Therapists in Downers Grove, IL

Photo of Mahin Khader, Counselor in Downers Grove, IL
Mahin Khader
Counselor, MS, LCPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Downers Grove, IL 60515
Taking the leap into therapy can be scary, and finding a therapist that fits your needs can be overwhelming. I am here to make that process a little bit easier and more comfortable. My goal as a therapist is to meet each person where they are on their journey, by recognizing and understanding their reasons for coming to therapy. Whether it be difficulties with anxiety, depression, relationship issues, negative body image/eating disorders, or trauma, I’m here to help support you as you navigate these concerns. My goal is for you to leave therapy with the growth and tools that you are looking for.
Taking the leap into therapy can be scary, and finding a therapist that fits your needs can be overwhelming. I am here to make that process a little bit easier and more comfortable. My goal as a therapist is to meet each person where they are on their journey, by recognizing and understanding their reasons for coming to therapy. Whether it be difficulties with anxiety, depression, relationship issues, negative body image/eating disorders, or trauma, I’m here to help support you as you navigate these concerns. My goal is for you to leave therapy with the growth and tools that you are looking for.
(630) 791-5471 View (630) 791-5471
Photo of Stacey Kitson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Downers Grove, IL
Stacey Kitson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSW
Verified Verified
Downers Grove, IL 60515  (Online Only)
You've taken a brave step in inviting someone into your most personal space to partner in your healing. I aim to provide a safe, non-judgmental environment for you to work through difficult experiences. I will support you to find resolution to your struggles, while helping you identify your inner strengths to reveal a healthier version of you. I strive to ensure that you are respected and valued by being honest and empathetic. I have been providing therapeutic services to individuals, couples, adolescents, and families for over 15 years. I look forward to joining you in your wellness journey.
You've taken a brave step in inviting someone into your most personal space to partner in your healing. I aim to provide a safe, non-judgmental environment for you to work through difficult experiences. I will support you to find resolution to your struggles, while helping you identify your inner strengths to reveal a healthier version of you. I strive to ensure that you are respected and valued by being honest and empathetic. I have been providing therapeutic services to individuals, couples, adolescents, and families for over 15 years. I look forward to joining you in your wellness journey.
(630) 360-8282 View (630) 360-8282
Photo of Hallie McPhee-Johnston, Licensed Professional Counselor in Downers Grove, IL
Hallie McPhee-Johnston
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Downers Grove, IL 60515
Is your relationship MIA? Have you lost track of who you are or wondering what is going on with that person sleeping beside you? You have come to the right place if you are sick and tired of facing the same old unhelpful patterns and problems. Whatever you are dealing with, I will create an environment of safety for you to explore a new way of approaching your pain. Be courageous and take the first step forward.
Is your relationship MIA? Have you lost track of who you are or wondering what is going on with that person sleeping beside you? You have come to the right place if you are sick and tired of facing the same old unhelpful patterns and problems. Whatever you are dealing with, I will create an environment of safety for you to explore a new way of approaching your pain. Be courageous and take the first step forward.
(779) 237-8800 View (779) 237-8800
Photo of Julie Fossel, Counselor in Downers Grove, IL
Julie Fossel
Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
Downers Grove, IL 60515
There is no better time than right now to improve your mental health. At Livin’ Free Therapy we make your experience in taking the step to begin therapy easy and non judgmental.
There is no better time than right now to improve your mental health. At Livin’ Free Therapy we make your experience in taking the step to begin therapy easy and non judgmental.
(630) 296-6710 View (630) 296-6710
Photo of Samuel Cohen, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Downers Grove, IL
Samuel Cohen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSW
Verified Verified
Downers Grove, IL 60515  (Online Only)
When it comes to supporting you and providing you, your care must be adaptable, empathetic, individualized. Whether you are seeking dramatic change, collaboration on a major life decision, or just in need of someone to discuss the trials and tribulations of life, it is important that therapy reflects your uniqueness through its uniqueness. I have experience across a diverse array of clients with a strong belief that care should promote equity, unconditional positive regard, and identity affirming care.
