Therapists in Falls Church, VA

Photo of Mandana Roushan in Falls Church, VA
Mandana Roushan
BCBA
Verified Verified
Falls Church, VA 22043
I am a Behaviorist with over 5 years of experience using Applied Behavior Analysis to treat individuals with mental and behavioral challenges . As a Nurse, Master in Educational psychology in Human Relations and Licensed Behavior Analyst , I have a unique skill set tailored toward helping people of many different functioning levels reach their fullest potential at home, school/work, and most importantly in their present moment . I have been working with children, adolescents, and adults for over 8 years in the areas of Behavioral/Emotional Disorders, Anxiety/Mood Disorders and Developmental Disabilities.
I am a Behaviorist with over 5 years of experience using Applied Behavior Analysis to treat individuals with mental and behavioral challenges . As a Nurse, Master in Educational psychology in Human Relations and Licensed Behavior Analyst , I have a unique skill set tailored toward helping people of many different functioning levels reach their fullest potential at home, school/work, and most importantly in their present moment . I have been working with children, adolescents, and adults for over 8 years in the areas of Behavioral/Emotional Disorders, Anxiety/Mood Disorders and Developmental Disabilities.
(520) 253-7608 View (520) 253-7608
Photo of Joanna Spiro, Psychologist in Falls Church, VA
Joanna Spiro
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Falls Church, VA 22043  (Online Only)
I work collaboratively, creating an atmosphere of safety and honesty in which to address difficult issues and to pursue understanding and growth. I have worked with people dealing with a wide range of problems, including depression, anxiety, relationship and family issues, life transitions, identity issues, and the effects of traumatic experiences.
I work collaboratively, creating an atmosphere of safety and honesty in which to address difficult issues and to pursue understanding and growth. I have worked with people dealing with a wide range of problems, including depression, anxiety, relationship and family issues, life transitions, identity issues, and the effects of traumatic experiences.
(571) 450-9125 View (571) 450-9125
Photo of Alicia Todd, Psychologist in Falls Church, VA
Alicia Todd
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Falls Church, VA 22046
I believe in a collaborative approach to psychotherapy. My clients and I are partners in their treatment. My style is interactive. My background is primarily in the area of cognitive behavioral therapy, however, my years in practice have demonstrated the importance of integrating biological, social, and spiritual aspects into treatment. I have expertise in mood disorders, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, substance abuse disorders and trauma and abuse.
I believe in a collaborative approach to psychotherapy. My clients and I are partners in their treatment. My style is interactive. My background is primarily in the area of cognitive behavioral therapy, however, my years in practice have demonstrated the importance of integrating biological, social, and spiritual aspects into treatment. I have expertise in mood disorders, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, substance abuse disorders and trauma and abuse.
(703) 348-9193 View (703) 348-9193
Photo of Shira Gottlieb, Psychologist in Falls Church, VA
Shira Gottlieb
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Falls Church, VA 22046
I am a licensed clinical psychologist. I received my B.A. in psychology, with a minor in neurobiology, from Harvard University, and my Psy.D. from the George Washington University. I completed a postdoctoral fellowship at Family Compass, a child and family group practice in Reston, VA, where I specialized in neuropsychological assessment and therapy services for children and adolescents. I have worked in a variety of clinical settings including: Children's National Medical Center, JLG-RICA (a residential and day treatment facility for children and adolescents), and private group practices.
I am a licensed clinical psychologist. I received my B.A. in psychology, with a minor in neurobiology, from Harvard University, and my Psy.D. from the George Washington University. I completed a postdoctoral fellowship at Family Compass, a child and family group practice in Reston, VA, where I specialized in neuropsychological assessment and therapy services for children and adolescents. I have worked in a variety of clinical settings including: Children's National Medical Center, JLG-RICA (a residential and day treatment facility for children and adolescents), and private group practices.
(703) 372-9461 View (703) 372-9461
Photo of Lee Anne Hausler, Psychologist in Falls Church, VA
Lee Anne Hausler
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Falls Church, VA 22042  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Are you feeling overwhelmed by anxiety or obsessive thoughts? Limited by low mood and depressive thinking? I can help you learn the necessary tools to challenge and change negative and unhelpful thought patterns. Anxiety, fears, and mood issues can make your world feel smaller and smaller, and disrupt your relationships, work, and happiness. I am deeply committed to helping people achieve greater peace, presence, and meaning in their lives.
