Therapists in Oakland, CA

View neighborhoods in Oakland
Photo of David Lee Miller, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
David Lee Miller
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94602
After twenty years of helping clients my counseling approach is to look for the Health within you regardless of what you are currently experiencing. Once you get a sense of this inner Health you can use it to overcome the obstacles that are preventing you from enjoying your life or your relationships. I help you focus on areas of difficulty with kind acceptance. Anxiety, depression and unhappiness transform into greater contentment. You begin to experience yourself as bigger than the problem.
After twenty years of helping clients my counseling approach is to look for the Health within you regardless of what you are currently experiencing. Once you get a sense of this inner Health you can use it to overcome the obstacles that are preventing you from enjoying your life or your relationships. I help you focus on areas of difficulty with kind acceptance. Anxiety, depression and unhappiness transform into greater contentment. You begin to experience yourself as bigger than the problem.
(510) 530-4195 View (510) 530-4195
Photo of Olivia Jane Parker, Pre-Licensed Professional in Oakland, CA
Olivia Jane Parker
Pre-Licensed Professional, ASW, MSW
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94610  (Online Only)
You’re in the right place if… You don’t have the community you’d like. You don’t feel trusting of others. Your anger scares you. You don’t feel seen in your relationships. You find yourself prioritizing others above yourself. You’re attracted to the same type of person, over and over. This doesn’t make you ‘less than’. I’m here to create a warm, open space for us to explore these aspects of your life.
You’re in the right place if… You don’t have the community you’d like. You don’t feel trusting of others. Your anger scares you. You don’t feel seen in your relationships. You find yourself prioritizing others above yourself. You’re attracted to the same type of person, over and over. This doesn’t make you ‘less than’. I’m here to create a warm, open space for us to explore these aspects of your life.
(628) 218-7742 View (628) 218-7742
Photo of Dr. Yakov Barton, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Dr. Yakov Barton
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94602
As a Columbia-trained psychologist and trauma specialist, I offer treatment for post-traumatic stress, addiction, grief, anxiety, depression, insecure attachment, and other trauma-related conditions. I utilize a combination of EMDR, internal family systems (IFS), cognitive behavioral (CBT), and dialectical behavioral (DBT) therapies to provide a somatic and source-focused approach to healing. I educate my clients on the universality of traumatic and addictive experiences. I define trauma broadly as any past experience that remains charged and disturbing, and thus has value in alleviating mental health challenges in the present.
As a Columbia-trained psychologist and trauma specialist, I offer treatment for post-traumatic stress, addiction, grief, anxiety, depression, insecure attachment, and other trauma-related conditions. I utilize a combination of EMDR, internal family systems (IFS), cognitive behavioral (CBT), and dialectical behavioral (DBT) therapies to provide a somatic and source-focused approach to healing. I educate my clients on the universality of traumatic and addictive experiences. I define trauma broadly as any past experience that remains charged and disturbing, and thus has value in alleviating mental health challenges in the present.
(510) 662-0272 View (510) 662-0272
Photo of Andrea Tivers, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Andrea Tivers
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94610
Sometimes we all hit a wall, and the tools that we have been using to manage life's challenges are just not cutting it anymore. Many of the clients that I work with are feeling overwhelmed and out-of-control. They find that worry, self-doubt, and even physical pain have become uninvited, yet constant companions. They are hurting from sleepless nights, second guessing themselves, forgotten pastimes, and lost relationships. But they want more, and they begin to engage in counseling because they are ready to care for themselves in new ways.
Sometimes we all hit a wall, and the tools that we have been using to manage life's challenges are just not cutting it anymore. Many of the clients that I work with are feeling overwhelmed and out-of-control. They find that worry, self-doubt, and even physical pain have become uninvited, yet constant companions. They are hurting from sleepless nights, second guessing themselves, forgotten pastimes, and lost relationships. But they want more, and they begin to engage in counseling because they are ready to care for themselves in new ways.
(510) 983-4421 View (510) 983-4421
Photo of Harjindar Lally, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Harjindar Lally
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94609
I am offering in person and telehealth appointments for individuals and couples. My practice focuses on the experiences of people of color, adult children of immigrants, young adults ages 18-25 and people working in social justice, helping and healing professions (including healthcare workers, teachers, social workers and therapists). I support individuals and couples who are seeking relief from symptoms of anxiety, depression, race based stress, trauma, generational trauma, grief, burnout and vicarious trauma.
I am offering in person and telehealth appointments for individuals and couples. My practice focuses on the experiences of people of color, adult children of immigrants, young adults ages 18-25 and people working in social justice, helping and healing professions (including healthcare workers, teachers, social workers and therapists). I support individuals and couples who are seeking relief from symptoms of anxiety, depression, race based stress, trauma, generational trauma, grief, burnout and vicarious trauma.
(415) 649-4219 View (415) 649-4219
Photo of Kini Chang, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Kini Chang
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Not Verified Not Verified
