Therapists in Oakland, CA

View neighborhoods in Oakland
Photo of Will Hall in Oakland, CA
Will Hall
MA, DiplPW
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94610
My work as a therapist is to help individuals, couples, and families access new resources behind emotional struggles and life problems. I am trained in Jungian and Open Dialogue approaches and am a lifelong learner of the work of R.D. Laing. I am recognized internationally for my advocacy and training work in the psychiatric survivors movement and as a leader for new social responses to what gets called madness and psychosis. I see suffering, including what gets called psychosis, from outside the narrow mechanistic science, diagnostic label, and medication views.
My work as a therapist is to help individuals, couples, and families access new resources behind emotional struggles and life problems. I am trained in Jungian and Open Dialogue approaches and am a lifelong learner of the work of R.D. Laing. I am recognized internationally for my advocacy and training work in the psychiatric survivors movement and as a leader for new social responses to what gets called madness and psychosis. I see suffering, including what gets called psychosis, from outside the narrow mechanistic science, diagnostic label, and medication views.
(510) 990-9767 View (510) 990-9767
Photo of Xuel Sun, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Oakland, CA
Xuel Sun
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94609
You feel stuck in your relationships. Feeling stuck with too many things you are navigating . You are out of touch with your needs and desires or how to communicate them effectively. You hate the fighting but don't know how to slow down. That's why I'm here to help. I support you build inner resources so that you can be unfazed by judgements and challenges, centered in your self-love and clarity, have ease in giving and receiving, communicating and decision-making. I am especially skilled in helping multicultural, marginalized identities, neurodivergent, poly/CNM couples with communication, trauma and intimacy.
You feel stuck in your relationships. Feeling stuck with too many things you are navigating . You are out of touch with your needs and desires or how to communicate them effectively. You hate the fighting but don't know how to slow down. That's why I'm here to help. I support you build inner resources so that you can be unfazed by judgements and challenges, centered in your self-love and clarity, have ease in giving and receiving, communicating and decision-making. I am especially skilled in helping multicultural, marginalized identities, neurodivergent, poly/CNM couples with communication, trauma and intimacy.
(341) 888-6560 View (341) 888-6560
Photo of Liana Huang, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Liana Huang
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, EMDR
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94609
When we are exposed to trauma at an early age, it can seriously impact how we feel about ourselves and our relationships with others. Trauma can also profoundly affect whether we feel this is a safe world and can contribute to depression, anxiety, and relational/familial issues. My practice is from a strengths-based, trauma-informed perspective with a non-judgmental framework. I aim to understand clients’ internal responses and to provide more options for emotional regulation and problem-solving.
When we are exposed to trauma at an early age, it can seriously impact how we feel about ourselves and our relationships with others. Trauma can also profoundly affect whether we feel this is a safe world and can contribute to depression, anxiety, and relational/familial issues. My practice is from a strengths-based, trauma-informed perspective with a non-judgmental framework. I aim to understand clients’ internal responses and to provide more options for emotional regulation and problem-solving.
(415) 942-6964 View (415) 942-6964
Photo of Robert Deady, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Robert Deady
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94611
The decision to pursue therapy is not one taken easily. Many possibilities lead a person to this point: A recent disruption or crisis in your life, a long struggle with troubling emotions and behaviors, and/or a fundamental desire to better know yourself. I have experience treating frequently occurring issues such as depression, trauma, interpersonal difficulties, and anxiety. Additionally, I have expertise in working with people who have survived childhood abuse, who experience feelings of alienation and estrangement from others, and those who identify as LGBTQ+.
The decision to pursue therapy is not one taken easily. Many possibilities lead a person to this point: A recent disruption or crisis in your life, a long struggle with troubling emotions and behaviors, and/or a fundamental desire to better know yourself. I have experience treating frequently occurring issues such as depression, trauma, interpersonal difficulties, and anxiety. Additionally, I have expertise in working with people who have survived childhood abuse, who experience feelings of alienation and estrangement from others, and those who identify as LGBTQ+.