Are you feeling overwhelmed by anxiety or obsessive thoughts? Limited by low mood and depressive thinking? I can help you learn the necessary tools to challenge and change negative and unhelpful thought patterns. Anxiety, fears, and mood issues can make your world feel smaller and smaller, and disrupt your relationships, work, and happiness. I am deeply committed to helping people achieve greater peace, presence, and meaning in their lives.
(804) 409-0819 View (804) 409-0819
Photo of Elizabeth Autrey, Licensed Professional Counselor in Falls Church, VA
Elizabeth Autrey
Licensed Professional Counselor, NCC, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Falls Church, VA 22046
Life can be difficult at times, but you do not have to struggle alone. I am here to help you overcome the mental health obstacles that stop you from enjoying your life. I work with teens and adults to help them reach their mental health goals. I have experience working with individuals on a variety of matters, including anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, anger management, interpersonal relationships, self-esteem, and body image issues. Working collaboratively with the client, I help them find satisfaction and peace in their life.
Life can be difficult at times, but you do not have to struggle alone. I am here to help you overcome the mental health obstacles that stop you from enjoying your life. I work with teens and adults to help them reach their mental health goals. I have experience working with individuals on a variety of matters, including anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, anger management, interpersonal relationships, self-esteem, and body image issues. Working collaboratively with the client, I help them find satisfaction and peace in their life.
(703) 215-2163 View (703) 215-2163
Photo of Carolyn Meiner, Resident in Counseling in Falls Church, VA
Carolyn Meiner
Resident in Counseling, MA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Falls Church, VA 22046  (Online Only)
I strive to provide a respectful, welcoming, and judgment-free environment during therapy sessions, and I value the individual differences in each of my clients. I have a broad range of clinical experience working with individuals ranging from teenagers to older adults, and my areas of experience include depression, anxiety, stress, ADHD, trauma & PTSD, life transitions, relationship and family issues, traumatic brain injury and chronic pain/conditions, and personality disorders. I am an LGBTQ-affirming therapist who wholeheartedly believes in the importance of prioritizing racial justice and equity in therapy.
I strive to provide a respectful, welcoming, and judgment-free environment during therapy sessions, and I value the individual differences in each of my clients. I have a broad range of clinical experience working with individuals ranging from teenagers to older adults, and my areas of experience include depression, anxiety, stress, ADHD, trauma & PTSD, life transitions, relationship and family issues, traumatic brain injury and chronic pain/conditions, and personality disorders. I am an LGBTQ-affirming therapist who wholeheartedly believes in the importance of prioritizing racial justice and equity in therapy.
(571) 450-9602 View (571) 450-9602
Photo of Carolyn Jean Dozier, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Falls Church, VA
Carolyn Jean Dozier
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Falls Church, VA 22046  (Online Only)
Are you tired of feeling bad, your relationships not working, not being able to make the changes you know you need to make? Or perhaps you're tired of feeling things aren't right, but aren't sure what's wrong? If so, I can help you move into a life that is happier and more in line with how you want to live. With 36 years of experience as a therapist, I provide a down-to-earth, compassionate, and direct style that will help you identify and overcome your areas of "stuckness" and struggle.
Are you tired of feeling bad, your relationships not working, not being able to make the changes you know you need to make? Or perhaps you're tired of feeling things aren't right, but aren't sure what's wrong? If so, I can help you move into a life that is happier and more in line with how you want to live. With 36 years of experience as a therapist, I provide a down-to-earth, compassionate, and direct style that will help you identify and overcome your areas of "stuckness" and struggle.
(703) 468-8356 View (703) 468-8356
Photo of Lara Jaramillo, Pre-Licensed Professional in Falls Church, VA
Lara Jaramillo
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Falls Church, VA 22046
I specialize in working with children, adolescents, and young adults who are impacted by ADHD, executive dysfunction, autism spectrum disorder, anxiety, selective mutism, and general emotional/behavioral regulation difficulties. I have over 15 years of experience in comprehensive psychological assessment of school-aged children, and I value ongoing consultation with school professionals and parents to determine the most appropriate supports to improve children's outcomes.
