Therapists in Naperville, IL

Photo of Aaron M. Polsky, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Naperville, IL
Aaron M. Polsky
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Naperville, IL 60563
You've lost someone who is so much more than just “close” to you. You've lost part of who you are. That person was part of your past and supposed to be part of your future. That person is part of what has made your life worth living. You literally cannot imagine life without them. As you go through your days, you find yourself about to call or text them. You want to tell them what just happened to you. But, of course, you can’t. It’s not fair. It’s not right. The pain is unbearable. This is the hardest thing you’ve ever had to live through. And it seems like everyone else has moved on. You can never move on.
You've lost someone who is so much more than just “close” to you. You've lost part of who you are. That person was part of your past and supposed to be part of your future. That person is part of what has made your life worth living. You literally cannot imagine life without them. As you go through your days, you find yourself about to call or text them. You want to tell them what just happened to you. But, of course, you can’t. It’s not fair. It’s not right. The pain is unbearable. This is the hardest thing you’ve ever had to live through. And it seems like everyone else has moved on. You can never move on.
(331) 425-6466 View (331) 425-6466
Photo of Christine B. Duda, Licensed Professional Counselor in Naperville, IL
Christine B. Duda
Licensed Professional Counselor, LCPC, CCMHC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Naperville, IL 60563
I am a Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor (LCPC), as well as a Certified Clinical Mental Health Counselor (CCMHC); board certification earning the highest standards of practice in clinical mental health counseling upon meeting stringent education, examination, supervision, experience, and ethical requirements. Beyond individual therapy, my clinical experience includes college counseling, children and family therapy services, working with individuals with severe mental illness in intensive outpatient residencies, corrections, as well as psychological testing and evaluation services.
I am a Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor (LCPC), as well as a Certified Clinical Mental Health Counselor (CCMHC); board certification earning the highest standards of practice in clinical mental health counseling upon meeting stringent education, examination, supervision, experience, and ethical requirements. Beyond individual therapy, my clinical experience includes college counseling, children and family therapy services, working with individuals with severe mental illness in intensive outpatient residencies, corrections, as well as psychological testing and evaluation services.
(331) 225-1106 View (331) 225-1106
Photo of Cindy Travnicek, Counselor in Naperville, IL
Cindy Travnicek
Counselor, MS, LCPC, BCC
Verified Verified
Naperville, IL 60540
**** Telehealth Available **** I like to offer clients new information and strategies when dealing with situations and relationship in their lives. I work with clients struggling with feelings of hopelessness, overwhelm, sadness, depression and/or frustration. I like to guide them to find relief and empower them to make choices which help to experience better relationships with others, as well as themselves. I enjoy working with clients who are looking for ways to manage or eliminate the perceived obstacles or circumstances that might be in their way.to reach their maximum level of happiness.
**** Telehealth Available **** I like to offer clients new information and strategies when dealing with situations and relationship in their lives. I work with clients struggling with feelings of hopelessness, overwhelm, sadness, depression and/or frustration. I like to guide them to find relief and empower them to make choices which help to experience better relationships with others, as well as themselves. I enjoy working with clients who are looking for ways to manage or eliminate the perceived obstacles or circumstances that might be in their way.to reach their maximum level of happiness.
(630) 560-4794 View (630) 560-4794
Photo of Joe Gryzbek, Psychologist in Naperville, IL
Joe Gryzbek
Psychologist, PsyD, LCP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Naperville, IL 60563
"You are braver than you believe, stronger than you seem, and smarter than you think." I believe this quote perfectly exemplifies my goal working with you as a client. When working with you, my number one priority is to create a safe environment and develop a strong, collaborative relationship. Therapy is a difficult process. However, we can create a safe environment which could ease this difficulty greatly. I utilize evidence-based interventions to help you learn to manage the challenges that life places in front of you and help you realize the strength inside of you to engage those challenges in a healthy manner.
"You are braver than you believe, stronger than you seem, and smarter than you think." I believe this quote perfectly exemplifies my goal working with you as a client. When working with you, my number one priority is to create a safe environment and develop a strong, collaborative relationship. Therapy is a difficult process. However, we can create a safe environment which could ease this difficulty greatly. I utilize evidence-based interventions to help you learn to manage the challenges that life places in front of you and help you realize the strength inside of you to engage those challenges in a healthy manner.
(630) 407-1245 View (630) 407-1245
Photo of Sarah Petzold, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor in Naperville, IL
Sarah Petzold
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, MS, LCPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Naperville, IL 60563
Hello, my name is Sarah Petzold, and I am a Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor. Therapy can be a daunting process, which is why I approach clients with empathy, warmth, and unconditional support. I prioritize creating a safe, non-judgmental environment for clients to explore thoughts and process difficult emotions. Above all, I am dedicated to providing compassionate and individualized care that meets the specific and unique needs of each client.
