Therapists in San Diego, CA

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Photo of Jessica Rose Cole, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Diego, CA
Jessica Rose Cole
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92104  (Online Only)
Welcome to my practice! I'm Jessica Cole, a licensed clinical therapist with a passion for supporting individuals on their journey toward emotional well-being and personal growth. With years of experience and a deep commitment to your mental health, I am here to provide you with a safe and empathetic space to explore and address the challenges life may present.
Welcome to my practice! I'm Jessica Cole, a licensed clinical therapist with a passion for supporting individuals on their journey toward emotional well-being and personal growth. With years of experience and a deep commitment to your mental health, I am here to provide you with a safe and empathetic space to explore and address the challenges life may present.
(619) 304-8055 View (619) 304-8055
Laraine Lipori
Psychologist, MA, PsyD
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92122
I am a licensed Clinical Psychologist and Certified Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Specialist based in San Diego and North Counties. I have been working for over 10 years in the fields of both Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology providing individual therapy, couples therapy, as well as psychological and neuropsychological evaluations, to children and adults. I specialize in providing cognitive behavioral therapy, combined with complimentary therapeutic approaches and techniques to help you uncover and correct long-standing behavior patterns or negative perceptions that may be holding you back from experiencing a more fulfilling, meaningful and successful life.
I am a licensed Clinical Psychologist and Certified Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Specialist based in San Diego and North Counties. I have been working for over 10 years in the fields of both Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology providing individual therapy, couples therapy, as well as psychological and neuropsychological evaluations, to children and adults. I specialize in providing cognitive behavioral therapy, combined with complimentary therapeutic approaches and techniques to help you uncover and correct long-standing behavior patterns or negative perceptions that may be holding you back from experiencing a more fulfilling, meaningful and successful life.
(858) 217-4142 View (858) 217-4142
Photo of Kristin Mcdonald, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Diego, CA
Kristin Mcdonald
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92120
Kristin Mcdonald treats patients starting at 5 year old. Kristin McDonald is a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist. She earned her Master's in Marriage and Family Therapy in 2010 and was licensed in 2014. Kristin has more than 10 years of experience working with children, adolescents, and families. Kristin began her career in bereavement counseling with San Diego Hospice. Within this setting, she provided individual, couples, family and group therapy for clients experiencing pre- and post-bereavement.
Kristin Mcdonald treats patients starting at 5 year old. Kristin McDonald is a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist. She earned her Master's in Marriage and Family Therapy in 2010 and was licensed in 2014. Kristin has more than 10 years of experience working with children, adolescents, and families. Kristin began her career in bereavement counseling with San Diego Hospice. Within this setting, she provided individual, couples, family and group therapy for clients experiencing pre- and post-bereavement.
(858) 213-0301 View (858) 213-0301
Photo of Lonny D Miller, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Diego, CA
Lonny D Miller
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, SEP, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Diego, CA 92127
Upleveling Your Life, Empowering Mental Health, Therapist, Trailblazing Thought Leadership, Host & Creator of BrainLikeMind, Life Elevated with Lonny. My practice is focused on relationship issues, improving communication, addiction counseling, men's issues, LGBTQ+ parenting, depression and anxiety. In therapy you will find a strength-based client centered approach, where your unique skills and values are used to help overcome the areas in which you are stuck. A genuine respect for each person leads to a safe therapeutic alliance through which growth, healing and connection occurs as we work towards accomplishing your goals.
Upleveling Your Life, Empowering Mental Health, Therapist, Trailblazing Thought Leadership, Host & Creator of BrainLikeMind, Life Elevated with Lonny. My practice is focused on relationship issues, improving communication, addiction counseling, men's issues, LGBTQ+ parenting, depression and anxiety. In therapy you will find a strength-based client centered approach, where your unique skills and values are used to help overcome the areas in which you are stuck. A genuine respect for each person leads to a safe therapeutic alliance through which growth, healing and connection occurs as we work towards accomplishing your goals.
(858) 879-6389 View (858) 879-6389
Photo of Cynthia Mcgregor, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Diego, CA
Cynthia Mcgregor
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92123
Cyndi McGregor is a licensed Marriage and Family therapist with a Master's Degree in Counseling Psychology. She has experience in life transitions, communication, anxiety issues and depression from her experiences training and working in hospice and addiction fields aiding clients challenge by these and other life issues. She utilizes interventions from Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Solution Focused to Psychodynamic approaches.
Cyndi McGregor is a licensed Marriage and Family therapist with a Master's Degree in Counseling Psychology. She has experience in life transitions, communication, anxiety issues and depression from her experiences training and working in hospice and addiction fields aiding clients challenge by these and other life issues. She utilizes interventions from Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Solution Focused to Psychodynamic approaches.
(858) 321-8343 View (858) 321-8343