(510) 422-0915 View (510) 422-0915
Photo of Kristy Shanks, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Kristy Shanks
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94618
Do you have difficulty maintaining healthy relationships? Are you anxious or depressed? Are you having difficulty connecting with others? I am here to support you in expressing your feelings, acknowledging your lived experiences, and navigating relationships.
Do you have difficulty maintaining healthy relationships? Are you anxious or depressed? Are you having difficulty connecting with others? I am here to support you in expressing your feelings, acknowledging your lived experiences, and navigating relationships.
(510) 631-0424 View (510) 631-0424
Photo of Veronica Ochoa, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Veronica Ochoa
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94609
If you're currently facing challenges managing your emotions, find it difficult to connect with people in your life, struggle to find a sense of wholenes, feel uneasy about building meaningful connections, or experiencing difficulties savoring life's positive moments, I'm here to assist you. With 17 years of experience in the mental health field, my approach is a compassionate, Client-Centered, aiming to tap into your inner wisdom to connect in a different way with yourself, your emotions, build deeper and more meaningful relationships, establish healthy boundaries, and take steps toward creating the life you desire.
If you're currently facing challenges managing your emotions, find it difficult to connect with people in your life, struggle to find a sense of wholenes, feel uneasy about building meaningful connections, or experiencing difficulties savoring life's positive moments, I'm here to assist you. With 17 years of experience in the mental health field, my approach is a compassionate, Client-Centered, aiming to tap into your inner wisdom to connect in a different way with yourself, your emotions, build deeper and more meaningful relationships, establish healthy boundaries, and take steps toward creating the life you desire.
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Photo of Howard P Ramseur, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Howard P Ramseur
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94609  (Online Only)
My clients experience me as easy to talk with, as having an empathic and interactive style, and as flexible and goal oriented in my therapeutic approach..I work in a variety of ways with individual adults: short term problem solving therapy, or longer term self exploration. I work with individuals who are having relationship difficulties, including being in a relationship " too good to leave, too bad to stay"; and with individual adults who have anxiety, depression and self esteem issues. My practice welcomes people from all backgrounds, with many people of color, particularly African Americans, and multicultural individuals. LGBT friendly.
My clients experience me as easy to talk with, as having an empathic and interactive style, and as flexible and goal oriented in my therapeutic approach..I work in a variety of ways with individual adults: short term problem solving therapy, or longer term self exploration. I work with individuals who are having relationship difficulties, including being in a relationship " too good to leave, too bad to stay"; and with individual adults who have anxiety, depression and self esteem issues. My practice welcomes people from all backgrounds, with many people of color, particularly African Americans, and multicultural individuals. LGBT friendly.
(925) 308-5966 View (925) 308-5966
Photo of Lizeth Toscano, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Lizeth Toscano
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94601
My approach is relational, healing-centered, strengths-based, and collaborative. I support parents, caregivers, and families to find their inner strengths and nurture their relationships with their children. I specialize in helping the parent-child dyad through attachment theory, empathy, and connecting communication. I aim to provide therapy based on the cultural and diverse needs of individuals, parents, families, and children. I am committed to providing emotional support and creating a safe environment where parents, families, and children can better understand themselves.
My approach is relational, healing-centered, strengths-based, and collaborative. I support parents, caregivers, and families to find their inner strengths and nurture their relationships with their children. I specialize in helping the parent-child dyad through attachment theory, empathy, and connecting communication. I aim to provide therapy based on the cultural and diverse needs of individuals, parents, families, and children. I am committed to providing emotional support and creating a safe environment where parents, families, and children can better understand themselves.
(510) 296-5557 View (510) 296-5557
Photo of Zo Amaro Jimenez, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Zo Amaro Jimenez
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94601  (Online Only)
