Therapists in Reno, NV

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Photo of Cory Taylor, Marriage & Family Therapist in Reno, NV
Cory Taylor
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Reno, NV 89519
I believe it requires an incredible amount of courage to begin therapy. If you are looking at this site for a therapist, you have already tapped into your courage. I believe in a person's capacity to change and heal. Everyone deserves to live a life free from their past and the opportunity to heal any unresolved pain. I want to help you achieve the best possible you! Let's work together to find purpose, health, fulfillment, and well-being.
I believe it requires an incredible amount of courage to begin therapy. If you are looking at this site for a therapist, you have already tapped into your courage. I believe in a person's capacity to change and heal. Everyone deserves to live a life free from their past and the opportunity to heal any unresolved pain. I want to help you achieve the best possible you! Let's work together to find purpose, health, fulfillment, and well-being.
(775) 376-5376 View (775) 376-5376
Photo of Cynthia L Black, Marriage & Family Therapist Intern in Reno, NV
Cynthia L Black
Marriage & Family Therapist Intern, MA, NCC, MFT-Int
Verified Verified
Reno, NV 89503
Life can be difficult. When those around us invalidate our feelings, tell us "if only we would do this" we would feel better, try to "jolly us" out of it, or do anything to try and change who we are in this moment and what we are feeling, we feel unseen, unheard, and incredibly alone. You are not alone. This moment will pass, you can learn and grow through it, and because of these moments you can become someone you never even imagined. Someone beyond your current wildest dreams full of strength, wisdom, and courage. And sometimes you need someone to walk that path with you, to help you find yourself.
Life can be difficult. When those around us invalidate our feelings, tell us "if only we would do this" we would feel better, try to "jolly us" out of it, or do anything to try and change who we are in this moment and what we are feeling, we feel unseen, unheard, and incredibly alone. You are not alone. This moment will pass, you can learn and grow through it, and because of these moments you can become someone you never even imagined. Someone beyond your current wildest dreams full of strength, wisdom, and courage. And sometimes you need someone to walk that path with you, to help you find yourself.
(775) 402-8195 View (775) 402-8195
Photo of Scott Durkin, Licensed Professional Counselor in Reno, NV
Scott Durkin
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LCPC
Verified Verified
Reno, NV 89502
My experience includes leading inpatient group therapy at West Hills Behavioral Hospital here in Reno with a diverse population, ranging from children to adults. I have worked with a variety of disorders including depression, anxiety, bipolar, borderline, schizophrenia, trauma and addiction. I am certified with Prepare/Enrich for premarital and marriage counseling. My clients are looking to find someone who understands, empathizes and can help them cope with their struggles. I am able to add a Christian perspective if requested.
My experience includes leading inpatient group therapy at West Hills Behavioral Hospital here in Reno with a diverse population, ranging from children to adults. I have worked with a variety of disorders including depression, anxiety, bipolar, borderline, schizophrenia, trauma and addiction. I am certified with Prepare/Enrich for premarital and marriage counseling. My clients are looking to find someone who understands, empathizes and can help them cope with their struggles. I am able to add a Christian perspective if requested.
(775) 522-7404 View (775) 522-7404
Photo of Emily Neller-Cox, Marriage & Family Therapist Intern in Reno, NV
Emily Neller-Cox
Marriage & Family Therapist Intern, MA, MFT-I, NCC
Verified Verified
Reno, NV 89521
My aim as a therapist is to help individuals, couples, and families live full and meaningful lives, work collaboratively with clients to support their growth and development, and ultimately reach their goals. I take an integrated, person-centered and strengths-based approach to help facilitate self-discovery and meaning-making.
My aim as a therapist is to help individuals, couples, and families live full and meaningful lives, work collaboratively with clients to support their growth and development, and ultimately reach their goals. I take an integrated, person-centered and strengths-based approach to help facilitate self-discovery and meaning-making.
