Therapists in Rochester, MN

Photo of Dr. Andrea Thomas, Counselor in Rochester, MN
Dr. Andrea Thomas
Counselor, EdD, LPCC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Rochester, MN 55902
Finding a therapist can be a difficult task that can take a few "tries" before finding a person you feel comfortable with. A therapist should be someone you feel a connection with and believe will fit your personality. As a therapist, I utilize not only my educational experience in this field but also my life experience with mental health difficulties. I can work with individuals facing difficult life stressors and/or mental health disorders that impair life functioning. I can provide faith-based services for those seeking spiritual guidance as well.
Finding a therapist can be a difficult task that can take a few "tries" before finding a person you feel comfortable with. A therapist should be someone you feel a connection with and believe will fit your personality. As a therapist, I utilize not only my educational experience in this field but also my life experience with mental health difficulties. I can work with individuals facing difficult life stressors and/or mental health disorders that impair life functioning. I can provide faith-based services for those seeking spiritual guidance as well.
(507) 400-6021 View (507) 400-6021
Photo of Masa Sato, Marriage & Family Therapist in Rochester, MN
Masa Sato
Marriage & Family Therapist, EdD, LMFT, LPCC, LADC
Verified Verified
Rochester, MN 55906
I've worked with individuals & families via CBT (cognitive behavioral therapy), EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing)/trauma focused therapy, family systems therapy, & play therapy for a variety of issues such as MH & addiction since 1998. I adjust/integrate therapeutic modalities holistically based on needs. I am respectful, laid back and humorous during tough work. I'm supportive & I encourage/challenge you to grow. It is difficult to change while health & wellness may require changes. I may use “tough love” while I am understanding and collaborative. Recovery/health requires action, growth, maturity, & accountability.
I've worked with individuals & families via CBT (cognitive behavioral therapy), EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing)/trauma focused therapy, family systems therapy, & play therapy for a variety of issues such as MH & addiction since 1998. I adjust/integrate therapeutic modalities holistically based on needs. I am respectful, laid back and humorous during tough work. I'm supportive & I encourage/challenge you to grow. It is difficult to change while health & wellness may require changes. I may use “tough love” while I am understanding and collaborative. Recovery/health requires action, growth, maturity, & accountability.
(507) 204-3494 View (507) 204-3494
Photo of Laura Cosio, Marriage & Family Therapist in Rochester, MN
Laura Cosio
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Rochester, MN 55902
Not accepting new clients
Therapy is a process that works to resolve unhealthy or problematic thoughts, beliefs, behaviors, relational patterns, and/or emotions. It is a process that starts by gathering information and dives into understanding the different pieces of your story and how they work together. The pieces, or themes and events, of your story, the characters encountered, the obstacles faced, and the meaning(s) made from experiences play a role in how you understand self and self in relation to others. It's my privilege to come along side you on your journey and to help sort out those pieces.
Therapy is a process that works to resolve unhealthy or problematic thoughts, beliefs, behaviors, relational patterns, and/or emotions. It is a process that starts by gathering information and dives into understanding the different pieces of your story and how they work together. The pieces, or themes and events, of your story, the characters encountered, the obstacles faced, and the meaning(s) made from experiences play a role in how you understand self and self in relation to others. It's my privilege to come along side you on your journey and to help sort out those pieces.
(507) 204-3769 View (507) 204-3769
Photo of Emma Amari, Pre-Licensed Professional in Rochester, MN
Emma Amari
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Rochester, MN 55904
Waitlist for new clients
Through the counseling process, I emphasize cultivating a trusting and safe environment and therapeutic relationship to help process and manage intense emotions and life transitions. I utilize integrative, culturally sensitive, body-centered, and trauma-informed approaches. I have experience with adolescents, adults, LGBTQIA+. Of note, I do not currently work with cis-gender men over the age of 18.
Through the counseling process, I emphasize cultivating a trusting and safe environment and therapeutic relationship to help process and manage intense emotions and life transitions. I utilize integrative, culturally sensitive, body-centered, and trauma-informed approaches. I have experience with adolescents, adults, LGBTQIA+. Of note, I do not currently work with cis-gender men over the age of 18.