Photo of Rosie Pappas, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in San Diego, CA
Rosie Pappas
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92131
I love being a therapist. I love helping people to find greater understanding of why they protect themselves in the ways that they do. Often these protective parts may feel trapped in these roles. Building harmonious relationships with these parts, leading from the most authentic Selves allows us to have greater liberation and fulfillment in our lives and relationships. The ways you protect yourself and survive make sense. Your pain matters. You deserve not to have to hold it alone.
I love being a therapist. I love helping people to find greater understanding of why they protect themselves in the ways that they do. Often these protective parts may feel trapped in these roles. Building harmonious relationships with these parts, leading from the most authentic Selves allows us to have greater liberation and fulfillment in our lives and relationships. The ways you protect yourself and survive make sense. Your pain matters. You deserve not to have to hold it alone.
(442) 249-8648 View (442) 249-8648
Photo of Yvette A Aguayo, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Diego, CA
Yvette A Aguayo
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92108
As a San Diego native, I am familiar and sensitive to the needs of the military, families of all cultures, as well as the court mandated client. I'm committed to the uplift of my community and am a child activist at heart. I'll empower you to lead YOUR definition of a successful life. Whether you're a veteran, anxiety-filled parent, or deciding the future of your marriage, you don't have to face this difficult time alone. I have 20+ years of experience to offer, including working with those who have been reluctant to initiate therapy in the first place.
As a San Diego native, I am familiar and sensitive to the needs of the military, families of all cultures, as well as the court mandated client. I'm committed to the uplift of my community and am a child activist at heart. I'll empower you to lead YOUR definition of a successful life. Whether you're a veteran, anxiety-filled parent, or deciding the future of your marriage, you don't have to face this difficult time alone. I have 20+ years of experience to offer, including working with those who have been reluctant to initiate therapy in the first place.
(619) 592-8739 View (619) 592-8739
Photo of Cynde Perry, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Diego, CA
Cynde Perry
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92120
Cynde Perry is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker who has been practicing over 30 years. In addition to her Master's in Social Work, Cynde graduated from UCSD with a Master's in Leadership of Healthcare Organizations. Cynde's experience in management provides a unique opportunity to help those with workplace issues. Cynde has a long history of working with the foster care system, providing therapy to those who have experienced childhood/family trauma. Cynde is trained in Acceptance and Commitment therapy, (ACT), which is her primary treatment approach.
Cynde Perry is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker who has been practicing over 30 years. In addition to her Master's in Social Work, Cynde graduated from UCSD with a Master's in Leadership of Healthcare Organizations. Cynde's experience in management provides a unique opportunity to help those with workplace issues. Cynde has a long history of working with the foster care system, providing therapy to those who have experienced childhood/family trauma. Cynde is trained in Acceptance and Commitment therapy, (ACT), which is her primary treatment approach.
(858) 252-0165 View (858) 252-0165
Photo of Melody French, Psychologist in San Diego, CA
Melody French
Psychologist, PsyD, MSW
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92127
I am a clinical psychologist with 20 years of experience in the mental health field. I provide child, adolescent and individual therapy. I provide support for developing coping skills, improving self-esteem, managing relationships, working to resolve family issues, and overcoming life's obstacles. Whether you are seeking a healthier lifestyle or dealing with the unexpected I can help.
I am a clinical psychologist with 20 years of experience in the mental health field. I provide child, adolescent and individual therapy. I provide support for developing coping skills, improving self-esteem, managing relationships, working to resolve family issues, and overcoming life's obstacles. Whether you are seeking a healthier lifestyle or dealing with the unexpected I can help.
(619) 754-8619 View (619) 754-8619
Photo of Shih Chiang Tang, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Diego, CA
Shih Chiang Tang
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
San Diego, CA 92121
Therapy is about your vision for how you would like life to be and the person you would like to embody. Hello, my name is Shih Chiang Tang, and I am a first-generation Chinese/Taiwanese-American Marriage and Family Therapist (MFT). I was raised in multiple cultures within and outside of the United States, and my therapeutic ideas reflect my diverse background. I believe in a collaborative and strength-based therapeutic approach. My goal is to utilize each individual’s innate ability to pursue a meaningful life in a safe and non-judgmental therapeutic environment.
Therapy is about your vision for how you would like life to be and the person you would like to embody. Hello, my name is Shih Chiang Tang, and I am a first-generation Chinese/Taiwanese-American Marriage and Family Therapist (MFT). I was raised in multiple cultures within and outside of the United States, and my therapeutic ideas reflect my diverse background. I believe in a collaborative and strength-based therapeutic approach. My goal is to utilize each individual’s innate ability to pursue a meaningful life in a safe and non-judgmental therapeutic environment.
(858) 251-9750 View (858) 251-9750
Photo of Marissa Guerrero, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Diego, CA
Marissa Guerrero
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92130
