Therapists in Milwaukee, WI

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Photo of Alyssa Zajdel, Psychologist in Milwaukee, WI
Alyssa Zajdel
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Milwaukee, WI 53225
You want to appear successful and like you have it “all together,” but deep down you are struggling to manage your overthinking, perform when it counts, or feel like you’re “enough." Maybe you work really hard but still don’t get the results you are striving for. When this happens, you say mean things to yourself you would NEVER say to anyone else. Or, you worry about something you said or did, long after everyone else has forgotten about it. Plus, you aren’t always sure how you really feel or what to do with your feelings. You may question why things are so difficult when it seems like everyone else gets through life more easily.
You want to appear successful and like you have it “all together,” but deep down you are struggling to manage your overthinking, perform when it counts, or feel like you’re “enough." Maybe you work really hard but still don’t get the results you are striving for. When this happens, you say mean things to yourself you would NEVER say to anyone else. Or, you worry about something you said or did, long after everyone else has forgotten about it. Plus, you aren’t always sure how you really feel or what to do with your feelings. You may question why things are so difficult when it seems like everyone else gets through life more easily.
(414) 441-1661 View (414) 441-1661
Photo of Ajay R Wadhwa, Psychologist in Milwaukee, WI
Ajay R Wadhwa
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Milwaukee, WI 53202
I am a clinical psychologist licensed for independent practice in the State of Wisconsin. My office is conveniently located in Downtown Milwaukee, and I work primarily with adult individuals who are interested in psychotherapy. I also have affiliations with nurse practitioners within our clinic for those who may be interested in medication as a treatment option to supplement their therapy.
I am a clinical psychologist licensed for independent practice in the State of Wisconsin. My office is conveniently located in Downtown Milwaukee, and I work primarily with adult individuals who are interested in psychotherapy. I also have affiliations with nurse practitioners within our clinic for those who may be interested in medication as a treatment option to supplement their therapy.
(414) 376-6041 View (414) 376-6041
Photo of Emily Orser, Licensed Professional Counselor in Milwaukee, WI
Emily Orser
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Milwaukee, WI 53211  (Online Only)
I strive to provide a place of safety and security for those seeking emotional and mental wellness by building meaningful relationships with my clients. I enjoy working with trauma survivors while they find a new way of living with their past. I like to look at a person from a system perspective. What system (family or otherwise) did you grow up with? What does that look like now? What changes can you make in your system to create healthier boundaries and more meaningful relationships? Other experience: anxiety, depression, grief. Adults and Couples. Youth considered with family involvement (15+ preferred). I offer telehealth only.
I strive to provide a place of safety and security for those seeking emotional and mental wellness by building meaningful relationships with my clients. I enjoy working with trauma survivors while they find a new way of living with their past. I like to look at a person from a system perspective. What system (family or otherwise) did you grow up with? What does that look like now? What changes can you make in your system to create healthier boundaries and more meaningful relationships? Other experience: anxiety, depression, grief. Adults and Couples. Youth considered with family involvement (15+ preferred). I offer telehealth only.
(262) 205-6795 View (262) 205-6795
Photo of Maggie McClutchy, Licensed Professional Counselor in Milwaukee, WI
Maggie McClutchy
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Milwaukee, WI 53202
Hey! Thank you for taking the time to look into my profile! My name is Maggie and I am a board-certified, licensed therapist. I am native to the Milwaukee area and am excited to be able to offer my services here, too! Starting the therapy journey is a big step, and I would love to follow along with you! I ensure that each client I come across feels safe, respected, listened to, and seen. I place a high emphasis on creating a strong therapeutic relationship to make you feel as comfortable as possible through this journey.
Hey! Thank you for taking the time to look into my profile! My name is Maggie and I am a board-certified, licensed therapist. I am native to the Milwaukee area and am excited to be able to offer my services here, too! Starting the therapy journey is a big step, and I would love to follow along with you! I ensure that each client I come across feels safe, respected, listened to, and seen. I place a high emphasis on creating a strong therapeutic relationship to make you feel as comfortable as possible through this journey.