(507) 487-4326 View (507) 487-4326
Photo of Deanne Breitenbach, Marriage & Family Therapist Intern in Rochester, MN
Deanne Breitenbach
Marriage & Family Therapist Intern
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Rochester, MN 55902
Deanne's journey into the field of couple and family therapy is marked by a deep-rooted passion for fostering healthy and secure relationships. She is currently navigating the challenging and rewarding path of the clinical phase in her Master of Arts program, specializing in couple therapy. Her commitment to positively impacting individuals and couples is evident in her every interaction. Compassionate at her core, Deanne possesses a genuine and empathetic nature that allows her clients to feel seen, heard, and understood.
Deanne's journey into the field of couple and family therapy is marked by a deep-rooted passion for fostering healthy and secure relationships. She is currently navigating the challenging and rewarding path of the clinical phase in her Master of Arts program, specializing in couple therapy. Her commitment to positively impacting individuals and couples is evident in her every interaction. Compassionate at her core, Deanne possesses a genuine and empathetic nature that allows her clients to feel seen, heard, and understood.
(507) 722-0240 View (507) 722-0240
Photo of Madisen Dawn Schillo, Pre-Licensed Professional in Rochester, MN
Madisen Dawn Schillo
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, CMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Rochester, MN 55902
I am a Clinical Trainee on track for a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor in the state of Minnesota. I hold a Master’s in Clinical Mental Health Therapy and specialize in attachment trauma, co-occurring disorders, coping skills, chronic illness, mood disorders, body-image, and eating disorders. A lot of my work is focused on anxiety, perfectionism, and concerns around self-worth and self-esteem.
I am a Clinical Trainee on track for a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor in the state of Minnesota. I hold a Master’s in Clinical Mental Health Therapy and specialize in attachment trauma, co-occurring disorders, coping skills, chronic illness, mood disorders, body-image, and eating disorders. A lot of my work is focused on anxiety, perfectionism, and concerns around self-worth and self-esteem.
(507) 639-8245 View (507) 639-8245
Photo of Sylvia DeMott | Anxiety Therapist, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Rochester, MN
Sylvia DeMott | Anxiety Therapist
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW, PCC
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Rochester, MN 55901
Things weren’t always this way. There was a time when you could experience good things without waiting for the other shoe to drop. You used to be able to easily complete tasks that these days require all your effort just to start. But somewhere along the way, things changed. Now, everything is a struggle. You spend hours endlessly overanalyzing past conversations and situations, parsing them for mistakes you may have made. You hate the idea of letting anyone down, so you’re determined to be perfect. And when you inevitably fall short of this unattainable ideal, you criticize yourself for being a failure. Things can’t go on this way.
Things weren’t always this way. There was a time when you could experience good things without waiting for the other shoe to drop. You used to be able to easily complete tasks that these days require all your effort just to start. But somewhere along the way, things changed. Now, everything is a struggle. You spend hours endlessly overanalyzing past conversations and situations, parsing them for mistakes you may have made. You hate the idea of letting anyone down, so you’re determined to be perfect. And when you inevitably fall short of this unattainable ideal, you criticize yourself for being a failure. Things can’t go on this way.
(507) 607-8168 View (507) 607-8168
Photo of Laurel Ann Light in Rochester, MN
Laurel Ann Light
MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
Rochester, MN 55901
Waitlist for new clients
I help individuals embrace life again through Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), and Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT). My goal is to empower individuals to make small change which can lead to big results. Imagine feeling that weight fall off your shoulders. It can happen!
I help individuals embrace life again through Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), and Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT). My goal is to empower individuals to make small change which can lead to big results. Imagine feeling that weight fall off your shoulders. It can happen!
(507) 577-5728 View (507) 577-5728
Photo of Timothy M Zetzsche, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor in Rochester, MN
Timothy M Zetzsche
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, MS, LPCC
Verified Verified
Rochester, MN 55906  (Online Only)