(775) 256-5802 View (775) 256-5802
Photo of Susan Blesch, Marriage & Family Therapist in Reno, NV
Susan Blesch
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Reno, NV 89523  (Online Only)
When life has dealt some hard blows, when we feel adrift or our lives are in transition; when we can't seem to get past irritations, annoyances, or injuries in relationships that used to be loving and secure; when sadness, fear, or anxiety are barriers to living the life we want for ourselves and those we love; or when unforeseen trauma, divorce, or family conflict adversely affect our children, we may need help in finding ways to get around, through,or over these barriers.
When life has dealt some hard blows, when we feel adrift or our lives are in transition; when we can't seem to get past irritations, annoyances, or injuries in relationships that used to be loving and secure; when sadness, fear, or anxiety are barriers to living the life we want for ourselves and those we love; or when unforeseen trauma, divorce, or family conflict adversely affect our children, we may need help in finding ways to get around, through,or over these barriers.
(775) 368-1030 View (775) 368-1030
Photo of Elements Counseling Wellness, Marriage & Family Therapist in Reno, NV
Elements Counseling Wellness
Marriage & Family Therapist, Alicia, Arnold, LMFT
Verified Verified
Reno, NV 89509  (Online Only)
Currently accepting new clients for telehealth! We are a team of highly skilled and empathetic professionals who are committed to providing exceptional mental health services. We believe in creating a safe and supportive environment for our clients to embark on their journey towards healing and personal growth. We work with individuals, couples, and families who have experienced childhood abuse and neglect, PTSD, complex/chronic trauma, chronic illness, eating disorders, addiction, mood disorders, depression, and anxiety. We are also proficient in working with neurodivergent conditions such as ADHD, Autism and OCD.
Currently accepting new clients for telehealth! We are a team of highly skilled and empathetic professionals who are committed to providing exceptional mental health services. We believe in creating a safe and supportive environment for our clients to embark on their journey towards healing and personal growth. We work with individuals, couples, and families who have experienced childhood abuse and neglect, PTSD, complex/chronic trauma, chronic illness, eating disorders, addiction, mood disorders, depression, and anxiety. We are also proficient in working with neurodivergent conditions such as ADHD, Autism and OCD.
(775) 863-2388 View (775) 863-2388
Photo of Julius M Rogina, Psychologist in Reno, NV
Julius M Rogina
Psychologist, PhD, ABMPP, MDiv, STM
Verified Verified
Reno, NV 89523  (Online Only)
I am a Clinical Psychologist who has been in practice for over forty years, both inpatient and outpatient settings. I am working with adults and elderly. All treatments are based on my client's unique needs and interests and integration of data gathered during assessments. We anchor them together in evidence based modalities of treatment. I hold a Diplomate status with the Viktor Frankl Institute of Logotherapy. I am an accredited member of the International Association of Logotherapy and Existential Analysis (LTEA), University of Vienna, Austria.
I am a Clinical Psychologist who has been in practice for over forty years, both inpatient and outpatient settings. I am working with adults and elderly. All treatments are based on my client's unique needs and interests and integration of data gathered during assessments. We anchor them together in evidence based modalities of treatment. I hold a Diplomate status with the Viktor Frankl Institute of Logotherapy. I am an accredited member of the International Association of Logotherapy and Existential Analysis (LTEA), University of Vienna, Austria.
(775) 206-0911 View (775) 206-0911
Photo of Kelly North, Licensed Professional Counselor in Reno, NV
Kelly North
Licensed Professional Counselor
Verified Verified
Reno, NV 89512  (Online Only)
Does your mind seem constantly full of worries? Have you reached a point in your life where you feel stuck? Is there something in your past that keeps you from moving forward? Enrolling in therapy may help you work through some of life's many challenges in productive and healthy ways. I believe everyone has the ability to have a good life. I take a warm, nonjudgmental approach that is personalized to meet your needs.  I can help you find meaning in pain and overcome obstacles to living an authentic, fulfilling life.
Does your mind seem constantly full of worries? Have you reached a point in your life where you feel stuck? Is there something in your past that keeps you from moving forward? Enrolling in therapy may help you work through some of life's many challenges in productive and healthy ways. I believe everyone has the ability to have a good life. I take a warm, nonjudgmental approach that is personalized to meet your needs.  I can help you find meaning in pain and overcome obstacles to living an authentic, fulfilling life.
