseling.com.
(786) 655-4233 View (786) 655-4233
Photo of Yisroel Schor, Licensed Mental Health Counselor in Boca Raton, FL
Yisroel Schor
Licensed Mental Health Counselor, MA, LMHC, IFS
Verified Verified
Boca Raton, FL 33433
Life can often be overwhelming, and incredibly difficult to navigate. At times it seems like everyone else is moving forward while you’re just stuck in the exact same place. You're tired of living with negative thoughts, constant anxiety and self loathing. You may be in a relationship but have the lost the spark and are fighting and you don’t know where it went or how to get it back. Perhaps you feel misunderstood by those around you and have trouble articulating what you are feeling. You want someone to truly understand the complex person that you are. If this struggle sounds familiar I might just be the person that can help you.
Life can often be overwhelming, and incredibly difficult to navigate. At times it seems like everyone else is moving forward while you’re just stuck in the exact same place. You're tired of living with negative thoughts, constant anxiety and self loathing. You may be in a relationship but have the lost the spark and are fighting and you don’t know where it went or how to get it back. Perhaps you feel misunderstood by those around you and have trouble articulating what you are feeling. You want someone to truly understand the complex person that you are. If this struggle sounds familiar I might just be the person that can help you.
(551) 465-7162 View (551) 465-7162
Photo of Manal Michail, Marriage & Family Therapist in Boca Raton, FL
Manal Michail
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Boca Raton, FL 33431
"Are you ready to take the step to be happy again?" I have been in practice for over 26 years working with couples, families, individuals and children on a wide range of issues. The approach is simple, direct and focuses on both consistent progress and results. Results that become the building blocks and foundation that enable clients to function, cope with, and overcome their issues and move beyond roadblocks to a fulfilling life.
"Are you ready to take the step to be happy again?" I have been in practice for over 26 years working with couples, families, individuals and children on a wide range of issues. The approach is simple, direct and focuses on both consistent progress and results. Results that become the building blocks and foundation that enable clients to function, cope with, and overcome their issues and move beyond roadblocks to a fulfilling life.
(954) 280-6294 View (954) 280-6294
Photo of Kristy C Quaka, Counselor in Boca Raton, FL
Kristy C Quaka
Counselor, MEd, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Boca Raton, FL 33431
Waitlist for new clients
We treat traumatic stress related conditions and issues related to developmental trauma & attachment injury. These include dissociative disorders (DID) depression, anxiety, unexplained chronic pain, chronic suicidality, self harm, PTSD, CPTSD, trauma related psychosis, relationship problems, social anxiety and more. We are commited to meeting our clients where they are in the process so they can continue moving toward recovery and wellbeing.
We treat traumatic stress related conditions and issues related to developmental trauma & attachment injury. These include dissociative disorders (DID) depression, anxiety, unexplained chronic pain, chronic suicidality, self harm, PTSD, CPTSD, trauma related psychosis, relationship problems, social anxiety and more. We are commited to meeting our clients where they are in the process so they can continue moving toward recovery and wellbeing.
(561) 513-4649 View (561) 513-4649
Gary Traub
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Boca Raton, FL 33432
30 years experience
30 years experience
(561) 264-6217 View (561) 264-6217
Karin Holden-Alfaro
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Boca Raton, FL 33431
Anxious mind? Stressed body? Sad or irritable? Wondering why relationships fizzle or create more pain than pleasure? Is aging taking a toll on your spirit or dampening you outlook toward the future? Have you experienced the loss of physical functioning through injury, illness or complex medical problems and feel down, angry or scared? Or perhaps the death of a loved one has left you feeling lonely or frightened, or as if you cannot function as you once had.
Anxious mind? Stressed body? Sad or irritable? Wondering why relationships fizzle or create more pain than pleasure? Is aging taking a toll on your spirit or dampening you outlook toward the future? Have you experienced the loss of physical functioning through injury, illness or complex medical problems and feel down, angry or scared? Or perhaps the death of a loved one has left you feeling lonely or frightened, or as if you cannot function as you once had.
(954) 440-7933 View (954) 440-7933
Photo of Shoshana Abitbol, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Boca Raton, FL
Shoshana Abitbol
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Boca Raton, FL 33433
Do you feel overwhelmed, alone, down, or misunderstood? Maybe you feel like you don’t even understand yourself. Do you feel like you need someone to talk to who won’t judge you and will be helpful already? I am here to help you get out of those feelings to build toward a brighter you. I can guide you through learning and implementing skills to thrive. We will work to develop the skills to have good relationships, do well at work, do well socially, and manage family relationships. It’s time to feel like the amazing individual that you already are.