When it comes to supporting you and providing you, your care must be adaptable, empathetic, individualized. Whether you are seeking dramatic change, collaboration on a major life decision, or just in need of someone to discuss the trials and tribulations of life, it is important that therapy reflects your uniqueness through its uniqueness. I have experience across a diverse array of clients with a strong belief that care should promote equity, unconditional positive regard, and identity affirming care.
(630) 228-9515 View (630) 228-9515
Photo of Monique Johnson, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor in Downers Grove, IL
Monique Johnson
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, LCPC, NCC, RPT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Downers Grove, IL 60515
Welcome! I provide in person and telehealth therapy services to children, adolescents, young adults, and families that experience deep pain. I have experience working with a number of issues including: anxiety, depression, anger management, stress, life transitions, trauma, family conflict, self-esteem, identity, and more. I help my clients grow to be able to live a healthy life and be the best version of themselves! Although I work with all racial and ethnic backgrounds, I am particularly passionate about educating and removing the stigma of mental health and therapy in communities of color.
Welcome! I provide in person and telehealth therapy services to children, adolescents, young adults, and families that experience deep pain. I have experience working with a number of issues including: anxiety, depression, anger management, stress, life transitions, trauma, family conflict, self-esteem, identity, and more. I help my clients grow to be able to live a healthy life and be the best version of themselves! Although I work with all racial and ethnic backgrounds, I am particularly passionate about educating and removing the stigma of mental health and therapy in communities of color.
(630) 503-6101 View (630) 503-6101
Photo of Loqui Wellness Center PLLC, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor in Downers Grove, IL
Loqui Wellness Center PLLC
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, LCPC, MEd
Verified Verified
Downers Grove, IL 60515
Loqui Wellness Center is where profound transformation meets authentic connection. Our boutique psychotherapy practice, located in the western suburbs of Chicago, is dedicated to helping individuals grow and achieve their goals through evidenced-based therapies and the power of authenticity. Our therapists are not only highly trained but also deeply committed to being our warm, compassionate selves in session, as a catalyst for motivation and connection as you begin your wellness journey.
Loqui Wellness Center is where profound transformation meets authentic connection. Our boutique psychotherapy practice, located in the western suburbs of Chicago, is dedicated to helping individuals grow and achieve their goals through evidenced-based therapies and the power of authenticity. Our therapists are not only highly trained but also deeply committed to being our warm, compassionate selves in session, as a catalyst for motivation and connection as you begin your wellness journey.
(630) 332-8712 View (630) 332-8712
Photo of Kristina Francia, Counselor in Downers Grove, IL
Kristina Francia
Counselor, MA, LCPC
Verified Verified
Downers Grove, IL 60515
Embark on a journey towards empowerment today! Together, let's explore the issues we face as women while boosting confidence and tackling workplace challenges head-on. Moms, you're invited to navigate the chaos, embracing the next chapter of your story. Whether it's building confidence or addressing specific concerns, this journey is tailored to each individual client. Let's create a supportive space where empowerment meets solidarity, where every step forward is celebrated. Your path to confidence begins here, where purpose guides our adventure.
Embark on a journey towards empowerment today! Together, let's explore the issues we face as women while boosting confidence and tackling workplace challenges head-on. Moms, you're invited to navigate the chaos, embracing the next chapter of your story. Whether it's building confidence or addressing specific concerns, this journey is tailored to each individual client. Let's create a supportive space where empowerment meets solidarity, where every step forward is celebrated. Your path to confidence begins here, where purpose guides our adventure.
(779) 237-2129 View (779) 237-2129
Photo of Lauren Raney, Art Therapist in Downers Grove, IL
Lauren Raney
Art Therapist, LCPC, ATR
Verified Verified
Downers Grove, IL 60515  (Online Only)
I work best with clients that are open to exploring their feelings and emotions in new ways. Grief support is my specialty and I also work with trauma, anticipatory grief, anxiety and depression. When I support grievers, we work together to determine how and if you'd like to honor your person that died, explore feelings around their death, and what life looks like now.
I work best with clients that are open to exploring their feelings and emotions in new ways. Grief support is my specialty and I also work with trauma, anticipatory grief, anxiety and depression. When I support grievers, we work together to determine how and if you'd like to honor your person that died, explore feelings around their death, and what life looks like now.
