Therapists in Melbourne, FL

Photo of Michelle M. Hawks, Counselor in Melbourne, FL
Michelle M. Hawks
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Melbourne, FL 32901
Are you ready to live your best life, but feel overwhelmed, stuck, and unsure how to manage your life, your relationships, and your emotions? Does life feel inauthentic and unbalanced? When life feels this way, it may seem like the whole world is collapsing around you. Remaining complacent won't change the situation. The first step is taking action to change things.
Are you ready to live your best life, but feel overwhelmed, stuck, and unsure how to manage your life, your relationships, and your emotions? Does life feel inauthentic and unbalanced? When life feels this way, it may seem like the whole world is collapsing around you. Remaining complacent won't change the situation. The first step is taking action to change things.
(321) 244-3447 View (321) 244-3447
Photo of Aeron DeGroat, Counselor in Melbourne, FL
Aeron DeGroat
Counselor, MA, LMHC, MCAP
Verified Verified
Melbourne, FL 32901
My ideal client may present with a variety of issues, but ultimately they are motivated to seek change and implement strategies discussed in therapy while in-between sessions. They strive to be open and vulnerable in sessions and are looking to be an active and collaborative part of their therapeutic journey. I believe that we are all experts on our own experience, and a client who is willing to provide feedback on what is working and what isn't can assist in helping them tailor the therapy experience to their individual needs.
My ideal client may present with a variety of issues, but ultimately they are motivated to seek change and implement strategies discussed in therapy while in-between sessions. They strive to be open and vulnerable in sessions and are looking to be an active and collaborative part of their therapeutic journey. I believe that we are all experts on our own experience, and a client who is willing to provide feedback on what is working and what isn't can assist in helping them tailor the therapy experience to their individual needs.
(321) 341-7970 View (321) 341-7970
Photo of H. Leveta Horne, Psychologist in Melbourne, FL
H. Leveta Horne
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Melbourne, FL 32901
Not accepting new clients
Dr. Horne provides complete neuropsychological evaluations & excels in differential diagnosis to properly identify, & treat, often misdiagnosed disorders. She also provides therapy for issues including sleep, relationships, and performance. Dr. Horne provides consultation and evaluations for attorneys in a variety of areas. Please see her website for more: www.BrainBehaviorGroup.com
Dr. Horne provides complete neuropsychological evaluations & excels in differential diagnosis to properly identify, & treat, often misdiagnosed disorders. She also provides therapy for issues including sleep, relationships, and performance. Dr. Horne provides consultation and evaluations for attorneys in a variety of areas. Please see her website for more: www.BrainBehaviorGroup.com
(407) 288-8987 View (407) 288-8987
Photo of Francelise Kacy-Cornwall, Marriage & Family Therapist in Melbourne, FL
Francelise Kacy-Cornwall
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Melbourne, FL 32901
Are you seeking a more fulfilling life with specific goals such as managing anxiety attacks, improving communication with others, or overcoming past trauma? My goal is for my clients to find peace and joy, and a sense of control over their emotional well-being. Therefore, I provide my clients with a safe and non-judgmental space for validation, support, and the tools to navigate the complexities of life with greater clarity and purpose.
Are you seeking a more fulfilling life with specific goals such as managing anxiety attacks, improving communication with others, or overcoming past trauma? My goal is for my clients to find peace and joy, and a sense of control over their emotional well-being. Therefore, I provide my clients with a safe and non-judgmental space for validation, support, and the tools to navigate the complexities of life with greater clarity and purpose.
(321) 475-6511 View (321) 475-6511
Photo of Douglass Stahl Judson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Melbourne, FL
Douglass Stahl Judson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MCAP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Melbourne, FL 32901
No matter how the world has defined you, I want to assist you to come to a place of self acceptance and create peace of mind. I am an experienced clinician who has a master’s degree in social work from Simmons College in Boston, Massachusetts. I have worked for a large teaching medical center, as well as federally qualified health center providing mental health and substance use clinical services.