(775) 341-6064 View (775) 341-6064
Photo of Dr. Sage Rian, Licensed Professional Counselor in Reno, NV
Dr. Sage Rian
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, CPC, NCC, RYT
Verified Verified
Reno, NV 89509  (Online Only)
Reaching out for help takes courage and strength, and in our work together we will draw on the strengths you already have. I take a collaborative and holistic approach to healing, meaning we will work together to achieve wellness in all areas of your life: mind, body, and spirit. Our sessions will explore how you make meaning in life, the impact of your unconscious patterns, and the roles your environment & relationships play in your current issues. Whatever we are working on, my goal is to provide a non-judgmental place for you to express, explore, and discover yourself.
Reaching out for help takes courage and strength, and in our work together we will draw on the strengths you already have. I take a collaborative and holistic approach to healing, meaning we will work together to achieve wellness in all areas of your life: mind, body, and spirit. Our sessions will explore how you make meaning in life, the impact of your unconscious patterns, and the roles your environment & relationships play in your current issues. Whatever we are working on, my goal is to provide a non-judgmental place for you to express, explore, and discover yourself.
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Photo of Lauren E. Hull, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Reno, NV
Lauren E. Hull
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Reno, NV 89502  (Online Only)
Lauren is a warm and supportive therapist who believes in the power of humor, empathy, and genuine connection to facilitate healing and growth. With experience in treating adjustment difficulties, working with first responders, and helping individuals with complex/chronic medical issues, she is dedicated to supporting her clients on their journeys to recovery and resilience. Lauren offers specialized support to these individuals, providing a safe space to process traumatic experiences, manage stress and anxiety, and develop effective coping mechanisms. She is trained in Accelerated Resolution Therapy (similar to EMDR).
Lauren is a warm and supportive therapist who believes in the power of humor, empathy, and genuine connection to facilitate healing and growth. With experience in treating adjustment difficulties, working with first responders, and helping individuals with complex/chronic medical issues, she is dedicated to supporting her clients on their journeys to recovery and resilience. Lauren offers specialized support to these individuals, providing a safe space to process traumatic experiences, manage stress and anxiety, and develop effective coping mechanisms. She is trained in Accelerated Resolution Therapy (similar to EMDR).
(775) 256-7761 View (775) 256-7761
Photo of Sierra Sunrise Wellness Group, Marriage & Family Therapist in Reno, NV
Sierra Sunrise Wellness Group
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Reno, NV 89501
Our ideal clients would be those who enjoy a more philosophical approach to better understanding him or herself. We work with the whole age spectrum, and we enjoy guiding clients toward a better understanding of his or her purpose of being in the world. Specifically, the issues that we specialize in include grief, trauma, spiritual enlightenment, coping skills, personal transformation, wellness, brainspotting, and changing one's behaviors through changing one's thought process. Regardless of the perceived assets or handicaps that one enters the world with, he or she must still find a way in order to survive and hopefully, thrive.
Our ideal clients would be those who enjoy a more philosophical approach to better understanding him or herself. We work with the whole age spectrum, and we enjoy guiding clients toward a better understanding of his or her purpose of being in the world. Specifically, the issues that we specialize in include grief, trauma, spiritual enlightenment, coping skills, personal transformation, wellness, brainspotting, and changing one's behaviors through changing one's thought process. Regardless of the perceived assets or handicaps that one enters the world with, he or she must still find a way in order to survive and hopefully, thrive.
(775) 773-4421 View (775) 773-4421
Photo of Lisa Widmark in Reno, NV
Lisa Widmark
MA
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Reno, NV 89503
When you perform as well as you know you can, you are happier. Address the mental issues that are holding you back from peak performance. I teach mindfulness, positive psychology and proven sports psychology techniques to help individuals achieve their peak performance. I work with competitive athletes and professionals in all fields to achieve their goals using concrete methods to improve mental and behavioral performance. Improve your life on and off the field of play. Learn to let go of past events so you can do your best in the present moment.
When you perform as well as you know you can, you are happier. Address the mental issues that are holding you back from peak performance. I teach mindfulness, positive psychology and proven sports psychology techniques to help individuals achieve their peak performance. I work with competitive athletes and professionals in all fields to achieve their goals using concrete methods to improve mental and behavioral performance. Improve your life on and off the field of play. Learn to let go of past events so you can do your best in the present moment.