I believe people are trying their best through good and hard times. Especially during the hard times, we find ways to make it through. I work with people to figure out what their survival strategies are, which ones they want to keep or change. Sometimes, these strategies require us to code-switch, mask, or deny parts of ourselves. I enjoy helping people find out more about themselves, their values, and what ways to care for themselves. I work with them to build a therapy experience for rest, healing, and discovery. Together my clients and I build more places and experiences where they just get to be.
I believe people are trying their best through good and hard times. Especially during the hard times, we find ways to make it through. I work with people to figure out what their survival strategies are, which ones they want to keep or change. Sometimes, these strategies require us to code-switch, mask, or deny parts of ourselves. I enjoy helping people find out more about themselves, their values, and what ways to care for themselves. I work with them to build a therapy experience for rest, healing, and discovery. Together my clients and I build more places and experiences where they just get to be.
(510) 369-4424 View (510) 369-4424
Photo of Amanda Downs, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Amanda Downs
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94611
Do you seek relief from experiences of anxiety, depression, or shame? You may be wanting more self-confidence or deeper intimacy in your relationships. Perhaps you long to shed unwanted conditioning and live more fully in your embodied truth. I can support you to identify and move through old patterns that constrict your vitality, helping you to unearth your passion and unique gifts. My approach is warm, grounded, and collaborative. Together we will develop a safe space to explore any wounds and limiting beliefs and allow you to encounter and live into your deepest wisdom.
Do you seek relief from experiences of anxiety, depression, or shame? You may be wanting more self-confidence or deeper intimacy in your relationships. Perhaps you long to shed unwanted conditioning and live more fully in your embodied truth. I can support you to identify and move through old patterns that constrict your vitality, helping you to unearth your passion and unique gifts. My approach is warm, grounded, and collaborative. Together we will develop a safe space to explore any wounds and limiting beliefs and allow you to encounter and live into your deepest wisdom.
(628) 228-6175 View (628) 228-6175
Photo of Reina Remigio, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Reina Remigio
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94605  (Online Only)
I specialize in working with individuals, couples, and families struggling with overcontrol/excessive self-control. This can show up as rumination, hyper-perfectionism, rigidity, difficulty relaxing, and emotional loneliness (even with loved ones around). These challenges can intersect with substance abuse, suicidal ideation or attempts, and/or self-harm. Often, an overcontrolled coping style is central to conditions such as chronic anxiety/depression, eating disorders, and personality disorders like obsessive-compulsive and avoidant personalities. This way of coping may exacerbate or perpetuate trauma and grief symptoms as well.
I specialize in working with individuals, couples, and families struggling with overcontrol/excessive self-control. This can show up as rumination, hyper-perfectionism, rigidity, difficulty relaxing, and emotional loneliness (even with loved ones around). These challenges can intersect with substance abuse, suicidal ideation or attempts, and/or self-harm. Often, an overcontrolled coping style is central to conditions such as chronic anxiety/depression, eating disorders, and personality disorders like obsessive-compulsive and avoidant personalities. This way of coping may exacerbate or perpetuate trauma and grief symptoms as well.
(341) 899-1605 View (341) 899-1605
Photo of Josh Greene, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Josh Greene
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94618
If we think about an iceberg, or even a volcano, we typically can see what’s above water, or above ground. And yet, what is beneath is immense and powerful. I hold that the same is true for people, in terms of what governs our consciousness. If we can get a bit closer to the stuff that lies below the surface, then what happens above may begin to look and feel a bit different. Signing up for therapy is no small feat! It means carving out space and time to truly focus on yourself in the hopes of finding greater fulfillment, peace and happiness in your life.
If we think about an iceberg, or even a volcano, we typically can see what’s above water, or above ground. And yet, what is beneath is immense and powerful. I hold that the same is true for people, in terms of what governs our consciousness. If we can get a bit closer to the stuff that lies below the surface, then what happens above may begin to look and feel a bit different. Signing up for therapy is no small feat! It means carving out space and time to truly focus on yourself in the hopes of finding greater fulfillment, peace and happiness in your life.