No matter how the world has defined you, I want to assist you to come to a place of self acceptance and create peace of mind. I am an experienced clinician who has a master’s degree in social work from Simmons College in Boston, Massachusetts. I have worked for a large teaching medical center, as well as federally qualified health center providing mental health and substance use clinical services.
(321) 455-8588 View (321) 455-8588
Photo of James Ferro, Psychologist in Melbourne, FL
James Ferro
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Melbourne, FL 32940
Waitlist for new clients
Dr. Ferro is a Licensed Clinical Psychologist who specializes in neuropsychology and the assessment & treatment of depression, anxiety disorders, autism spectrum disorders, dementia and traumatic brain injury. He earned his Doctorate from Florida Institute of Technology (FIT) and completed his doctoral residency at Children's Psychiatric Center in Miami (fluent in English and Spanish). Dr. Ferro teaches and is often a guest lecturer on many topics of interest. He is also a consultant for the Devereux Children's Hospital
Dr. Ferro is a Licensed Clinical Psychologist who specializes in neuropsychology and the assessment & treatment of depression, anxiety disorders, autism spectrum disorders, dementia and traumatic brain injury. He earned his Doctorate from Florida Institute of Technology (FIT) and completed his doctoral residency at Children's Psychiatric Center in Miami (fluent in English and Spanish). Dr. Ferro teaches and is often a guest lecturer on many topics of interest. He is also a consultant for the Devereux Children's Hospital
(321) 806-2682 View (321) 806-2682
Photo of Anna Brenner, Psychologist in Melbourne, FL
Anna Brenner
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Melbourne, FL 32940
My professional goal is to help individuals and families navigate the many challenges we are faced with as we move through life. Let's together figure out how you can be the person you want to be and improve you relationships. If your child has challenges, let's identify those, and find solutions and recommendations. As our parents age it is important they get proper diagnoses and recommendations. After a stroke, traumatic brain injury, or other disability, it is important to receive education and direction to the best resources, as well as help adjusting. Life can be hard at times, let's find a solution together.
My professional goal is to help individuals and families navigate the many challenges we are faced with as we move through life. Let's together figure out how you can be the person you want to be and improve you relationships. If your child has challenges, let's identify those, and find solutions and recommendations. As our parents age it is important they get proper diagnoses and recommendations. After a stroke, traumatic brain injury, or other disability, it is important to receive education and direction to the best resources, as well as help adjusting. Life can be hard at times, let's find a solution together.
(321) 751-1925 View (321) 751-1925
Photo of Waterside Counseling, Counselor in Melbourne, FL
Waterside Counseling
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Melbourne, FL 32940
Amy Jordan is a passionate practitioner of Mental Health Counseling specializing in work with adolescents and adults. Amy delivers Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and other evidence-based treatments for individuals with a wide range of emotional, behavioral, and adjustment difficulties, such as anxiety, depression, grief and loss, acute stress, social adjustment and relationship problems. In addition to her experience as a mental health counselor and therapist, Amy's background includes 13+ years of work as a School Counselor, helping families and youth work through various challenges. Amy is also a cancer survivor.
Amy Jordan is a passionate practitioner of Mental Health Counseling specializing in work with adolescents and adults. Amy delivers Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and other evidence-based treatments for individuals with a wide range of emotional, behavioral, and adjustment difficulties, such as anxiety, depression, grief and loss, acute stress, social adjustment and relationship problems. In addition to her experience as a mental health counselor and therapist, Amy's background includes 13+ years of work as a School Counselor, helping families and youth work through various challenges. Amy is also a cancer survivor.
(321) 248-7998 View (321) 248-7998
Photo of Brittany Bartusek, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Melbourne, FL
Brittany Bartusek
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, QS
Verified Verified
Melbourne, FL 32937  (Online Only)
I have over 10 years of experience working with new medical diagnosis, medical complications, and health related difficulties affecting daily living. I work often with individuals experiencing anxiety, workplace stress, family dynamics and relationship stress, advocacy, trauma, first responders, and grief. I also offer couples or marriage counseling.