(414) 404-6847 View (414) 404-6847
Photo of Claire Guy, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Milwaukee, WI
Claire Guy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, C-DBT
Verified Verified
Milwaukee, WI 53226
Claire provides treatment for children, adolescents, and adults in a supportive, non-judgmental environment where clients feel safe to openly explore their thoughts and feelings and achieve positive change. As an empathic listener, she helps guide clients toward reaching their personal goals while learning skills to deal with challenges they face. Claire Mainly uses person-centered therapy and dialectical behavior therapy.
Claire provides treatment for children, adolescents, and adults in a supportive, non-judgmental environment where clients feel safe to openly explore their thoughts and feelings and achieve positive change. As an empathic listener, she helps guide clients toward reaching their personal goals while learning skills to deal with challenges they face. Claire Mainly uses person-centered therapy and dialectical behavior therapy.
(414) 928-2464 View (414) 928-2464
Photo of Elizabeth Lennihan, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Milwaukee, WI
Elizabeth Lennihan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Milwaukee, WI 53217
I offer a warm, thoughtful style to create a space for understanding who you are and what brought you to therapy. To me, therapy is a kind of ongoing conversation that builds on that understanding. You come to it with your experience of yourself and your life story. I bring my many years of experience with people and life. It's supported by us working intentionally to quiet your self criticism and reframe what causes you pain to make more exploration possible.
I offer a warm, thoughtful style to create a space for understanding who you are and what brought you to therapy. To me, therapy is a kind of ongoing conversation that builds on that understanding. You come to it with your experience of yourself and your life story. I bring my many years of experience with people and life. It's supported by us working intentionally to quiet your self criticism and reframe what causes you pain to make more exploration possible.
(414) 687-9424 View (414) 687-9424
Photo of Amy Kistner, Licensed Professional Counselor in Milwaukee, WI
Amy Kistner
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Milwaukee, WI 53207
Amy has been providing psychotherapy services since 2003, focusing on women's issues and reproductive health, the needs of LGBTQIA+ clients, anxiety and depression and work with teenagers and young adults. Outside of the office Amy enjoys spending time with her family which includes her children and two dogs.
Amy has been providing psychotherapy services since 2003, focusing on women's issues and reproductive health, the needs of LGBTQIA+ clients, anxiety and depression and work with teenagers and young adults. Outside of the office Amy enjoys spending time with her family which includes her children and two dogs.
(414) 348-4679 View (414) 348-4679
Photo of Melissa Shi, Marriage & Family Therapist in Milwaukee, WI
Melissa Shi
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Milwaukee, WI 53202
Melissa Shi is a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist in Wisconsin who has been practicing since 2019. She has a B.S. in Psychology from UW-Madison and an M. A. in Marriage and Family Therapy from Syracuse University. Melissa knows how uncomfortable it can be to start therapy or ask for help. She believes this discomfort can turn into growth and helps her clients get through the hard stuff by being authentic, warm, and humorous (when appropriate). Melissa also works hard to create a safe, nonjudgmental, and empathetic space.
Melissa Shi is a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist in Wisconsin who has been practicing since 2019. She has a B.S. in Psychology from UW-Madison and an M. A. in Marriage and Family Therapy from Syracuse University. Melissa knows how uncomfortable it can be to start therapy or ask for help. She believes this discomfort can turn into growth and helps her clients get through the hard stuff by being authentic, warm, and humorous (when appropriate). Melissa also works hard to create a safe, nonjudgmental, and empathetic space.
(262) 624-0858 View (262) 624-0858
Photo of Christine McCasey, Licensed Professional Counselor in Milwaukee, WI
Christine McCasey
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Milwaukee, WI 53215
My name is Dr. Christine McCasey, and I am a licensed professional counselor (LPC) in Wisconsin. My approach is often to provide an environment where you feel safe, accepted, and heard each time you spend time with me. I like working with clients who have had unfortunate or hurtful events or experiences, including those who have no idea what could be the matter with them. This category could be vast, but the result often is that unseen pain is universal and does not choose personality, age, or stages in life.