(775) 522-4878 View (775) 522-4878
Photo of Dannielle Adler, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Reno, NV
Dannielle Adler
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CA, NV
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Reno, NV 89503
Not accepting new clients
I believe our relationship with ourself impacts all other relationships in our life, hence making it the most important one to focus on. I work with adults and teens who are experiencing stress, intense anxiety, depression, and grief. I believe therapy can transform someone's life through the process of exploring current or past events and stressors. Together, we can uncover beliefs, thoughts, and traumas, as we work to empower you towards self-acceptance and healing.
I believe our relationship with ourself impacts all other relationships in our life, hence making it the most important one to focus on. I work with adults and teens who are experiencing stress, intense anxiety, depression, and grief. I believe therapy can transform someone's life through the process of exploring current or past events and stressors. Together, we can uncover beliefs, thoughts, and traumas, as we work to empower you towards self-acceptance and healing.
(775) 256-5851 View (775) 256-5851
Photo of Andrew Noble, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Reno, NV
Andrew Noble
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Reno, NV 89501
Not accepting new clients
Seeking help can be a difficult challenge that requires bravery and perseverance. However, it is often the first step to a greater quality of life and finding peace and contentment. My mission is to help you succeed in this journey. I can help you manage anxiety, anger, and depression, or process past trauma. Let’s work together to identify ways of thinking or behavior that no longer serve you.
Seeking help can be a difficult challenge that requires bravery and perseverance. However, it is often the first step to a greater quality of life and finding peace and contentment. My mission is to help you succeed in this journey. I can help you manage anxiety, anger, and depression, or process past trauma. Let’s work together to identify ways of thinking or behavior that no longer serve you.
(775) 571-6834 View (775) 571-6834
Photo of Dana Anderson, Marriage & Family Therapist in Reno, NV
Dana Anderson
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
Reno, NV 89501
I have seen great transformation in women and girls with self-esteem issues. This may manifest in codendency, post-traumatic stress, eating disorders, grief, anxiety and depression. I combine Self-Psychology, humor and metaphor, and my love for metaphysics to create new paths for healing and it works. I have clients who have struggled for decades with debilitating thoughts and behaviors who are now free of negative voices and habits that were not serving them. I am also skilled at empowering couples and/or families that are in high conflict and feeling hopeless.
I have seen great transformation in women and girls with self-esteem issues. This may manifest in codendency, post-traumatic stress, eating disorders, grief, anxiety and depression. I combine Self-Psychology, humor and metaphor, and my love for metaphysics to create new paths for healing and it works. I have clients who have struggled for decades with debilitating thoughts and behaviors who are now free of negative voices and habits that were not serving them. I am also skilled at empowering couples and/or families that are in high conflict and feeling hopeless.
(775) 581-4070 View (775) 581-4070
Photo of April Lang-Barroga, Marriage & Family Therapist in Reno, NV
April Lang-Barroga
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, LCADC, NCC
Verified Verified
Reno, NV 89503
I have FRIDAY openings for new client's. Asking for help takes courage and I will sit with you as you work towards identifying your state of wellness. I have a passion for working with individuals experiencing addiction, trauma, a crisis or relationship stressors. I will be with you in the hardest of times and stand by you as an advocate for your health and safety. I provide a safe and nurturing environment, I am compassionate and I work from a holistic approach to address mental, social, and physical needs of each individual and family.
I have FRIDAY openings for new client's. Asking for help takes courage and I will sit with you as you work towards identifying your state of wellness. I have a passion for working with individuals experiencing addiction, trauma, a crisis or relationship stressors. I will be with you in the hardest of times and stand by you as an advocate for your health and safety. I provide a safe and nurturing environment, I am compassionate and I work from a holistic approach to address mental, social, and physical needs of each individual and family.
(775) 451-3125 View (775) 451-3125
Photo of Heather Kaminsky, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Reno, NV
Heather Kaminsky
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Reno, NV 89511
Welcome and thank you for considering me in your therapeutic journey! Getting started and taking steps toward growth and change is a real challenge, and one that has led you to this website. Others described me throughout my life as as lighthearted, approachable, and a person who lends a "good ear." I'm hopeful that I am able to use these skills in my clinical work to help as many people from our community one person and one skill at a time.