I have over 10 years of experience working with new medical diagnosis, medical complications, and health related difficulties affecting daily living. I work often with individuals experiencing anxiety, workplace stress, family dynamics and relationship stress, advocacy, trauma, first responders, and grief. I also offer couples or marriage counseling.
(321) 334-4707 View (321) 334-4707
Photo of Sue Hecht, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Melbourne, FL
Sue Hecht
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Melbourne, FL 32901  (Online Only)
Life can be overwhelming, and with chronic pain, it. can feel like you're barely hanging on instead of really living. As a therapist specializing in mental health, trauma, PTSD, restorative and sensory-enhanced-yoga, holistic treatment, and chronic illness/pain, I strive to help individuals manage their own unique challenges. Whether you're struggling with depression, anxiety, substance use, or something else, I can help navigate these issues with you to help you achieve more peace, calm, and fulfillment.
Life can be overwhelming, and with chronic pain, it. can feel like you're barely hanging on instead of really living. As a therapist specializing in mental health, trauma, PTSD, restorative and sensory-enhanced-yoga, holistic treatment, and chronic illness/pain, I strive to help individuals manage their own unique challenges. Whether you're struggling with depression, anxiety, substance use, or something else, I can help navigate these issues with you to help you achieve more peace, calm, and fulfillment.
(929) 543-6544 View (929) 543-6544
Photo of Jocelyn Hofstede, Counselor in Melbourne, FL
Jocelyn Hofstede
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Melbourne, FL 32901
Waitlist for new clients
I truly view this work of therapy as an incredible privilege. The vulnerability and strength of sharing precious, deep, often unspoken truths is a sacred practice-one that I recognize as both immensely challenging and profoundly rewarding. I have had the privilege of working with individuals from diverse cultural, religious, and economic backgrounds. I believe that people are not defined by their past but by whom they are striving to become in the present. My highest priority is to cultivate a warm, non-judgmental, empathetic, and safe environment for all of my clients.
I truly view this work of therapy as an incredible privilege. The vulnerability and strength of sharing precious, deep, often unspoken truths is a sacred practice-one that I recognize as both immensely challenging and profoundly rewarding. I have had the privilege of working with individuals from diverse cultural, religious, and economic backgrounds. I believe that people are not defined by their past but by whom they are striving to become in the present. My highest priority is to cultivate a warm, non-judgmental, empathetic, and safe environment for all of my clients.
(321) 346-7951 View (321) 346-7951
Photo of Richard T Elmore Jr, Psychologist in Melbourne, FL
Richard T Elmore Jr
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Melbourne, FL 32901
The primary specialty of Dr. Rich Elmore and his Couples Therapy Team is providing a variety of psychological services for Couples to include Pre-Marital Compatibility Assessment, Marital Therapy, Sex Therapy, Divorce Counseling and Divorce Mediation. Rich is certified in Family Mediation by the Supreme Court of Florida. In addition, he is certified in Clinical Hypnosis, Sex Therapy and Clinical Supervision. Rich is past President of the Brevard/Indian River Chapter of the Florida Psychological Association and Recipient of the Outstanding Psychologist of the Year Award for his extensive work with Combat Veterans and their Families.
The primary specialty of Dr. Rich Elmore and his Couples Therapy Team is providing a variety of psychological services for Couples to include Pre-Marital Compatibility Assessment, Marital Therapy, Sex Therapy, Divorce Counseling and Divorce Mediation. Rich is certified in Family Mediation by the Supreme Court of Florida. In addition, he is certified in Clinical Hypnosis, Sex Therapy and Clinical Supervision. Rich is past President of the Brevard/Indian River Chapter of the Florida Psychological Association and Recipient of the Outstanding Psychologist of the Year Award for his extensive work with Combat Veterans and their Families.
(321) 684-6284 View (321) 684-6284
Photo of Karlysse Mcmillon, Counselor in Melbourne, FL
Karlysse Mcmillon
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Melbourne, FL 32901  (Online Only)
Are you struggling to keep up with your relationships, work and health? Do feel that you are caught in a never ending cycle of disappointment and/or stress. Is it hard to be kind to yourself? I help high performers manage anxiety and avoid burnout. Together, we can identify what's not working and develop a plan for how to find balance and get back on track. We'll use a whole self approach, addressing the needs of your mind, body and spirit. I also integrate mindfulness, deep breathing and other expressive techniques to help you develop a stronger relationship with yourself.