2 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94609
I know the journey of life is not an easy one and sometimes we need some help to get through unexpected struggles and get in the way of living a happy and healthy life. I am dedicated to the holistic healing of the mind, body, and soul. Many people describe me as warm, understanding, and down to earth. I pride myself on integrity, commitment, and passion for the work I do as a therapist.
I know the journey of life is not an easy one and sometimes we need some help to get through unexpected struggles and get in the way of living a happy and healthy life. I am dedicated to the holistic healing of the mind, body, and soul. Many people describe me as warm, understanding, and down to earth. I pride myself on integrity, commitment, and passion for the work I do as a therapist.
(415) 969-3350 View (415) 969-3350
Photo of Judy Blumenfeld, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Judy Blumenfeld
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94618
An exploration of your childhood, relationships and deepest self can be a beautiful and powerful journey.Together we can develop a curiosity and exploration of vulnerabilities and resilience in the face of challenges and hardship. I work with you in a collaborative way to understand together the obstacles to having healthy and meaningful relationships. If you feel stuck and unable to understand some of your own behaviors and choices we can talk together and begin to find words to understand your experience. I have a warm style of relating and can at times bring humor to our work.
An exploration of your childhood, relationships and deepest self can be a beautiful and powerful journey.Together we can develop a curiosity and exploration of vulnerabilities and resilience in the face of challenges and hardship. I work with you in a collaborative way to understand together the obstacles to having healthy and meaningful relationships. If you feel stuck and unable to understand some of your own behaviors and choices we can talk together and begin to find words to understand your experience. I have a warm style of relating and can at times bring humor to our work.
(510) 575-9984 View (510) 575-9984
Photo of Monica Linares, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Monica Linares
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94611  (Online Only)
Many clients come to work with me at a time in their lives when they feel disconnected from themselves, stuck in their relationships, or when they are experiencing a major life transition. During these times, people often believe something is wrong with them and fear that others will judge them if they open up about their true feelings. As a result, many people stay quiet about their pain and feel lonely. Being a therapist has taught me that the struggles we encounter in life are far more common than we realize and your healing can be possible with my support.
Many clients come to work with me at a time in their lives when they feel disconnected from themselves, stuck in their relationships, or when they are experiencing a major life transition. During these times, people often believe something is wrong with them and fear that others will judge them if they open up about their true feelings. As a result, many people stay quiet about their pain and feel lonely. Being a therapist has taught me that the struggles we encounter in life are far more common than we realize and your healing can be possible with my support.
(510) 650-0263 View (510) 650-0263
Photo of Jamie Kellenberger, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Jamie Kellenberger
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94610
We live in a culture that doesn’t give much space for our emotional lives, and we are expected to do all the things. It can be exhausting and lonely. Therapy is a place and process to slow down and be in touch with yourself. My work centers on the idea that emotional well-being and behavior are rooted in past experiences and the need to survive some type of oppressive conditions. Therapy involves helping you learn how to listen to yourself more deeply to change deep-seated patterns and take charge of your life.
We live in a culture that doesn’t give much space for our emotional lives, and we are expected to do all the things. It can be exhausting and lonely. Therapy is a place and process to slow down and be in touch with yourself. My work centers on the idea that emotional well-being and behavior are rooted in past experiences and the need to survive some type of oppressive conditions. Therapy involves helping you learn how to listen to yourself more deeply to change deep-seated patterns and take charge of your life.
(510) 945-3513 View (510) 945-3513
Photo of Sarah Wolfarth-Davis, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Sarah Wolfarth-Davis
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94611
Taking the necessary steps towards mental, emotional, spiritual and physical well-being is not an easy task, and does not have to be done alone. My commitment is assisting and supporting you in finding the unique tool you need to move towards long term healing. My focus is on mind, body and spirit as we work together. I respect the unique and intricate experiences and identities you bring into the therapeutic relationship.
Taking the necessary steps towards mental, emotional, spiritual and physical well-being is not an easy task, and does not have to be done alone. My commitment is assisting and supporting you in finding the unique tool you need to move towards long term healing. My focus is on mind, body and spirit as we work together. I respect the unique and intricate experiences and identities you bring into the therapeutic relationship.
(951) 463-4863 View (951) 463-4863
Photo of Gisele Fernandes-Osterhold, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Gisele Fernandes-Osterhold
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94618
Not accepting new clients
My approach is warm, engaged and focused in the present moment. I support individuals, couples and families to improve communication skills, self-esteem and relationship capacities. I make use of techniques that deepen the mind-body connection to help individuals heal from symptoms of stress, trauma and loss. I use an integrative approach that is rooted in Somatic, Humanistic-Existential and Transpersonal psychologies.