Welcome and thank you for considering me in your therapeutic journey! Getting started and taking steps toward growth and change is a real challenge, and one that has led you to this website. Others described me throughout my life as as lighthearted, approachable, and a person who lends a "good ear." I'm hopeful that I am able to use these skills in my clinical work to help as many people from our community one person and one skill at a time.
(775) 535-7637 View (775) 535-7637
Photo of Alta Vista Mental Health, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Reno, NV
Alta Vista Mental Health
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Reno, NV 89509
I am a big believer in peace and happiness, so I strive to assist my clients in incorporating these things into their own lives. I am a Licensed Social Worker – Therapist and graduated with my Masters of Social Work from the University of Nevada, Reno in 2020. After graduating with my bachelor’s degree in 2015, I, by chance, obtained a job in the mental health field as a Psychosocial Rehabilitative Specialist and almost immediately knew this was the field for me. I have a passion for working with people, all types of people and enjoy watching them reach their highest potential.
I am a big believer in peace and happiness, so I strive to assist my clients in incorporating these things into their own lives. I am a Licensed Social Worker – Therapist and graduated with my Masters of Social Work from the University of Nevada, Reno in 2020. After graduating with my bachelor’s degree in 2015, I, by chance, obtained a job in the mental health field as a Psychosocial Rehabilitative Specialist and almost immediately knew this was the field for me. I have a passion for working with people, all types of people and enjoy watching them reach their highest potential.
(775) 256-8658 View (775) 256-8658
Photo of Gary Mayne, Counselor in Reno, NV
Gary Mayne
Counselor, MA, LMHC, LCPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Reno, NV 89509
Not accepting new clients
Many folks who contact me want a steady, supportive and private place to improve their relationship, confront negative cycles, process past events or traumas, or even grieve losses. Finding "The Right Fit" in a therapist is so important, whether that is with me or someone else. It is my goal to provide a space that is non-judgmental, attuned to your needs, engaging and empathetic. My ideal client or couples client is ready to try "Small Things Often" and "slice things thinner".
Many folks who contact me want a steady, supportive and private place to improve their relationship, confront negative cycles, process past events or traumas, or even grieve losses. Finding "The Right Fit" in a therapist is so important, whether that is with me or someone else. It is my goal to provide a space that is non-judgmental, attuned to your needs, engaging and empathetic. My ideal client or couples client is ready to try "Small Things Often" and "slice things thinner".
(775) 204-2778 View (775) 204-2778
Photo of Valerie Zwyssig, Marriage & Family Therapist in Reno, NV
Valerie Zwyssig
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT, LADC
Verified Verified
Reno, NV 89509
My first professional license was in Addiction Counseling from Triton College in Chicago, IL. A decade later I attended the University of Nevada, Reno, for my MFT license and earned an Educational Specialist degree in Counseling & Educational Psychology. I have worked with children, adolescents and adults in various levels of treatment including, Inpatient, Partial Hospitalization, Intensive Outpatient and Outpatient settings. My specialty is working with co-occurring disorders of mental health and addiction.
My first professional license was in Addiction Counseling from Triton College in Chicago, IL. A decade later I attended the University of Nevada, Reno, for my MFT license and earned an Educational Specialist degree in Counseling & Educational Psychology. I have worked with children, adolescents and adults in various levels of treatment including, Inpatient, Partial Hospitalization, Intensive Outpatient and Outpatient settings. My specialty is working with co-occurring disorders of mental health and addiction.
(775) 618-0673 View (775) 618-0673

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Reno, NV

500+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Reno, NV who prioritize treating:

90% Anxiety
86% Depression
75% Trauma and PTSD
75% Self Esteem
74% Relationship Issues
67% Coping Skills
67% Stress

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

67% Aetna
62% BlueCross and BlueShield
62% Hometown Health

How Therapists in Reno, NV see their clients

71% In Person and Online
29% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
18% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Reno?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.