Are you struggling to keep up with your relationships, work and health? Do feel that you are caught in a never ending cycle of disappointment and/or stress. Is it hard to be kind to yourself? I help high performers manage anxiety and avoid burnout. Together, we can identify what's not working and develop a plan for how to find balance and get back on track. We'll use a whole self approach, addressing the needs of your mind, body and spirit. I also integrate mindfulness, deep breathing and other expressive techniques to help you develop a stronger relationship with yourself.
(321) 617-1529 View (321) 617-1529
Photo of Creative Counseling, LLC, Gwen A. Mundorf, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Melbourne, FL
Creative Counseling, LLC, Gwen A. Mundorf, LCSW
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Melbourne, FL 32940  (Online Only)
Thank you for taking the time to view my profile. Do you struggle with life transition issues? Are you anxious or sad? Are you in emotional pain? Is your relationship in jeopardy? Counseling is a collaborative effort between you and your counselor. Working with your professional counselor will help you find your personal strengths and work towards a solution to the issues impacting your life. Please note: I have 2 parts to my practice, Creative Counseling Centers is in person. The other part of my practice is through Grow Therapy and is strictly telehealth.
Thank you for taking the time to view my profile. Do you struggle with life transition issues? Are you anxious or sad? Are you in emotional pain? Is your relationship in jeopardy? Counseling is a collaborative effort between you and your counselor. Working with your professional counselor will help you find your personal strengths and work towards a solution to the issues impacting your life. Please note: I have 2 parts to my practice, Creative Counseling Centers is in person. The other part of my practice is through Grow Therapy and is strictly telehealth.
(321) 926-4028 View (321) 926-4028
Photo of Nancy Vega-Brady, Counselor in Melbourne, FL
Nancy Vega-Brady
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
Melbourne, FL 32940
Seeking professional help for your concerns can be an extremely difficult decision. I am dedicated to helping my clients find new ways to lead more balanced, healthy lives. My clients have stated the following regarding our time together; "Nancy helped me start believing that it's ok for me to be me. That I don't have to be perfect and she provided many resources that greatly helped me understand things I never had before." -Elizabeth."You have given me so much strength to believe in myself, to stand tall and to not be worn down". - S.D.
Seeking professional help for your concerns can be an extremely difficult decision. I am dedicated to helping my clients find new ways to lead more balanced, healthy lives. My clients have stated the following regarding our time together; "Nancy helped me start believing that it's ok for me to be me. That I don't have to be perfect and she provided many resources that greatly helped me understand things I never had before." -Elizabeth."You have given me so much strength to believe in myself, to stand tall and to not be worn down". - S.D.
(321) 323-7587 View (321) 323-7587
Photo of Lisa Hubbard, Counselor in Melbourne, FL
Lisa Hubbard
Counselor, LMHC, PhD, MA
Verified Verified
Melbourne, FL 32901
Whether your needs involve coping with depression, anxiety, or trauma; childhood issues, work-related issues, relationship issues, or family issues; or you or someone you are/have been involved with is/has struggled with a substance use issue, I am willing to help you discover your personal goals, strategize a plan for meeting those goals, and to guide you along the path you are cutting. I enjoy working with individuals who have a strong desire to identify complex areas or situations in their own lives that they would like to re-evaluate.
Whether your needs involve coping with depression, anxiety, or trauma; childhood issues, work-related issues, relationship issues, or family issues; or you or someone you are/have been involved with is/has struggled with a substance use issue, I am willing to help you discover your personal goals, strategize a plan for meeting those goals, and to guide you along the path you are cutting. I enjoy working with individuals who have a strong desire to identify complex areas or situations in their own lives that they would like to re-evaluate.
(321) 341-8137 View (321) 341-8137
Photo of Bella Mental Health Services, LLC, Counselor in Melbourne, FL
Bella Mental Health Services, LLC
Counselor, MS, LMHC, CCCE, CFMHE, QS
Verified Verified
Melbourne, FL 32940