My name is Dr. Christine McCasey, and I am a licensed professional counselor (LPC) in Wisconsin. My approach is often to provide an environment where you feel safe, accepted, and heard each time you spend time with me. I like working with clients who have had unfortunate or hurtful events or experiences, including those who have no idea what could be the matter with them. This category could be vast, but the result often is that unseen pain is universal and does not choose personality, age, or stages in life.
(414) 441-4862 View (414) 441-4862
Photo of Margo Florez, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Milwaukee, WI
Margo Florez
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CSAC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Milwaukee, WI 53202
Feeling stressed, overwhelmed, stuck? Need someone to talk to about life transitions, challenges at work, relationship issues, alcohol or substance use? We can figure stuff out together and come up with a plan. Things can get better if you take the first step.
Feeling stressed, overwhelmed, stuck? Need someone to talk to about life transitions, challenges at work, relationship issues, alcohol or substance use? We can figure stuff out together and come up with a plan. Things can get better if you take the first step.
(262) 416-1998 View (262) 416-1998
Photo of Alexandra Paul, Licensed Professional Counselor in Milwaukee, WI
Alexandra Paul
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Milwaukee, WI 53207
Alexandra fosters a therapeutic relationship where she offers emotional support, insight, and clinical skills. She aims to empower individuals with what they need to live a flourishing life, including the strength to face hardships, support to make difficult changes, and space to find healing. Alexandra is a warm and genuine counselor who enjoys working with children, adolescents, and adults who present with a wide range of clinical needs. She creates a safe environment for each individual who walks into her office.
Alexandra fosters a therapeutic relationship where she offers emotional support, insight, and clinical skills. She aims to empower individuals with what they need to live a flourishing life, including the strength to face hardships, support to make difficult changes, and space to find healing. Alexandra is a warm and genuine counselor who enjoys working with children, adolescents, and adults who present with a wide range of clinical needs. She creates a safe environment for each individual who walks into her office.
(262) 435-3322 View (262) 435-3322
Photo of Kimberly Schwingle, Licensed Professional Counselor in Milwaukee, WI
Kimberly Schwingle
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Milwaukee, WI 53209
My therapeutic journey has had me work with a diverse range of individuals. While I have assisted clients of all ages, my primary experience is with teens through middle-aged adults. Additionally, I possesses a specialized skill set for working with individuals with disabilities, stemming from my lifelong involvement in volunteering and working within the disability community. My proficiency extends to a wide array of diagnoses, including but not limited to depression, anxiety, PTSD, bipolar disorder, chronic illness, adjustment disorders, and avoidance disorder.
My therapeutic journey has had me work with a diverse range of individuals. While I have assisted clients of all ages, my primary experience is with teens through middle-aged adults. Additionally, I possesses a specialized skill set for working with individuals with disabilities, stemming from my lifelong involvement in volunteering and working within the disability community. My proficiency extends to a wide array of diagnoses, including but not limited to depression, anxiety, PTSD, bipolar disorder, chronic illness, adjustment disorders, and avoidance disorder.
(414) 501-7452 View (414) 501-7452
Photo of Steven Petrie, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Milwaukee, WI
Steven Petrie
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Milwaukee, WI 53207
Steven has more than thirty-five years of clinical experience treating children, adolescents, families and adults with a specialization in children, adolescents and families. Areas of expertise include attention deficit disorder, depression, grief, anxiety, and school-related problems. He enjoys working with families and believes that parents need to be an integral part of the treatment process. Mr. Petrie works collaboratively with his patients to develop treatment goals that capitalize on their strengths and to develop solutions for the problems they bring to therapy.