Hi, I'm Marissa Guerrero. I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist. More importantly, I am someone who can help guide you on your journey of healing and ignite change. I have over 15 years of experience in the field of mental health. I support individuals and families to learn new skills that have been triggered by their traumatic life experiences. I am also equipped to support you in learning how to recognize, identify and manage your emotional responses to stressful circumstances. I wholeheartedly believe that our life experiences give us the opportunity to learn new tools to help us become our better selves.
Hi, I'm Marissa Guerrero. I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist. More importantly, I am someone who can help guide you on your journey of healing and ignite change. I have over 15 years of experience in the field of mental health. I support individuals and families to learn new skills that have been triggered by their traumatic life experiences. I am also equipped to support you in learning how to recognize, identify and manage your emotional responses to stressful circumstances. I wholeheartedly believe that our life experiences give us the opportunity to learn new tools to help us become our better selves.
(619) 828-5288 View (619) 828-5288
Photo of Leslie Amos, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Diego, CA
Leslie Amos
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92105
My name is Leslie Amos, and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in the state of California. My approach to therapy is non-judgmental, relational, client-centered and holistic. This means that I meet you where you are right now and respect the unique path you have walked. I wholeheartedly believe that you have answers within yourself and through the process of therapy, my goal is to support you in connecting with your own inner wisdom. I have experience working with children, teens, and adults with a variety of issues and concerns.
My name is Leslie Amos, and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in the state of California. My approach to therapy is non-judgmental, relational, client-centered and holistic. This means that I meet you where you are right now and respect the unique path you have walked. I wholeheartedly believe that you have answers within yourself and through the process of therapy, my goal is to support you in connecting with your own inner wisdom. I have experience working with children, teens, and adults with a variety of issues and concerns.
(858) 504-2251 View (858) 504-2251
Photo of Erika Garcia, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Diego, CA
Erika Garcia
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92122  (Online Only)
Dealing with ADHD, trauma, or parenting concerns requires compassion and understanding. My practice welcomes those touched by the challenges of ADHD's impact on daily life, the deep wounds inflicted by trauma, and the complexities of parenting. These experiences can profoundly affect your sense of self and your relationships. In a supportive environment, we'll work together to address these issues, fostering resilience, healing, and a more harmonious family life, paving the way for a future where you feel more connected and empowered.
Dealing with ADHD, trauma, or parenting concerns requires compassion and understanding. My practice welcomes those touched by the challenges of ADHD's impact on daily life, the deep wounds inflicted by trauma, and the complexities of parenting. These experiences can profoundly affect your sense of self and your relationships. In a supportive environment, we'll work together to address these issues, fostering resilience, healing, and a more harmonious family life, paving the way for a future where you feel more connected and empowered.
(858) 326-9814 View (858) 326-9814
Photo of Lauren Carnine, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor in San Diego, CA
Lauren Carnine
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92101  (Online Only)
I am a licensed professional clinical counsel or licensed in California with over five years of experience working as a psychotherapist. I have worked with clients with a wide range of concerns including depression, anxiety, relationship issues, trauma, personality disorders, and substance use.
I am a licensed professional clinical counsel or licensed in California with over five years of experience working as a psychotherapist. I have worked with clients with a wide range of concerns including depression, anxiety, relationship issues, trauma, personality disorders, and substance use.
(858) 221-4703 View (858) 221-4703
Photo of Rada West, Psychologist in San Diego, CA
Rada West
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92127
Are you concerned your child is demonstrating delays in milestones, such as speech and motor skills? Is your child demonstrating symptoms of poor attention/concentration, difficulties establishing peer relationships, difficulty learning or is not progressing in school as expected? Does your child have a history of a head injury or any other medical concerns that caused a decline/loss of skills? If any of the above are a concern, then perhaps, a neuropsychological evaluation would assist in understanding your child's current functioning and specific strengths and weaknesses. Please feel free to contact me for a free phone consultation .
Are you concerned your child is demonstrating delays in milestones, such as speech and motor skills? Is your child demonstrating symptoms of poor attention/concentration, difficulties establishing peer relationships, difficulty learning or is not progressing in school as expected? Does your child have a history of a head injury or any other medical concerns that caused a decline/loss of skills? If any of the above are a concern, then perhaps, a neuropsychological evaluation would assist in understanding your child's current functioning and specific strengths and weaknesses. Please feel free to contact me for a free phone consultation .
(858) 242-4583 View (858) 242-4583
Photo of Janet Johnson, Counselor in San Diego, CA
Janet Johnson
Counselor, MA, MFT, LPCC
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92115
My philosophy is change starts from the inside out with a choice and realization that it is for our higher good. As part of the human experience, there are times when unexpected losses, betrayals or traumatic events can leave us feeling alone with a host of negative emotions, feeling stuck in grief, anger, bitterness, anxiety and depression.