I specialize in working with children, adolescents, and young adults who are impacted by ADHD, executive dysfunction, autism spectrum disorder, anxiety, selective mutism, and general emotional/behavioral regulation difficulties. I have over 15 years of experience in comprehensive psychological assessment of school-aged children, and I value ongoing consultation with school professionals and parents to determine the most appropriate supports to improve children's outcomes.
(571) 487-8912 View (571) 487-8912
Photo of Andrea LoBalbo, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Falls Church, VA
Andrea LoBalbo
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Falls Church, VA 22046
All of us feel times of heightened stress, sadness, and worry. For adolescents, this often comes as they navigate increased independence in a world of school, friends, family, and relationships. For adults in the hectic DC area, work-life balance often doesn’t feel very balanced at all, and many struggle for connection with family and friends. For families, there is often conflict and dissonance that arises as we grow and change. Sometimes this becomes just too much to manage on our own. As a therapist with 15+ years experience, I help clients work through these challenges and grow towards a place of security and connection.
All of us feel times of heightened stress, sadness, and worry. For adolescents, this often comes as they navigate increased independence in a world of school, friends, family, and relationships. For adults in the hectic DC area, work-life balance often doesn’t feel very balanced at all, and many struggle for connection with family and friends. For families, there is often conflict and dissonance that arises as we grow and change. Sometimes this becomes just too much to manage on our own. As a therapist with 15+ years experience, I help clients work through these challenges and grow towards a place of security and connection.
(703) 596-2125 View (703) 596-2125
Photo of Barra Kahn in Falls Church, VA
Barra Kahn
MA, ACCEP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Falls Church, VA 22044
What if everything we’ve been taught about life is a myth? What if the traditional formula for health and happiness doesn’t pertain to you? Are those rules about fitting into someone else’s version of what life should be? Do those rules inspire you, or do they keep your life - and your dreams - small? Solving problems in your head is an old-school and outdated strategy. Accessing the wisdom of the body is the new paradigm. At Next Generation Core, we will dig deeper to build a growth mindset.
What if everything we’ve been taught about life is a myth? What if the traditional formula for health and happiness doesn’t pertain to you? Are those rules about fitting into someone else’s version of what life should be? Do those rules inspire you, or do they keep your life - and your dreams - small? Solving problems in your head is an old-school and outdated strategy. Accessing the wisdom of the body is the new paradigm. At Next Generation Core, we will dig deeper to build a growth mindset.
(571) 778-3013 View (571) 778-3013
Photo of Linda D Fama, Psychologist in Falls Church, VA
Linda D Fama
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Falls Church, VA 22046  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
I believe that finding a therapist can be like buying a pair of shoes - you need to find the one that fits. While I primarily use a cognitive-behavioral orientation with my clients, my focus has always been on using techniques that fit each specific client. I enter into a therapeutic relationship with the belief that each client possesses the power to change and can learn ways to bring about change and relief to his or her situation. Change is always possible if the choice is to do so. To set up an appointment, please call instead of emailing me.
I believe that finding a therapist can be like buying a pair of shoes - you need to find the one that fits. While I primarily use a cognitive-behavioral orientation with my clients, my focus has always been on using techniques that fit each specific client. I enter into a therapeutic relationship with the belief that each client possesses the power to change and can learn ways to bring about change and relief to his or her situation. Change is always possible if the choice is to do so. To set up an appointment, please call instead of emailing me.
(703) 988-4811 View (703) 988-4811
Photo of Ryan Carey, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Falls Church, VA
Ryan Carey
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Falls Church, VA 22046
Not accepting new clients
Perhaps you feel it’s time to challenge yourself, address growth areas, and unburden yourself through meaningful conversation. Maybe you’d like to be more present in your life, establish new habits and routines, respond in moments rather than react, or effectively communicate your needs to the people in your life. I offer a safe, non-judgmental space for you to explore goals, process stressors, engage effective coping skills, and rediscover your strengths.