(510) 380-5740 View (510) 380-5740
Photo of Robyn Riley, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Robyn Riley
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, LPCC
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94618
Everyone has their ups and downs. Life can be stressful and challenging at times. These are the times when it can be helpful for you to talk with someone to support you getting through a difficult time. Whether you have a child having difficulty in school, an adolescent transitioning into adulthood, relationship issues with a partner, or other life stressing events, I provide a safe space to help manage these challenges.
Everyone has their ups and downs. Life can be stressful and challenging at times. These are the times when it can be helpful for you to talk with someone to support you getting through a difficult time. Whether you have a child having difficulty in school, an adolescent transitioning into adulthood, relationship issues with a partner, or other life stressing events, I provide a safe space to help manage these challenges.
(510) 722-9300 View (510) 722-9300
Photo of Eugene P Porter, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Eugene P Porter
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94609
I have been in practice for over 30 years. My primary specialty has been working with men and boys who have experienced sexual abuse. This issue often includes alcohol and drug issues, anxiety, depression, marital and couples issues and more. I am experienced in EMDR as well as a range of somatic and humanistic approaches.
I have been in practice for over 30 years. My primary specialty has been working with men and boys who have experienced sexual abuse. This issue often includes alcohol and drug issues, anxiety, depression, marital and couples issues and more. I am experienced in EMDR as well as a range of somatic and humanistic approaches.
(510) 356-2052 View (510) 356-2052
Photo of Heather Genschmer, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Heather Genschmer
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94618
Do you find yourself repeating unhealthy patterns in your life? Are you a new parent and finding that you are struggling to stay connected to your partner? Have you adopted a child and need parenting support? I work with individuals and couples (same and opposite sex) interested in reaching a deeper understanding of themselves and their interactions with the rest of the world. In my practice, I provide a supportive and safe environment for individuals to be heard and understood; at the same time, I am active and engaging.
Do you find yourself repeating unhealthy patterns in your life? Are you a new parent and finding that you are struggling to stay connected to your partner? Have you adopted a child and need parenting support? I work with individuals and couples (same and opposite sex) interested in reaching a deeper understanding of themselves and their interactions with the rest of the world. In my practice, I provide a supportive and safe environment for individuals to be heard and understood; at the same time, I am active and engaging.
(510) 878-6452 View (510) 878-6452
Photo of Dr. Carol Deas-Lopez, Psychological Associate in Oakland, CA
Dr. Carol Deas-Lopez
Psychological Associate, PsyD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94618
Are you struggling to connect with a partner or child who is increasingly irritable and withdrawn? Has your family member turned to substances to cope with increased stress? As a wife and mother, I know how heart-wrenching it is to watch someone you love struggle and to be pushed away when you show caring. They may tell you nothing’s wrong, but your concern doesn’t just turn off like a switch. In fact, that may be part of the problem. Do you feel selfish when you think about how much you're struggling? This is a common feeling to have - but any therapist would tell you from experience - you can’t pour from an empty cup.
Are you struggling to connect with a partner or child who is increasingly irritable and withdrawn? Has your family member turned to substances to cope with increased stress? As a wife and mother, I know how heart-wrenching it is to watch someone you love struggle and to be pushed away when you show caring. They may tell you nothing’s wrong, but your concern doesn’t just turn off like a switch. In fact, that may be part of the problem. Do you feel selfish when you think about how much you're struggling? This is a common feeling to have - but any therapist would tell you from experience - you can’t pour from an empty cup.
(510) 962-4999 View (510) 962-4999
Photo of Bishop W Howard IV, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Bishop W Howard IV
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94607  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
My ideal clients are individuals age 16+ who want support navigating anxiety, depression, childhood trauma, identity, family, relationships (monogamy/non-monogamy/poly), sexuality/desire (kink friendly), racial/multicultural stress, and everyday life stressors. I supporting clients no matter if you are seasoned at engaging in therapy or looking to take this journey for the first time. My approach is client centered and structured to meet you where you are, as we work together to build the best journey for your needs. My specialty is serving Queer/Trans BIPOC individuals.