I am currently able to provide counseling to those on Maui impacted by the wildfires. I am a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor in Minnesota with several years of professional work experience. I have experience in helping clients with relationship issues, general growth issues, trauma, abuse, anxiety, sexual behavior issues, and personality disorders. I believe that you are the expert of your story and that you have many strengths that will assist you in overcoming things that challenge you. Taking the first step to seeking a more fulfilling and happier life takes courage. I am here to support you in that process.
I am currently able to provide counseling to those on Maui impacted by the wildfires. I am a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor in Minnesota with several years of professional work experience. I have experience in helping clients with relationship issues, general growth issues, trauma, abuse, anxiety, sexual behavior issues, and personality disorders. I believe that you are the expert of your story and that you have many strengths that will assist you in overcoming things that challenge you. Taking the first step to seeking a more fulfilling and happier life takes courage. I am here to support you in that process.
(507) 565-6670 View (507) 565-6670
Photo of Christa Welbon, Drug & Alcohol Counselor in Rochester, MN
Christa Welbon
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, BS, LADC
Verified Verified
Rochester, MN 55901  (Online Only)
Have you had life circumstances change and are looking for assistance in your recovery? I have been working with people who have addiction issues for over 25 years. I am motivated by peoples' ability to make positive life changes and believe everyone can choose to change and improve their life. I will meet you wherever you are in your recovery and help you make a plan for continued success. I believe in providing a safe and supportive space and looking at the whole person when working with a client. I use evidence based therapeutic interventions based on each client's goals.
Have you had life circumstances change and are looking for assistance in your recovery? I have been working with people who have addiction issues for over 25 years. I am motivated by peoples' ability to make positive life changes and believe everyone can choose to change and improve their life. I will meet you wherever you are in your recovery and help you make a plan for continued success. I believe in providing a safe and supportive space and looking at the whole person when working with a client. I use evidence based therapeutic interventions based on each client's goals.
(507) 607-7647 View (507) 607-7647
Photo of Kendra Henry, Counselor in Rochester, MN
Kendra Henry
Counselor, LPCC, LADC
Verified Verified
Rochester, MN 55902
We sometimes get to a point in life where we need to reset or just need to make some changes. Life can be chaotic and we need some help making sense of it all. I provide a safe and calm atmosphere to be heard, be real, and be understood. I am passionate about helping people navigate the many expected and unexpected events in their lives and helping you grow as a person. I view every client as unique therefore therapy is individualized to your individual needs in order to achieve emotional health and well-being.
We sometimes get to a point in life where we need to reset or just need to make some changes. Life can be chaotic and we need some help making sense of it all. I provide a safe and calm atmosphere to be heard, be real, and be understood. I am passionate about helping people navigate the many expected and unexpected events in their lives and helping you grow as a person. I view every client as unique therefore therapy is individualized to your individual needs in order to achieve emotional health and well-being.
(507) 824-6372 View (507) 824-6372
Photo of Blake Brinkman, Pre-Licensed Professional in Rochester, MN
Blake Brinkman
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
Rochester, MN 55904
Life presents many different challenges. Sometimes the weight of it is too much to carry alone. I want to help you find the help and strength you need. I provide therapeutic support for children, adolescents, and adults. Using an integrative approach to address your specific needs, I want to work together with you to achieve the goals and freedom you seek. I work primarily from a child-centered play therapy approach with children, and person-centered approach with adults.
Life presents many different challenges. Sometimes the weight of it is too much to carry alone. I want to help you find the help and strength you need. I provide therapeutic support for children, adolescents, and adults. Using an integrative approach to address your specific needs, I want to work together with you to achieve the goals and freedom you seek. I work primarily from a child-centered play therapy approach with children, and person-centered approach with adults.
(507) 223-4562 View (507) 223-4562
Photo of Katherine L Driskell, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Rochester, MN
Katherine L Driskell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Rochester, MN 55902  (Online Only)