(630) 349-5123 View (630) 349-5123
Photo of Marc Darlene Mezidor, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Downers Grove, IL
Marc Darlene Mezidor
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MD
Verified Verified
Downers Grove, IL 60515
We could all use encouragement to unapologetically embrace our unique journeys while simultaneously striving to evolve into healthier and more fulfilled versions of ourselves. As a therapist, I provide a client-centered approach to collaboratively design and guide the therapeutic experience. Highly driven by sincerity and humor, I strive to create a climate that is safe, supportive, and culturally inclusive for all to pursue change. Therapy will be treated as an individualized experience in an empathetic, genuine, and non-judgmental manner.
We could all use encouragement to unapologetically embrace our unique journeys while simultaneously striving to evolve into healthier and more fulfilled versions of ourselves. As a therapist, I provide a client-centered approach to collaboratively design and guide the therapeutic experience. Highly driven by sincerity and humor, I strive to create a climate that is safe, supportive, and culturally inclusive for all to pursue change. Therapy will be treated as an individualized experience in an empathetic, genuine, and non-judgmental manner.
(630) 454-6651 View (630) 454-6651
Photo of Nia J Butler, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Downers Grove, IL
Nia J Butler
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Downers Grove, IL 60515
Everyone could use more support these days, if you're ready to make the decision to start therapy then I am here to help. As a licensed clinical social worker, it's my passion to help you facilitate growth, healing and progress. I specialize in anxiety, depression, loss and grief, life transitions, relationship issues and chronic illness.
Everyone could use more support these days, if you're ready to make the decision to start therapy then I am here to help. As a licensed clinical social worker, it's my passion to help you facilitate growth, healing and progress. I specialize in anxiety, depression, loss and grief, life transitions, relationship issues and chronic illness.
(630) 426-3283 View (630) 426-3283
Photo of Theresa Hefner, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Downers Grove, IL
Theresa Hefner
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CADC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Downers Grove, IL 60515
When it becomes difficult to cope, therapy can provide a new path forward. Having a nonjudgmental space to explore, validate, and experience your feelings in a healthy way can help you manage anxiety, depression, and other life stressors. I would like to provide that space for you to process your emotions, develop new methods of coping, identify and clarify your goals and values.
When it becomes difficult to cope, therapy can provide a new path forward. Having a nonjudgmental space to explore, validate, and experience your feelings in a healthy way can help you manage anxiety, depression, and other life stressors. I would like to provide that space for you to process your emotions, develop new methods of coping, identify and clarify your goals and values.
(331) 244-2046 View (331) 244-2046
Photo of Jessica Larson, Marriage & Family Therapist in Downers Grove, IL
Jessica Larson
Marriage & Family Therapist, MEd, LMFT, LPC
Verified Verified
Downers Grove, IL 60515
Hello! I am Jessica Larson, the owner of Nest Counseling LLC. I graduated with my Master’s degree in Marriage and Family Therapy in 2007. I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist (LMFT) in Illinois and I am a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) in Colorado. I have passionately helped individuals, couples, and families for over 15 years. My professional experience includes working with adults, children, and adolescents both individually and in family settings. I have extensive experience working with couples in all stages of their relationship including dating, premarital, and in conflict.
Hello! I am Jessica Larson, the owner of Nest Counseling LLC. I graduated with my Master’s degree in Marriage and Family Therapy in 2007. I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist (LMFT) in Illinois and I am a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) in Colorado. I have passionately helped individuals, couples, and families for over 15 years. My professional experience includes working with adults, children, and adolescents both individually and in family settings. I have extensive experience working with couples in all stages of their relationship including dating, premarital, and in conflict.
(708) 998-4741 View (708) 998-4741
Photo of Shannon Spethman, Marriage & Family Therapist in Downers Grove, IL
Shannon Spethman
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Downers Grove, IL 60515  (Online Only)