My ideal clients are individuals age 16+ who want support navigating anxiety, depression, childhood trauma, identity, family, relationships (monogamy/non-monogamy/poly), sexuality/desire (kink friendly), racial/multicultural stress, and everyday life stressors. I supporting clients no matter if you are seasoned at engaging in therapy or looking to take this journey for the first time. My approach is client centered and structured to meet you where you are, as we work together to build the best journey for your needs. My specialty is serving Queer/Trans BIPOC individuals.
(415) 650-5164 View (415) 650-5164
Photo of Cristine Peterson, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Cristine Peterson
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94610  (Online Only)
I work with individuals who have experienced trauma and are seeking relief through an integrative, relational, and somatic approach. Drawing on somatic techniques such as EMDR and Somatic Experiencing, I support my clients in connecting to the felt sense of their bodies as a source of information. I believe that a gentle inquiry into the body’s felt sense allows us to safely integrate the past into the present and clarify what’s true for us in any given moment.
I work with individuals who have experienced trauma and are seeking relief through an integrative, relational, and somatic approach. Drawing on somatic techniques such as EMDR and Somatic Experiencing, I support my clients in connecting to the felt sense of their bodies as a source of information. I believe that a gentle inquiry into the body’s felt sense allows us to safely integrate the past into the present and clarify what’s true for us in any given moment.
(510) 369-0989 View (510) 369-0989
Photo of Allie Frank, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Oakland, CA
Allie Frank
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94610
Life can be hard... And we don’t have to do it alone. I work with couples and individuals ranging in issues of anxiety, depression, grief/loss, self esteem, relationships, and parenting. My own painful experiences, and the work I have done to heal, have afforded me the ability to be present and sit with people in their own pain. I have a natural inclination to seek out deep connection with people which informs my work with clients. This can help my clients to deepen connections with others, outside of the room. I work with couples to strengthen connection, deepen intimacy, and find their voice within the partnership.
Life can be hard... And we don’t have to do it alone. I work with couples and individuals ranging in issues of anxiety, depression, grief/loss, self esteem, relationships, and parenting. My own painful experiences, and the work I have done to heal, have afforded me the ability to be present and sit with people in their own pain. I have a natural inclination to seek out deep connection with people which informs my work with clients. This can help my clients to deepen connections with others, outside of the room. I work with couples to strengthen connection, deepen intimacy, and find their voice within the partnership.
(510) 661-3552 View (510) 661-3552
Photo of Hong Jeong, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Hong Jeong
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, EMDR
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94609
We all go through emotional storms where we feel emotionally and physically stuck; we worry too much and lose control of ourselves. Do you find yourself thrown off balance by your childhood trauma? Childhood traumatic experiences such as abandonment, abuse, and neglect lead to social anxiety. My approach is solution-focused and tailored to your needs and goals. I am committed to providing a profound sense of safety and offering compassionate and actionable guidance to all my clients.
We all go through emotional storms where we feel emotionally and physically stuck; we worry too much and lose control of ourselves. Do you find yourself thrown off balance by your childhood trauma? Childhood traumatic experiences such as abandonment, abuse, and neglect lead to social anxiety. My approach is solution-focused and tailored to your needs and goals. I am committed to providing a profound sense of safety and offering compassionate and actionable guidance to all my clients.
(213) 275-2192 View (213) 275-2192

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Oakland, CA

2,000+

Average cost per session

$185

Therapists in Oakland, CA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
88% Depression
81% Relationship Issues
74% Self Esteem
73% Trauma and PTSD
69% Grief
66% Stress

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

60% Aetna
49% Cigna and Evernorth
44% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Oakland, CA see their clients

62% In Person and Online
38% Online Only

Gender breakdown

75% Female
21% Male
4% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Oakland?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.