Perhaps you feel it’s time to challenge yourself, address growth areas, and unburden yourself through meaningful conversation. Maybe you’d like to be more present in your life, establish new habits and routines, respond in moments rather than react, or effectively communicate your needs to the people in your life. I offer a safe, non-judgmental space for you to explore goals, process stressors, engage effective coping skills, and rediscover your strengths.
(571) 441-5122 View (571) 441-5122
Photo of Jillian Freedman, Licensed Professional Counselor in Falls Church, VA
Jillian Freedman
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, NCC, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Falls Church, VA 22046
As your therapist I aim to guide you on your journey towards self-growth and self-improvement. Through collaboration, psycho-education, and the application of several interventions including EMDR catered to your current needs I hope to alleviate any pain or stress you may be feeling on a daily basis. Through effective problem-solving and coping strategies, one can also begin to work through any internal or external conflict they are experiencing that may be impacting any personal or interpersonal relationships. I am a huge believer in holistic wellness and that it is important to look at the whole person not just a single part.
As your therapist I aim to guide you on your journey towards self-growth and self-improvement. Through collaboration, psycho-education, and the application of several interventions including EMDR catered to your current needs I hope to alleviate any pain or stress you may be feeling on a daily basis. Through effective problem-solving and coping strategies, one can also begin to work through any internal or external conflict they are experiencing that may be impacting any personal or interpersonal relationships. I am a huge believer in holistic wellness and that it is important to look at the whole person not just a single part.
(703) 783-3566 View (703) 783-3566
Photo of Bella Sementsova Sterling, Licensed Professional Counselor in Falls Church, VA
Bella Sementsova Sterling
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, SEP, MA
Verified Verified
Falls Church, VA 22046
The focus of my work with clients is re-tuning one's somatic, relational, behavioral and cognitive patterns to health. Adverse childhood and life experiences often create survival strategies that keep us isolated from others, disconnected from our own feelings, frustrated and hopeless. I combine Somatic Experiencing approach, trauma expertise, Depth and psychoanalytic perspectives to help clients connect to their authentic selves and embrace a journey toward healing.
The focus of my work with clients is re-tuning one's somatic, relational, behavioral and cognitive patterns to health. Adverse childhood and life experiences often create survival strategies that keep us isolated from others, disconnected from our own feelings, frustrated and hopeless. I combine Somatic Experiencing approach, trauma expertise, Depth and psychoanalytic perspectives to help clients connect to their authentic selves and embrace a journey toward healing.
(571) 489-0750 View (571) 489-0750
Photo of Erica Sari Gants, Psychologist in Falls Church, VA
Erica Sari Gants
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Falls Church, VA 22046
As a clinical/developmental psychologist I see myself as a facilitator of your natural tendency toward growth and healing. When life's stresses challenge your resources you may feel overwhelmed and stuck, repeating ineffective patterns. I will help you use your existing strengths to develop new skills. Therapy is most successful as a collaborative effort: You bring your own unique blend of skills and life experience; I contribute expertise in psychodynamic, cognitive/ behavioral, internal family systems, and trauma-based techniques. Together we have the tools to clarify problems, find new perspectives and reach solutions.
As a clinical/developmental psychologist I see myself as a facilitator of your natural tendency toward growth and healing. When life's stresses challenge your resources you may feel overwhelmed and stuck, repeating ineffective patterns. I will help you use your existing strengths to develop new skills. Therapy is most successful as a collaborative effort: You bring your own unique blend of skills and life experience; I contribute expertise in psychodynamic, cognitive/ behavioral, internal family systems, and trauma-based techniques. Together we have the tools to clarify problems, find new perspectives and reach solutions.
(540) 328-0973 View (540) 328-0973
Andrew Goldfarb
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW-C, LCSW, CSOTP, ATSA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Falls Church, VA 22046