Steven has more than thirty-five years of clinical experience treating children, adolescents, families and adults with a specialization in children, adolescents and families. Areas of expertise include attention deficit disorder, depression, grief, anxiety, and school-related problems. He enjoys working with families and believes that parents need to be an integral part of the treatment process. Mr. Petrie works collaboratively with his patients to develop treatment goals that capitalize on their strengths and to develop solutions for the problems they bring to therapy.
(414) 348-4651 View (414) 348-4651
Photo of Mandy Leslie, Counselor in Milwaukee, WI
Mandy Leslie
Counselor, MS, LPC-IT
Verified Verified
Milwaukee, WI 53222
Not accepting new clients
Life's motion can feel intense and demanding, seeming to move at a pace beyond one's stride, resulting in chronic stress, increased anxiety, fear, and chronic pain. Throughout this motion, maintaining self-care and nurturing relationships can feel overwhelming. Connecting with another human can be one of the safest ways to become grounded and encounter what is asking for acknowledgment and care. I believe the therapeutic relationship and environment has immense potential to provide a secure container for what is felt to be honored and explored, allowing any fear that arrives to be transformed into intentional forward movement.
Life's motion can feel intense and demanding, seeming to move at a pace beyond one's stride, resulting in chronic stress, increased anxiety, fear, and chronic pain. Throughout this motion, maintaining self-care and nurturing relationships can feel overwhelming. Connecting with another human can be one of the safest ways to become grounded and encounter what is asking for acknowledgment and care. I believe the therapeutic relationship and environment has immense potential to provide a secure container for what is felt to be honored and explored, allowing any fear that arrives to be transformed into intentional forward movement.
(414) 626-7320 x134 View (414) 626-7320 x134
Photo of Lori Marhefke, Licensed Professional Counselor in Milwaukee, WI
Lori Marhefke
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Milwaukee, WI 53215
Welcome! My name is Lori Marhefke. I am a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) in the State of Wisconsin. My approach to therapy is holistic and person-centered. I typically focus on anxiety, panic, grief, trauma, and shame. I work with a variety of clients. Most of my clients are facing very stressful life transitions related to work, school, or family. I am comfortable treating anxiety, panic, grief, trauma and shame.
Welcome! My name is Lori Marhefke. I am a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) in the State of Wisconsin. My approach to therapy is holistic and person-centered. I typically focus on anxiety, panic, grief, trauma, and shame. I work with a variety of clients. Most of my clients are facing very stressful life transitions related to work, school, or family. I am comfortable treating anxiety, panic, grief, trauma and shame.
(414) 246-4121 View (414) 246-4121
Photo of Victoria Jackson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Milwaukee, WI
Victoria Jackson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
Milwaukee, WI 53224
Hi, my name is Victoria Jackson! I am Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Wisconsin and I have been working in the field for 14 years since obtaining my Bachelor's Degree in Social Work and then I completed my Master's Degree in Social Work soon after. I've worked with individuals throughout the years in providing psychotherapy with the focus of Depression, Anxiety, PTSD, Grief and Loss, Substance Abuse and Trauma. I utilize treatment approaches that sustain real results with Strengths-Based, Solutions Focused, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Motivational Interviewing.
Hi, my name is Victoria Jackson! I am Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Wisconsin and I have been working in the field for 14 years since obtaining my Bachelor's Degree in Social Work and then I completed my Master's Degree in Social Work soon after. I've worked with individuals throughout the years in providing psychotherapy with the focus of Depression, Anxiety, PTSD, Grief and Loss, Substance Abuse and Trauma. I utilize treatment approaches that sustain real results with Strengths-Based, Solutions Focused, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Motivational Interviewing.
(262) 588-4154 View (262) 588-4154
Photo of Patricia A Aniakudo, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Milwaukee, WI
Patricia A Aniakudo
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LPC, LCSW, CSAC, ICS
Verified Verified
Milwaukee, WI 53213  (Online Only)
My name is Patricia Aniakudo. I have over 30 years of experience in the field and am happy to walk with you on your path as you develop and meet your goals. A little bit about me; I have Master’s in Clinical Psychology and a Master’s in Social Work. Over the years I have trained and specialized in multiple areas such as: gender specific treatment for women and men, filial (parent/child) therapy, trauma informed/trauma specific treatments including responding to and managing chronic community violence, Criminality, Violence in Families, Gambling, Addiction, Parenting & Co-Parenting. individuals/ families involved in multiple systems.