My approach is warm, engaged and focused in the present moment. I support individuals, couples and families to improve communication skills, self-esteem and relationship capacities. I make use of techniques that deepen the mind-body connection to help individuals heal from symptoms of stress, trauma and loss. I use an integrative approach that is rooted in Somatic, Humanistic-Existential and Transpersonal psychologies.
(510) 497-0945 View (510) 497-0945
Photo of Ruth Lieu, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Ruth Lieu
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94611
Welcome! I work with adult clients looking for help and support with a range of challenges. My specializations are in depression, anxiety and critical life transitions. I also provide career coaching. I have a background in clinical psychology and business and commonly work with individuals who are seeking help with struggles they experience emotionally and personally that keep them from reaching their full potential in their careers. My goal is to help clients feel better and healthier so that they can enjoy a life engaged in activities that are meaningful to them and connected to people that fulfill them.
Welcome! I work with adult clients looking for help and support with a range of challenges. My specializations are in depression, anxiety and critical life transitions. I also provide career coaching. I have a background in clinical psychology and business and commonly work with individuals who are seeking help with struggles they experience emotionally and personally that keep them from reaching their full potential in their careers. My goal is to help clients feel better and healthier so that they can enjoy a life engaged in activities that are meaningful to them and connected to people that fulfill them.
(415) 969-2210 View (415) 969-2210
Photo of Jennie Bertone, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Jennie Bertone
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94618
Waitlist for new clients
I have been exploring the body-mind connection as a dedicated mindfulness-practitioner and meditator for over a decade. I believe that each individual holds great capacity for healing and growth. My job is to help you uncover those resources that allow each of us to live more fully and authentically. My work is informed by many somatically-oriented modalities: Sensorimotor Psychotherapy, Hakomi, Richard Schwartz's Internal Family Systems, as well as the most current research in attachment, neurobiology, and trauma. I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapy Therapist and certified Sensorimotor Psychotherapist (MFT 122930).
I have been exploring the body-mind connection as a dedicated mindfulness-practitioner and meditator for over a decade. I believe that each individual holds great capacity for healing and growth. My job is to help you uncover those resources that allow each of us to live more fully and authentically. My work is informed by many somatically-oriented modalities: Sensorimotor Psychotherapy, Hakomi, Richard Schwartz's Internal Family Systems, as well as the most current research in attachment, neurobiology, and trauma. I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapy Therapist and certified Sensorimotor Psychotherapist (MFT 122930).
(510) 674-0464 View (510) 674-0464
Photo of Christian Lozano, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Christian Lozano
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94609
Hello, I am a licensed clinical psychologist practicing in the East Bay Area, California. I also offer Telehealth services for patients who reside in New York and California. Bilingual therapy is provided in English/Spanish. I specialize in working with clients who experience depression, anxiety, trauma, PTSD, life transitions, and relationship issues. In my practice, I strive to create a warm, trusting and supportive environment, which I believe is essential to the healing process. I work collaboratively with clients to address their emotional distress and help them achieve self-growth and the changes they are looking for.
Hello, I am a licensed clinical psychologist practicing in the East Bay Area, California. I also offer Telehealth services for patients who reside in New York and California. Bilingual therapy is provided in English/Spanish. I specialize in working with clients who experience depression, anxiety, trauma, PTSD, life transitions, and relationship issues. In my practice, I strive to create a warm, trusting and supportive environment, which I believe is essential to the healing process. I work collaboratively with clients to address their emotional distress and help them achieve self-growth and the changes they are looking for.
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Photo of Dr. Renata Way, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Dr. Renata Way
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94610  (Online Only)
I am a licensed clinical psychologist with many years of experience working with children, adolescents, and their families, as well as adults. My interventions are heavily rooted in behavioral therapy and evidence-based practices including feminist and attachment theories. However, I tend to conceptualize clinical presentations from a multicultural and social justice perspective. While I employ empirically validated treatments to ignite change, I am also of the belief that there is no single story to any individual. Consequently, it is important to understand the social, cultural, political, and spiritual context of each individual.
I am a licensed clinical psychologist with many years of experience working with children, adolescents, and their families, as well as adults. My interventions are heavily rooted in behavioral therapy and evidence-based practices including feminist and attachment theories. However, I tend to conceptualize clinical presentations from a multicultural and social justice perspective. While I employ empirically validated treatments to ignite change, I am also of the belief that there is no single story to any individual. Consequently, it is important to understand the social, cultural, political, and spiritual context of each individual.
(510) 369-1988 View (510) 369-1988
Photo of Roksana Sarrafan, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Roksana Sarrafan