Struggling with depression and anxiety? Is there turmoil within your household? You are not alone. Our therapists are here to help you continue reaching your goals you had prior to any significant stressors or traumatic events in your life. Sometimes reaching out to a professional to help you, your child, your marriage or entire family get back on track will empower you to gather the strength you need. If you need an additional support from a licensed therapist that has extensive experience dealing with the emotional effects of trauma, current legal issues, mental health concerns or other family issues please contact us.
Struggling with depression and anxiety? Is there turmoil within your household? You are not alone. Our therapists are here to help you continue reaching your goals you had prior to any significant stressors or traumatic events in your life. Sometimes reaching out to a professional to help you, your child, your marriage or entire family get back on track will empower you to gather the strength you need. If you need an additional support from a licensed therapist that has extensive experience dealing with the emotional effects of trauma, current legal issues, mental health concerns or other family issues please contact us.
(321) 351-4037 View (321) 351-4037
Photo of Soraya Carr, Counselor in Melbourne, FL
Soraya Carr
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Melbourne, FL 32901
Have you faced adversity head-on & are ready to embark on a journey of self-discovery and healing? Do you desire to reclaim control over your life and shape a future that aligns with your authentic self? Your motivation lies in a profound yearning for positive change, a commitment to breaking free from the shackles of past challenges, and a genuine belief in the transformative power of self-improvement. Together, we work towards building resilience and fostering a sense of empowerment for a brighter, more fulfilling future.
Have you faced adversity head-on & are ready to embark on a journey of self-discovery and healing? Do you desire to reclaim control over your life and shape a future that aligns with your authentic self? Your motivation lies in a profound yearning for positive change, a commitment to breaking free from the shackles of past challenges, and a genuine belief in the transformative power of self-improvement. Together, we work towards building resilience and fostering a sense of empowerment for a brighter, more fulfilling future.
(321) 334-3602 View (321) 334-3602
Photo of Lauren Rivera in Melbourne, FL
Lauren Rivera
MS, BCBA
Verified Verified
Melbourne, FL 32935
I am a Board Certified Behavior Analyst (BCBA) who provides remote Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) services. I specialize in parent training: dealing with socially inappropriate behaviors, and teaching skill acquisition (speaking) social skills (peer play) or adaptive skills (potty training, bathing, etc.). I work with all types of learners within and outside of neurodiverse communities. All parents deal with a range of challenges: hitting, biting, refusal, sleeping issues, eating struggles, getting your child to speak their first word. You are not alone. I believe I can help you shape behavior and ease some of the frustration.
I am a Board Certified Behavior Analyst (BCBA) who provides remote Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) services. I specialize in parent training: dealing with socially inappropriate behaviors, and teaching skill acquisition (speaking) social skills (peer play) or adaptive skills (potty training, bathing, etc.). I work with all types of learners within and outside of neurodiverse communities. All parents deal with a range of challenges: hitting, biting, refusal, sleeping issues, eating struggles, getting your child to speak their first word. You are not alone. I believe I can help you shape behavior and ease some of the frustration.
(321) 241-3252 View (321) 241-3252
Photo of Marcy I Csuhran, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Melbourne, FL
Marcy I Csuhran
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Melbourne, FL 32935
As of February, 2024, Marcy will be moving to offices located at 1600 W. Eau Gallie Blvd., Suite 201D, Melbourne, Florida, 32935. Marcy is accepting new clients.
As of February, 2024, Marcy will be moving to offices located at 1600 W. Eau Gallie Blvd., Suite 201D, Melbourne, Florida, 32935. Marcy is accepting new clients.
(321) 237-0228 View (321) 237-0228

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Melbourne, FL

200+

Average cost per session

$125

Therapists in Melbourne, FL who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
87% Depression
80% Self Esteem
79% Coping Skills
74% Relationship Issues
73% Trauma and PTSD
71% Stress

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

84% Cigna and Evernorth
79% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
75% Aetna

How Therapists in Melbourne, FL see their clients

76% In Person and Online
24% Online Only

Gender breakdown

85% Female
14% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Melbourne?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.