Do you feel overwhelmed, alone, down, or misunderstood? Maybe you feel like you don’t even understand yourself. Do you feel like you need someone to talk to who won’t judge you and will be helpful already? I am here to help you get out of those feelings to build toward a brighter you. I can guide you through learning and implementing skills to thrive. We will work to develop the skills to have good relationships, do well at work, do well socially, and manage family relationships. It’s time to feel like the amazing individual that you already are.
(561) 423-1894 View (561) 423-1894
Photo of Devora Lieberman, Counselor in Boca Raton, FL
Devora Lieberman
Counselor, LMHC, NCC
Verified Verified
Boca Raton, FL 33433  (Online Only)
Welcome. I offer counseling services to women in healthcare who are seeking to prioritize self-care, better manage daily stressors, thrive in their relationship with themselves and others, and make peace with the past so that they can step into the present and live meaningfully. I call it "healing for the healers". Many of my clients reach out to me as therapy first timers who wish to address obstacles to personal growth and grow from pain. My goal is to join clients in their journey to help them feel and function better in their daily lives, gain clarity and insight, and create lasting personal and interpersonal healing.
Welcome. I offer counseling services to women in healthcare who are seeking to prioritize self-care, better manage daily stressors, thrive in their relationship with themselves and others, and make peace with the past so that they can step into the present and live meaningfully. I call it "healing for the healers". Many of my clients reach out to me as therapy first timers who wish to address obstacles to personal growth and grow from pain. My goal is to join clients in their journey to help them feel and function better in their daily lives, gain clarity and insight, and create lasting personal and interpersonal healing.
(561) 448-7863 View (561) 448-7863
Photo of Dawn DiCicco, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Boca Raton, FL
Dawn DiCicco
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW , BCD
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Boca Raton, FL 33432
After 26 years working in the residential treatment industry I decided to share my experience, strength and hope in a new capacity. Now I share my passion for assisting others in finding their superpowers by offering counseling services to individuals, couples and families, supervision to developing therapists and consultation to agencies for program development, improvement and research. I adore seeing a family start to work together and every member of that family become their most effective. I love working with therapists and watching them become effective members of their team and leaders in their communities.
After 26 years working in the residential treatment industry I decided to share my experience, strength and hope in a new capacity. Now I share my passion for assisting others in finding their superpowers by offering counseling services to individuals, couples and families, supervision to developing therapists and consultation to agencies for program development, improvement and research. I adore seeing a family start to work together and every member of that family become their most effective. I love working with therapists and watching them become effective members of their team and leaders in their communities.
(561) 556-1097 View (561) 556-1097
Photo of Alice Smith, Counselor in Boca Raton, FL
Alice Smith
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Boca Raton, FL 33433
My priority is for you to feel valued, understood and hopeful, as we work together to improve the quality of your life. I offer support, motivation and guidance - using techniques that are best for your therapy needs and personality. My experience includes helping clients with depression, anxiety, stress, fears, abuse, low self esteem, relationship and family issues, grief and loss, workplace conflicts, and life transitions. In addition to my work in mental health counseling, I have twenty years of management experience in human resources and employee relations.
My priority is for you to feel valued, understood and hopeful, as we work together to improve the quality of your life. I offer support, motivation and guidance - using techniques that are best for your therapy needs and personality. My experience includes helping clients with depression, anxiety, stress, fears, abuse, low self esteem, relationship and family issues, grief and loss, workplace conflicts, and life transitions. In addition to my work in mental health counseling, I have twenty years of management experience in human resources and employee relations.
(786) 681-0170 View (786) 681-0170
Photo of Ariel Z Crosby, Registered Mental Health Counselor Intern in Boca Raton, FL
Ariel Z Crosby
Registered Mental Health Counselor Intern, MEd, EdS, RMHCI
Verified Verified
Boca Raton, FL 33486  (Online Only)
I'm all about helping you navigate life's twists and turns with a big dose of understanding and empathy. Especially if you're a teen or part of a family dealing with some challenges. As a Hispanic counselor, I bring my own cultural flair to the table, making sure everyone feels right at home. I get it, one size definitely doesn't fit all. That's why I'm all about customizing my approach to suit YOU. Whether you're battling anxiety, ADHD, or just need someone to talk to, I've got your back. Let's make therapy a safe space where you can be yourself, share your thoughts, and work on building up those awesome coping skills.