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94619  (Online Only)
As a therapist, I bring a wealth of multicultural knowledge and experience to the table, ensuring you receive professional services built on respect and trust. Let’s bust the myth together: therapy isn’t just for those who’ve faced trauma. Whether you’re seeking clarity, a self-esteem boost, or solutions to life’s challenges, talking with a therapist can be life-changing!
As a therapist, I bring a wealth of multicultural knowledge and experience to the table, ensuring you receive professional services built on respect and trust. Let’s bust the myth together: therapy isn’t just for those who’ve faced trauma. Whether you’re seeking clarity, a self-esteem boost, or solutions to life’s challenges, talking with a therapist can be life-changing!
(510) 257-9758 View (510) 257-9758
Photo of Raymond J Sutton, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Raymond J Sutton
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94602
Waitlist for new clients
It is my passion to work with pre-adolescent, adolescent, and transitional age youth as well as young adults. My clients experience a wide range of trauma and stress that can result in depression and anxiety who want a compassionate adult to facilitate the creation of personalized goals targeted at increasing self-awareness and life improvement.
It is my passion to work with pre-adolescent, adolescent, and transitional age youth as well as young adults. My clients experience a wide range of trauma and stress that can result in depression and anxiety who want a compassionate adult to facilitate the creation of personalized goals targeted at increasing self-awareness and life improvement.
(415) 749-9391 View (415) 749-9391
Photo of Shendl Tuchman, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Shendl Tuchman
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94611  (Online Only)
Relationships are big challenges. Who are we when we interact with those around us? Do we let others see us for who we really are? Can we see them? I specialize in working with individuals and couples as they try to manage their relationships: preserving them, ending them or changing them. This includes the effects of divorce and moving from a pre-divorce to a post-divorce family from deciding how to tell your children to determining how you want to define your co-parenting relationship.
Relationships are big challenges. Who are we when we interact with those around us? Do we let others see us for who we really are? Can we see them? I specialize in working with individuals and couples as they try to manage their relationships: preserving them, ending them or changing them. This includes the effects of divorce and moving from a pre-divorce to a post-divorce family from deciding how to tell your children to determining how you want to define your co-parenting relationship.
(925) 336-3128 View (925) 336-3128
Photo of Dena Ehrlich, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Oakland, CA
Dena Ehrlich
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94618
Somatic Therapy, Breema Bodywork, and Ketamine Assisted Psychotherapy (KAP). As a trauma-informed somatic therapist, I work relationally to support children, teens, and adults looking to deepen their life and soul purpose. Common issues include anxiety, depression, overwhelm, boundaries, grief, self-doubt, self-worth, and childhood neglect. In conjunction with identifying day-to-day struggles, we explore family legacy, ancestral patterns, symbolism, and archetypes for guidance. I keep in mind that we all have a story, and we are all influenced by time and place; our families of origin, our communities, and the state of the planet.
Somatic Therapy, Breema Bodywork, and Ketamine Assisted Psychotherapy (KAP). As a trauma-informed somatic therapist, I work relationally to support children, teens, and adults looking to deepen their life and soul purpose. Common issues include anxiety, depression, overwhelm, boundaries, grief, self-doubt, self-worth, and childhood neglect. In conjunction with identifying day-to-day struggles, we explore family legacy, ancestral patterns, symbolism, and archetypes for guidance. I keep in mind that we all have a story, and we are all influenced by time and place; our families of origin, our communities, and the state of the planet.
(510) 574-8977 View (510) 574-8977
Photo of Sherna Perez, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Sherna Perez
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94610
Reaching out for help is hard. The stress of life can be overwhelming and sometimes worries, sadness, and feelings of burnout can get the best of us. We can feel stuck when efforts to improve relationships or change old habits have stalled. Whatever brings you here, we are glad you found us and, most importantly, we can help! We know that a strong therapeutic relationship is the most important factor for change and growth. . We meet you where you are with unconditional positive regard, with the firm belief that everyone needs to feel connected, safe, and heard.
Reaching out for help is hard. The stress of life can be overwhelming and sometimes worries, sadness, and feelings of burnout can get the best of us. We can feel stuck when efforts to improve relationships or change old habits have stalled. Whatever brings you here, we are glad you found us and, most importantly, we can help! We know that a strong therapeutic relationship is the most important factor for change and growth. . We meet you where you are with unconditional positive regard, with the firm belief that everyone needs to feel connected, safe, and heard.
(510) 858-2392 View (510) 858-2392

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Oakland, CA

2,000+

Average cost per session

$185

Therapists in Oakland, CA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
88% Depression
81% Relationship Issues
74% Self Esteem
73% Trauma and PTSD
69% Grief
66% Stress

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

60% Aetna
49% Cigna and Evernorth
44% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Oakland, CA see their clients

62% In Person and Online
38% Online Only

Gender breakdown

75% Female
21% Male
4% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Oakland?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.