Currently offering EMDR Intensives for trauma and performance enhancement in MN. Short-term focused intensive work to reach your goals more quickly. We're about possibilities. Growth after the storm. I love to work with survivors. Even if they don't feel like they're surviving so great right now. Life is hard sometimes. We can overcome what has happened and use it to help us thrive going forward. You're not defined by what happened to you, and can overcome and thrive. The most efficient way to these goals is through intensive trauma or performance focused therapy: 2 or 3 half day sessions concentrated in a short time frame.
Currently offering EMDR Intensives for trauma and performance enhancement in MN. Short-term focused intensive work to reach your goals more quickly. We're about possibilities. Growth after the storm. I love to work with survivors. Even if they don't feel like they're surviving so great right now. Life is hard sometimes. We can overcome what has happened and use it to help us thrive going forward. You're not defined by what happened to you, and can overcome and thrive. The most efficient way to these goals is through intensive trauma or performance focused therapy: 2 or 3 half day sessions concentrated in a short time frame.
(507) 698-1811 View (507) 698-1811
Photo of Dennis McGinnis, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Rochester, MN
Dennis McGinnis
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Rochester, MN 55901
Are you in mental pain and you need a safe space to talk with a professional ?
Are you in mental pain and you need a safe space to talk with a professional ?
(507) 533-3112 View (507) 533-3112
Photo of Julie Bussman, PhD, LP, Psychologist in Rochester, MN
Julie Bussman, PhD, LP
Psychologist, PhD, LP
Verified Verified
Rochester, MN 55901
Not accepting new clients
I am a licensed clinical psychologist who enjoys working with adolescents and adults. I have experience working in outpatient clinics, inpatient psychiatric hospitals, college counseling centers, elementary schools, private practice, drug treatment centers, Indian reservations, and in rural locations. I enjoy providing individual therapy services as well as psychological evaluations. I am licensed by the Minnesota Board of Psychology, California Board of Psychology, and the Florida Board of Psychology. I am a full member of the Minnesota Psychological Association and the American Psychological Association.
I am a licensed clinical psychologist who enjoys working with adolescents and adults. I have experience working in outpatient clinics, inpatient psychiatric hospitals, college counseling centers, elementary schools, private practice, drug treatment centers, Indian reservations, and in rural locations. I enjoy providing individual therapy services as well as psychological evaluations. I am licensed by the Minnesota Board of Psychology, California Board of Psychology, and the Florida Board of Psychology. I am a full member of the Minnesota Psychological Association and the American Psychological Association.
(507) 593-5388 View (507) 593-5388
Photo of Katie Wilder, Counselor in Rochester, MN
Katie Wilder
Counselor, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Rochester, MN 55901  (Online Only)
It is a priority that you feel safe and in control of your therapy, Over the course of our first three sessions, I will be asking a myriad of questions designed to help us determine a diagnosis & explore your needs. The fourth visit is a treatment planning session where we will work together to set quantitative goals. Your thoughts will be a valued piece of the equation. Ask me anything.
It is a priority that you feel safe and in control of your therapy, Over the course of our first three sessions, I will be asking a myriad of questions designed to help us determine a diagnosis & explore your needs. The fourth visit is a treatment planning session where we will work together to set quantitative goals. Your thoughts will be a valued piece of the equation. Ask me anything.
(507) 570-0693 View (507) 570-0693
Photo of Connie Wheeler, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor in Rochester, MN
Connie Wheeler
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC, LADC
Verified Verified
Rochester, MN 55901
Are you feeling uncertain and stuck? When terrible events or experiences happen in our lives, trauma is the emotional response that happens in our bodies. This could be a physical trauma such as a car accident, rape, physical abuse, or a natural disaster. There is also emotional trauma can be caused by emotional abuse, humiliation, and even grief. EMDR stands for Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing. This therapy is one of the most effective ways to treat trauma as it engages both sides of the brain and allows the trauma memory to be properly processed in the body.