I'm all about helping you navigate life's twists and turns with a big dose of understanding and empathy. Especially if you're a teen or part of a family dealing with some challenges. As a Hispanic counselor, I bring my own cultural flair to the table, making sure everyone feels right at home. I get it, one size definitely doesn't fit all. That's why I'm all about customizing my approach to suit YOU. Whether you're battling anxiety, ADHD, or just need someone to talk to, I've got your back. Let's make therapy a safe space where you can be yourself, share your thoughts, and work on building up those awesome coping skills.
(561) 257-5534 View (561) 257-5534
Photo of Andrew E Waters, Counselor in Boca Raton, FL
Andrew E Waters
Counselor, LMHC, LADC, LPCC
Verified Verified
Boca Raton, FL 33433
Throughout the years, the power of therapy has become more and more evident to me, and I'm exceedingly grateful to witness so many lives improved - and every now and again, profoundly revolutionized into stories of accomplishment. My experience with mental health, chemical dependency, personality disorders and relational issues is extensive. I've worked with adolescents and adults, couples, and individuals from diverse backgrounds. I'm humbled by the privilege to serve so many incredible humans and partner in their journey and pursuit of their best selves.
Throughout the years, the power of therapy has become more and more evident to me, and I'm exceedingly grateful to witness so many lives improved - and every now and again, profoundly revolutionized into stories of accomplishment. My experience with mental health, chemical dependency, personality disorders and relational issues is extensive. I've worked with adolescents and adults, couples, and individuals from diverse backgrounds. I'm humbled by the privilege to serve so many incredible humans and partner in their journey and pursuit of their best selves.
(954) 932-7947 View (954) 932-7947
Photo of Luisa Anderson, Pre-Licensed Professional in Boca Raton, FL
Luisa Anderson
Pre-Licensed Professional, MEd, EdS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Boca Raton, FL 33431
At some point in life, all of us have felt the toll of stress, anxiety, sadness or conflict. Stressors are part of our lives and affect us in different ways. How we respond to them is an exercise of resilience that requires personal effort – sometimes more than we are capable of offering at the moment. If you ever felt that way, you are not alone. A great therapist can make you feel like you are simply having a conversation and yet prompts you to revisit concepts, obstacles and possible outcomes or solutions. Client and therapist should work together in a therapeutic relationship supported by trust, respect and confidentiality.
At some point in life, all of us have felt the toll of stress, anxiety, sadness or conflict. Stressors are part of our lives and affect us in different ways. How we respond to them is an exercise of resilience that requires personal effort – sometimes more than we are capable of offering at the moment. If you ever felt that way, you are not alone. A great therapist can make you feel like you are simply having a conversation and yet prompts you to revisit concepts, obstacles and possible outcomes or solutions. Client and therapist should work together in a therapeutic relationship supported by trust, respect and confidentiality.
(561) 816-6803 View (561) 816-6803
Photo of Denise Romaguera, Counselor in Boca Raton, FL
Denise Romaguera
Counselor, PhD, LMHC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Boca Raton, FL 33432
I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor, working in the counseling field for over 24 years. I work with many different populations including children, adults, couples and families. Throughout the years, I have developed a client-centered approach which is pragmatic and eclectic. Meaning, my approach is tailored to client needs and not necessarily to a particular theoretical paradigm.
I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor, working in the counseling field for over 24 years. I work with many different populations including children, adults, couples and families. Throughout the years, I have developed a client-centered approach which is pragmatic and eclectic. Meaning, my approach is tailored to client needs and not necessarily to a particular theoretical paradigm.
(954) 719-0647 View (954) 719-0647
Photo of Steve Brenner, MS, LMHC, NCC, Counselor in Boca Raton, FL
Steve Brenner, MS, LMHC, NCC
Counselor, MS, LMHC, NCC, CCMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Boca Raton, FL 33431
Are you looking to find direction, to clarify goals, or ready to dig deep and work on core issues? Often it is our family of origin issues, buried within, that drive today's unwanted behaviors. I enjoy working with those who are seeking solutions to problems that have been standing in your way and blocking you from achieving your full potential in life. I would like to be your partner on the journey to well-being. My years of experience working in community mental health, substance abuse and co- occurring treatment, as well as outpatient therapy enables me to help clients navigate complex situations.