My philosophy is change starts from the inside out with a choice and realization that it is for our higher good. As part of the human experience, there are times when unexpected losses, betrayals or traumatic events can leave us feeling alone with a host of negative emotions, feeling stuck in grief, anger, bitterness, anxiety and depression.
(619) 503-3202 View (619) 503-3202
Photo of Wellness Therapy of San Diego, Psychologist in San Diego, CA
Wellness Therapy of San Diego
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92131
Feeling overwhelmed and struggling to find balance in your life is a common experience many can relate to. These concerns can have a significant impact on your overall well-being and hinder your personal growth. Our dedicated interdisciplinary team is here to support you on your journey toward transformative changes. We provide personalized strategies that align with your unique values, fostering growth and facilitating recovery. Through one or more services, based on your needs, we empower you to achieve a life that is whole, healthy, and aligned with your goals.
Feeling overwhelmed and struggling to find balance in your life is a common experience many can relate to. These concerns can have a significant impact on your overall well-being and hinder your personal growth. Our dedicated interdisciplinary team is here to support you on your journey toward transformative changes. We provide personalized strategies that align with your unique values, fostering growth and facilitating recovery. Through one or more services, based on your needs, we empower you to achieve a life that is whole, healthy, and aligned with your goals.
(619) 202-1239 View (619) 202-1239
Photo of Althea Rowe, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Diego, CA
Althea Rowe
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92101  (Online Only)
In my clinical work, I utilize evidence-based practices including Motivational Interviewing, Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy – with specialized training in Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Trauma-Informed Care, Narrative, Solution-Focused, and Acceptance and Commitment Therapies. My approach to the treatment and care of my clients is culturally sensitive, client-centered, and empathic. I am passionate about empowering clients to explore current and past challenges to gain insight into their strengths for recovery and goal achievements.
In my clinical work, I utilize evidence-based practices including Motivational Interviewing, Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy – with specialized training in Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Trauma-Informed Care, Narrative, Solution-Focused, and Acceptance and Commitment Therapies. My approach to the treatment and care of my clients is culturally sensitive, client-centered, and empathic. I am passionate about empowering clients to explore current and past challenges to gain insight into their strengths for recovery and goal achievements.
(510) 767-0243 View (510) 767-0243
Photo of Mary Mallinson Therapy, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Diego, CA
Mary Mallinson Therapy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92108
Not accepting new clients
Unaddressed childhood traumas and adverse early life experiences can negatively impact us as adults. I support people who are dealing with unresolved trauma, experiencing difficulties in their relationships, experiencing life transitions (such as getting married, career change, becoming a parent), pregnant/postpartum anxiety and depression, women issues, and concerns relating to the Asian experience. You don't have to continue doing this alone and feeling disconnected from others and yourself. If you are ready to do the work for yourself, I am here to support you every step of the way. Your story matters.
Unaddressed childhood traumas and adverse early life experiences can negatively impact us as adults. I support people who are dealing with unresolved trauma, experiencing difficulties in their relationships, experiencing life transitions (such as getting married, career change, becoming a parent), pregnant/postpartum anxiety and depression, women issues, and concerns relating to the Asian experience. You don't have to continue doing this alone and feeling disconnected from others and yourself. If you are ready to do the work for yourself, I am here to support you every step of the way. Your story matters.
(858) 330-6965 View (858) 330-6965
Photo of Coastal Waves Counseling , Counselor in San Diego, CA
Coastal Waves Counseling
Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92131
My approach to providing therapy is modeled through a strength-based approach, open communication and space for growth. I believe in connection, cultivating your voice and choice so you can meet your goals for our time together. I hope to create a comfortable and easy pace for you with a sprinkle of humor. Growth is important as well as transparency, and I invite you to express your needs during this time to ensure your therapy goals are met with a sense of empowerment. Therapy does not have to be hard.
My approach to providing therapy is modeled through a strength-based approach, open communication and space for growth. I believe in connection, cultivating your voice and choice so you can meet your goals for our time together. I hope to create a comfortable and easy pace for you with a sprinkle of humor. Growth is important as well as transparency, and I invite you to express your needs during this time to ensure your therapy goals are met with a sense of empowerment. Therapy does not have to be hard.
(858) 768-8127 View (858) 768-8127

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in San Diego, CA

3,000+

Average cost per session

$160

Therapists in San Diego, CA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
87% Depression
71% Self Esteem
66% Relationship Issues
66% Trauma and PTSD
66% Coping Skills
62% Stress

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

77% Aetna
74% Cigna and Evernorth
69% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in San Diego, CA see their clients

55% In Person and Online
45% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
18% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in San Diego?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.