Are you feeling uncertain and stuck? When terrible events or experiences happen in our lives, trauma is the emotional response that happens in our bodies. This could be a physical trauma such as a car accident, rape, physical abuse, or a natural disaster. There is also emotional trauma can be caused by emotional abuse, humiliation, and even grief. EMDR stands for Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing. This therapy is one of the most effective ways to treat trauma as it engages both sides of the brain and allows the trauma memory to be properly processed in the body.
(507) 412-5581 View (507) 412-5581
Photo of Connie Iezzi, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Rochester, MN
Connie Iezzi
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Rochester, MN 55901
‘We all have a story to tell, whether we whisper or we yell’. It takes bravery and resolve to begin steps towards change, be it personal, or professional. I understand how fear and doubt can keep one from reaching out, connecting, recognizing their obstacles, and realizing their path and potential. I strive to provide a safe, collaborative, nurturing, and validating space for clients to share their story and a place where we will work collectively to make sense of it to create an atmosphere for change. I use a variety of therapy models and techniques, tailoring my approach to a client's individual needs. One size does not fit all.
‘We all have a story to tell, whether we whisper or we yell’. It takes bravery and resolve to begin steps towards change, be it personal, or professional. I understand how fear and doubt can keep one from reaching out, connecting, recognizing their obstacles, and realizing their path and potential. I strive to provide a safe, collaborative, nurturing, and validating space for clients to share their story and a place where we will work collectively to make sense of it to create an atmosphere for change. I use a variety of therapy models and techniques, tailoring my approach to a client's individual needs. One size does not fit all.
(507) 306-1423 View (507) 306-1423
Photo of Adam Lee, Marriage & Family Therapist in Rochester, MN
Adam Lee
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, LADC
Verified Verified
Rochester, MN 55902
Are you feeling your life or relationships are off? That there is a way to make it better just around the corner but you don't know how to get there? I know exactly how you're feeling: frustrated in what you have tried, not where you want to be, feeling stuck, and ready to throw it all away. Being stuck can lead to depression, anxiety, or irritability. I don't want you to suffer any more. I look forward to teaching you how therapy can provide direction and help you take your life back.
Are you feeling your life or relationships are off? That there is a way to make it better just around the corner but you don't know how to get there? I know exactly how you're feeling: frustrated in what you have tried, not where you want to be, feeling stuck, and ready to throw it all away. Being stuck can lead to depression, anxiety, or irritability. I don't want you to suffer any more. I look forward to teaching you how therapy can provide direction and help you take your life back.
(507) 565-6617 View (507) 565-6617
Photo of Christina Pristash, MS, LMFT, LLC, Marriage & Family Therapist in Rochester, MN
Christina Pristash, MS, LMFT, LLC
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Rochester, MN 55906  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
I have a genuine interest in helping individuals and families achieve a greater sense of wellness in their lives. By learning to be good to yourself ultimately allows you to be the best you for others. Symptoms are often something we experience when life is out of balance and/or we aren't practicing wellness. I believe in creating a collaborative relationship between our mind and body, which promotes long-term health and wellness. We are ever-changing beings, and it is an empowering experience to embrace our evolution and allow our strengths and intentions to carry us forward.
I have a genuine interest in helping individuals and families achieve a greater sense of wellness in their lives. By learning to be good to yourself ultimately allows you to be the best you for others. Symptoms are often something we experience when life is out of balance and/or we aren't practicing wellness. I believe in creating a collaborative relationship between our mind and body, which promotes long-term health and wellness. We are ever-changing beings, and it is an empowering experience to embrace our evolution and allow our strengths and intentions to carry us forward.
(507) 322-3721 View (507) 322-3721

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Rochester, MN

100+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Rochester, MN who prioritize treating:

90% Anxiety
85% Depression
75% Self Esteem
70% Relationship Issues
70% Stress
67% Trauma and PTSD
67% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

77% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
76% Optum
66% BlueCross and BlueShield

How Therapists in Rochester, MN see their clients

71% In Person and Online
29% Online Only

Gender breakdown

80% Female
20% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Rochester?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.