I am a Clinical Member of the Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers, and a Certified Sex Offender Treatment Provider. I am available to individuals, couples, families, groups and systems seeking professional consultation, personal counseling, and clinical treatment. I provide general and specialized clinical services addressing issues of mental health, emotion management and self-regulation problems related to anger, depression, anxiety, trauma, pornography, sexual intimacy and/or addiction, life transitions and stage of change challenges. I specialize in women's relational issues caused by criminal matters and general partner relational problems.
I am a Clinical Member of the Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers, and a Certified Sex Offender Treatment Provider. I am available to individuals, couples, families, groups and systems seeking professional consultation, personal counseling, and clinical treatment. I provide general and specialized clinical services addressing issues of mental health, emotion management and self-regulation problems related to anger, depression, anxiety, trauma, pornography, sexual intimacy and/or addiction, life transitions and stage of change challenges. I specialize in women's relational issues caused by criminal matters and general partner relational problems.
(571) 601-3060 View (571) 601-3060
Photo of Michelle Flanagan Moore, Licensed Professional Counselor in Falls Church, VA
Michelle Flanagan Moore
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Falls Church, VA 22044
Sometimes a person experiences life events that bring up distressing symptoms experienced in both mind and body that prevent functioning or the ability to move forward towards goals and dreams. Often these distressing symptoms are tied to past trauma that will continue to hold that person back unless the trauma is identified and healed. Often clients report symptoms of anxiety and/or depression that are resistant to medications, and experience emotional overwhelm that interferes with their functioning.
Sometimes a person experiences life events that bring up distressing symptoms experienced in both mind and body that prevent functioning or the ability to move forward towards goals and dreams. Often these distressing symptoms are tied to past trauma that will continue to hold that person back unless the trauma is identified and healed. Often clients report symptoms of anxiety and/or depression that are resistant to medications, and experience emotional overwhelm that interferes with their functioning.
(571) 497-5249 View (571) 497-5249
Photo of Chia-Lun Chung, Psychologist in Falls Church, VA
Chia-Lun Chung
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Falls Church, VA 22046
I have a generalist practice seeing adults and couples with a variety of issues including anxiety, depression, relationship struggles, parenting difficulties, and problematic adjustment and life transitions. I value understanding each person within their unique cultural context and helping them to maximize the most of what they want to achieve in their life circumstance.
I have a generalist practice seeing adults and couples with a variety of issues including anxiety, depression, relationship struggles, parenting difficulties, and problematic adjustment and life transitions. I value understanding each person within their unique cultural context and helping them to maximize the most of what they want to achieve in their life circumstance.
(703) 952-3329 View (703) 952-3329
Photo of Catherine Cabrera, Resident in Counseling in Falls Church, VA
Catherine Cabrera
Resident in Counseling, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Falls Church, VA 22046  (Online Only)
You're here because you're overwhelmed, unsure of where to start, and feel like you're drowning in your own thoughts? Feel weighed down by anxiety and feel like you can't be yourself with friends or family. You're fed up with your own emotions and just want it to stop - you've tried everything and it just feels hopeless, like this is just the way it is. I have a secret for you: it's not! The anxiety, self-doubt, people-pleasing, perfectionism, and worry don't have to consume your life forever.
You're here because you're overwhelmed, unsure of where to start, and feel like you're drowning in your own thoughts? Feel weighed down by anxiety and feel like you can't be yourself with friends or family. You're fed up with your own emotions and just want it to stop - you've tried everything and it just feels hopeless, like this is just the way it is. I have a secret for you: it's not! The anxiety, self-doubt, people-pleasing, perfectionism, and worry don't have to consume your life forever.
(571) 454-5876 View (571) 454-5876

See more therapy options for Falls Church

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Falls Church, VA

500+

Average cost per session

$178

Therapists in Falls Church, VA who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
87% Depression
77% Relationship Issues
74% Self Esteem
67% Stress
65% Coping Skills
62% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

14 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

77% BlueCross and BlueShield
63% CareFirst
53% Anthem | Elevance

How Therapists in Falls Church, VA see their clients

74% In Person and Online
26% Online Only

Gender breakdown

82% Female
17% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Falls Church?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.