Are you looking to find direction, to clarify goals, or ready to dig deep and work on core issues? Often it is our family of origin issues, buried within, that drive today's unwanted behaviors. I enjoy working with those who are seeking solutions to problems that have been standing in your way and blocking you from achieving your full potential in life. I would like to be your partner on the journey to well-being. My years of experience working in community mental health, substance abuse and co- occurring treatment, as well as outpatient therapy enables me to help clients navigate complex situations.
(561) 449-2716 View (561) 449-2716
Photo of Vanessa Thompkins, Counselor in Boca Raton, FL
Vanessa Thompkins
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Boca Raton, FL 33487
Hello! I am a passionate Licensed Mental Health Counselor and Qualified State Supervisor. With over a decade of experience working with adolescents, adults, and families, I hope to be a beacon of light in your personal Journey. As a therapist, my specialties in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT) and Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy have been influential in helping clients overcome a range of mental health challenges. I believe my unique approach allows clients to feel heard and supported, creating a safe space where they can explore their thoughts .
Hello! I am a passionate Licensed Mental Health Counselor and Qualified State Supervisor. With over a decade of experience working with adolescents, adults, and families, I hope to be a beacon of light in your personal Journey. As a therapist, my specialties in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT) and Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy have been influential in helping clients overcome a range of mental health challenges. I believe my unique approach allows clients to feel heard and supported, creating a safe space where they can explore their thoughts .
(561) 782-6801 View (561) 782-6801
Photo of Lauryn Young, Psychologist in Boca Raton, FL
Lauryn Young
Psychologist, PhD, NCSP
Verified Verified
Boca Raton, FL 33487
Families seek my services to receive answers to their questions regarding their child's learning and/or behavior. Typical concerns include learning disabilities (i.e., dyslexia), giftedness, intellectual functioning, ADHD, developmental delays, and Autism. My ideal client is one who is looking for a clinician who can diagnose, consult, and collaborate to provide meaningful recommendations and resources to bridge the gap between their child's school, home, and community. Most importantly, my clients are searching for recommendations that are easily understood by school-based teams and appropriate within the school setting.
Families seek my services to receive answers to their questions regarding their child's learning and/or behavior. Typical concerns include learning disabilities (i.e., dyslexia), giftedness, intellectual functioning, ADHD, developmental delays, and Autism. My ideal client is one who is looking for a clinician who can diagnose, consult, and collaborate to provide meaningful recommendations and resources to bridge the gap between their child's school, home, and community. Most importantly, my clients are searching for recommendations that are easily understood by school-based teams and appropriate within the school setting.
(561) 763-9384 View (561) 763-9384
Photo of Genesis Counseling & Consulting, Inc., Counselor in Boca Raton, FL
Genesis Counseling & Consulting, Inc.
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Boca Raton, FL 33487
We specializing in treating families that have gone through major life transitions, such as divorce or remarriage. Our team is comprised of clinicians providing a holistic approach to treat children, families and individuals. We have a Commitment to Quality where we believe that mental health is improved through the therapeutic relationship that is built between the therapist and client. Our approach is focused on supporting clients overcome their limitations by building self-esteem, increasing awareness and improving relationships. Navigating life's challenges often requires learning new skills. These skills can be learned and implemented during the course of therapy or coaching.
We specializing in treating families that have gone through major life transitions, such as divorce or remarriage. Our team is comprised of clinicians providing a holistic approach to treat children, families and individuals. We have a Commitment to Quality where we believe that mental health is improved through the therapeutic relationship that is built between the therapist and client. Our approach is focused on supporting clients overcome their limitations by building self-esteem, increasing awareness and improving relationships. Navigating life's challenges often requires learning new skills. These skills can be learned and implemented during the course of therapy or coaching.
(561) 513-4698 View (561) 513-4698

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Boca Raton, FL

1,000+

Average cost per session

$175

Therapists in Boca Raton, FL who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
89% Depression
81% Self Esteem
80% Relationship Issues
73% Coping Skills
68% Stress
66% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

13 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

79% Aetna
73% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
70% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Boca Raton, FL see their clients

69% In Person and Online
31% Online Only

Gender breakdown

82% Female
17% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Boca Raton?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.