I believe therapy is a great tool to explore ourselves and heal emotional wounds. I have a welcoming personality and work to create a safe space, so clients feel comfortable exploring different areas of their lives and any emotions that come up. As a Marriage and Family Therapist, it is my focus to help clients identify ways their family history, culture, and community have impacted their view of the world and relationships. I believe the way we are raised impacts the way we show up with our partners. My goal as a therapist is to empower my clients and work collaboratively to achieve their goals.
I believe therapy is a great tool to explore ourselves and heal emotional wounds. I have a welcoming personality and work to create a safe space, so clients feel comfortable exploring different areas of their lives and any emotions that come up. As a Marriage and Family Therapist, it is my focus to help clients identify ways their family history, culture, and community have impacted their view of the world and relationships. I believe the way we are raised impacts the way we show up with our partners. My goal as a therapist is to empower my clients and work collaboratively to achieve their goals.
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Photo of Renee McGowan, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Downers Grove, IL
Renee McGowan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MA
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Downers Grove, IL 60515  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
We are always growing and changing, trying to maneuver the daily challenges of life, and sometimes we need help. With over 15 years of experience as a psychotherapist and having served more than 500 adolescents, adults, and families in school settings and in private practice, I will help you by quickly building rapport and trust and by using compassion, warmth, honesty, and humor, and action-oriented and goal-focused therapy. My qualifications: University of Notre Dame-Bachelor's Degree in Psychology, Summa Cum Laude, Phi Beta Kappa; University of Chicago-Master's Degree in Social Work, School Social Worker, the Chancellor's List.
We are always growing and changing, trying to maneuver the daily challenges of life, and sometimes we need help. With over 15 years of experience as a psychotherapist and having served more than 500 adolescents, adults, and families in school settings and in private practice, I will help you by quickly building rapport and trust and by using compassion, warmth, honesty, and humor, and action-oriented and goal-focused therapy. My qualifications: University of Notre Dame-Bachelor's Degree in Psychology, Summa Cum Laude, Phi Beta Kappa; University of Chicago-Master's Degree in Social Work, School Social Worker, the Chancellor's List.
(630) 474-3338 View (630) 474-3338
Photo of Donna J Dhein, Counselor in Downers Grove, IL
Donna J Dhein
Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
Downers Grove, IL 60515  (Online Only)
Coping with life's challenges can be difficult. Working with someone who is compassionate and knowledgeable can help to navigate unfamiliar territory. I help clients to draw on their own resources in achieving their goals and assist clients in developing their full potential. 20+ years in working with couples has provided the needed background in helping couples learn new ways of communicating with and relating to each other. Certified in EMDR, I also bring expertise to those who have undergone trauma, abuse or neglect, reprocessing negative beliefs and distressing emotions.
Coping with life's challenges can be difficult. Working with someone who is compassionate and knowledgeable can help to navigate unfamiliar territory. I help clients to draw on their own resources in achieving their goals and assist clients in developing their full potential. 20+ years in working with couples has provided the needed background in helping couples learn new ways of communicating with and relating to each other. Certified in EMDR, I also bring expertise to those who have undergone trauma, abuse or neglect, reprocessing negative beliefs and distressing emotions.
(630) 743-6121 View (630) 743-6121
Photo of LifeMindful Therapy , Marriage & Family Therapist in Downers Grove, IL
LifeMindful Therapy
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Downers Grove, IL 60515
As human beings we learn, develop meaning, and create a sense of purpose through each other and the relationships we form. In the same spirit I believe the therapeutic process is driven by the relationship formed between the client and the therapist. This is why my approach in therapy is guided by the question - "How can I provide a relationship which this person may use for their personal growth?" I strive to create an empathic, nonjudgmental atmosphere where you feel safe and empowered to work toward personal growth and creating lasting change; forming trust and leaning toward vulnerability.
As human beings we learn, develop meaning, and create a sense of purpose through each other and the relationships we form. In the same spirit I believe the therapeutic process is driven by the relationship formed between the client and the therapist. This is why my approach in therapy is guided by the question - "How can I provide a relationship which this person may use for their personal growth?" I strive to create an empathic, nonjudgmental atmosphere where you feel safe and empowered to work toward personal growth and creating lasting change; forming trust and leaning toward vulnerability.