My name is Patricia Aniakudo. I have over 30 years of experience in the field and am happy to walk with you on your path as you develop and meet your goals. A little bit about me; I have Master’s in Clinical Psychology and a Master’s in Social Work. Over the years I have trained and specialized in multiple areas such as: gender specific treatment for women and men, filial (parent/child) therapy, trauma informed/trauma specific treatments including responding to and managing chronic community violence, Criminality, Violence in Families, Gambling, Addiction, Parenting & Co-Parenting. individuals/ families involved in multiple systems.
(414) 626-0624 View (414) 626-0624
Photo of Madisen Stoler, Licensed Professional Counselor in Milwaukee, WI
Madisen Stoler
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
Milwaukee, WI 53211
As a clinician, I am committed to helping people process the many pieces of themselves. Therapy is a place to grow and heal, which can feel painful, magical, and everything in between. I will be there with you through all parts of the change process, offering warmth, teamwork, and invitations to practice new ways of being. Our work together may include shedding unhelpful patterns, building a life of meaning and purpose, and practicing better ways of regulating emotions, making decisions, and communicating. My own commitment to continual growth as a person and practitioner allows me to better show up as your collaborator.
As a clinician, I am committed to helping people process the many pieces of themselves. Therapy is a place to grow and heal, which can feel painful, magical, and everything in between. I will be there with you through all parts of the change process, offering warmth, teamwork, and invitations to practice new ways of being. Our work together may include shedding unhelpful patterns, building a life of meaning and purpose, and practicing better ways of regulating emotions, making decisions, and communicating. My own commitment to continual growth as a person and practitioner allows me to better show up as your collaborator.
(414) 626-2723 View (414) 626-2723
Photo of Julie C Witthuhn, Licensed Professional Counselor in Milwaukee, WI
Julie C Witthuhn
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Milwaukee, WI 53222
Not accepting new clients
Throughout my 17 years of counseling a diverse population of clients, I have found that everyone wants the same thing... an increased sense of happiness and peace. This means something different to us all. I am here to help you figure out what that means to you, and how to obtain it.
Throughout my 17 years of counseling a diverse population of clients, I have found that everyone wants the same thing... an increased sense of happiness and peace. This means something different to us all. I am here to help you figure out what that means to you, and how to obtain it.
(414) 240-0324 View (414) 240-0324
Photo of Brenda Stiff, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Milwaukee, WI
Brenda Stiff
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Milwaukee, WI 53224
Brenda K. Stiff, is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker who has been practicing psychotherapy since 1985. She graduated from Kentucky State University with a Bachelors of Science in Social Work, and matriculated towards her Masters of Science in Social Work at the University of Louisville, Kent School of Social Work, specializing in Psychopathology. She holds a PhD in Women's Study and Biblical Counseling. Brenda believes Psychotherapy and Biblical Basis for Counseling are her main focus.
Brenda K. Stiff, is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker who has been practicing psychotherapy since 1985. She graduated from Kentucky State University with a Bachelors of Science in Social Work, and matriculated towards her Masters of Science in Social Work at the University of Louisville, Kent School of Social Work, specializing in Psychopathology. She holds a PhD in Women's Study and Biblical Counseling. Brenda believes Psychotherapy and Biblical Basis for Counseling are her main focus.
(262) 592-5180 View (262) 592-5180

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Milwaukee, WI

800+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Milwaukee, WI who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
90% Depression
71% Trauma and PTSD
68% Relationship Issues
67% Self Esteem
63% Life Transitions
62% Grief

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

73% Aetna
72% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
63% BlueCross and BlueShield

How Therapists in Milwaukee, WI see their clients

76% In Person and Online
24% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
18% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Milwaukee?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.