(630) 412-7825 View (630) 412-7825
Photo of Michelle Nation, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor in Downers Grove, IL
Michelle Nation
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
Downers Grove, IL 60515  (Online Only)
I am here to help you with what you need right now. This includes if you are struggling with current life situations, stressors at work/school, or problems with managing your emotions, like anxiety, depression, or anger. I am passionate about what I do, and I love working with clients to help them achieve their goals in life. My type of therapy adjusts to what you need. This can mean that I do a more relaxed style of session where we are just talking about what is going on and problem solving in the moment or if that does not work for you, I can also do a more structured approach, that focuses on skills and coping strategies.
I am here to help you with what you need right now. This includes if you are struggling with current life situations, stressors at work/school, or problems with managing your emotions, like anxiety, depression, or anger. I am passionate about what I do, and I love working with clients to help them achieve their goals in life. My type of therapy adjusts to what you need. This can mean that I do a more relaxed style of session where we are just talking about what is going on and problem solving in the moment or if that does not work for you, I can also do a more structured approach, that focuses on skills and coping strategies.
(630) 354-0922 View (630) 354-0922
Photo of Gabrielle T. Abogado, Counselor in Downers Grove, IL
Gabrielle T. Abogado
Counselor, LCPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Downers Grove, IL 60515
Not accepting new clients
I am here to support and promote mental health and healing the whole you by providing psychotherapy to you in a collaborative and therapeutic environment. When you are experiencing mental or emotional distress or personal difficulties I am here to help you overcome those challenges. As we build a strong therapeutic relationship I will help you learn how to manage and cope with emotional distress, trauma/PTSD, managing anxiety, anger management, self-image, depression, stress, LGBTQ+ issues, relationship problems, parenting issues, addiction, life changes, eating disorders, and/or crisis management.
I am here to support and promote mental health and healing the whole you by providing psychotherapy to you in a collaborative and therapeutic environment. When you are experiencing mental or emotional distress or personal difficulties I am here to help you overcome those challenges. As we build a strong therapeutic relationship I will help you learn how to manage and cope with emotional distress, trauma/PTSD, managing anxiety, anger management, self-image, depression, stress, LGBTQ+ issues, relationship problems, parenting issues, addiction, life changes, eating disorders, and/or crisis management.
(630) 556-8546 View (630) 556-8546
Photo of Christine Romesburg, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Downers Grove, IL
Christine Romesburg
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Downers Grove, IL 60515  (Online Only)
Christine Romesburg, MSW, MBA, LCSW, is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker for over ten years. She is currently working on her doctoral dissertation focusing on PTSD and psychosis from Walden University in epidemiology and public health.Christine works to assist her patients in recognizing their overall thought processes and changing their negative perceptions and beliefs into more positive, motivating insights which will generate the change the patient desires.
Christine Romesburg, MSW, MBA, LCSW, is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker for over ten years. She is currently working on her doctoral dissertation focusing on PTSD and psychosis from Walden University in epidemiology and public health.Christine works to assist her patients in recognizing their overall thought processes and changing their negative perceptions and beliefs into more positive, motivating insights which will generate the change the patient desires.
(888) 279-0002 View (888) 279-0002

See more therapy options for Downers Grove

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Downers Grove, IL

300+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Downers Grove, IL who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
89% Depression
79% Relationship Issues
75% Self Esteem
67% Trauma and PTSD
67% Coping Skills
66% Stress

Average years in practice

14 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

95% BlueCross and BlueShield
64% Aetna
55% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Downers Grove, IL see their clients

85% In Person and Online
15% Online Only

Gender breakdown

84% Female
15% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Downers Grove?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.