Hello, my name is Sarah Petzold, and I am a Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor. Therapy can be a daunting process, which is why I approach clients with empathy, warmth, and unconditional support. I prioritize creating a safe, non-judgmental environment for clients to explore thoughts and process difficult emotions. Above all, I am dedicated to providing compassionate and individualized care that meets the specific and unique needs of each client.
(331) 321-4436 View (331) 321-4436
Photo of William P. Russell, Marriage & Family Therapist in Naperville, IL
William P. Russell
Marriage & Family Therapist, LCSW, LMFT, BCD
Verified Verified
Naperville, IL 60540  (Online Only)
For over 35 years I have worked with individuals, couples and families to solve problems, improve relationships and make life transitions. In this time I have learned to respect the uniqueness of each individual and family, as well as the abilities and courage they bring to the challenges they face. My approach is friendly, straightforward and solution-focused, but with appreciation for the variety and complexity of factors that may be involved with the issues that folks bring to therapy. I enjoy collaborating with clients to manage stress and modify the patterns of thinking, feeling and acting that concern them.
For over 35 years I have worked with individuals, couples and families to solve problems, improve relationships and make life transitions. In this time I have learned to respect the uniqueness of each individual and family, as well as the abilities and courage they bring to the challenges they face. My approach is friendly, straightforward and solution-focused, but with appreciation for the variety and complexity of factors that may be involved with the issues that folks bring to therapy. I enjoy collaborating with clients to manage stress and modify the patterns of thinking, feeling and acting that concern them.
(847) 440-3982 x636 View (847) 440-3982 x636
Photo of Christine Carlsson, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor in Naperville, IL
Christine Carlsson
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, MA, LCPC
Verified Verified
Naperville, IL 60563
Sometimes we need help to gently untangle complicated situations, thoughts and emotions that are causing us pain and frustration. I walk alongside you on your journey of healing, hope and growth. Together we can understand and heal where the pain is coming from, set healthy boundaries, reduce conflict, regulate emotions and take committed concrete steps to a more joyful, satisfying life.
Sometimes we need help to gently untangle complicated situations, thoughts and emotions that are causing us pain and frustration. I walk alongside you on your journey of healing, hope and growth. Together we can understand and heal where the pain is coming from, set healthy boundaries, reduce conflict, regulate emotions and take committed concrete steps to a more joyful, satisfying life.
(331) 241-6808 View (331) 241-6808
Photo of Jordynn Lane, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Naperville, IL
Jordynn Lane
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSW
Verified Verified
Naperville, IL 60540
Jordynn Lane is a Licensed Social Worker in Illinois. Jordynn offers an approach of collaboration, mindfulness, empathy, and compassionate care to those who are struggling with anxiety, depression, conflict, trauma, behavioral problems, feeling misunderstood, and any other psychological/emotional distress. Jordynn's experiences working as a counselor in a residential psychiatric facility with children, in a county jail with adult inmates as a group facilitator, and as a therapist at a therapeutic day school have allowed her to see clients through many lenses.
Jordynn Lane is a Licensed Social Worker in Illinois. Jordynn offers an approach of collaboration, mindfulness, empathy, and compassionate care to those who are struggling with anxiety, depression, conflict, trauma, behavioral problems, feeling misunderstood, and any other psychological/emotional distress. Jordynn's experiences working as a counselor in a residential psychiatric facility with children, in a county jail with adult inmates as a group facilitator, and as a therapist at a therapeutic day school have allowed her to see clients through many lenses.
(630) 448-8436 View (630) 448-8436
Photo of Michael L Stoller, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Naperville, IL
Michael L Stoller
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Naperville, IL 60540
I work with men and women who are goal orientated and are interested in producing real change in their lives. I focus on issues including, relationships, marriage, divorce, parenting, anxiety, depression, and a variety of addictions. I also specialize in working with parents of teenagers and adolescents. I often use sports analogies and lessons to address issues such as self-esteem, depression, anxiety, and school performance. In addition to working with adults and teenagers, I work with couples focusing on conflict resolution, effective communication, parenting and other life transitions.
I work with men and women who are goal orientated and are interested in producing real change in their lives. I focus on issues including, relationships, marriage, divorce, parenting, anxiety, depression, and a variety of addictions. I also specialize in working with parents of teenagers and adolescents. I often use sports analogies and lessons to address issues such as self-esteem, depression, anxiety, and school performance. In addition to working with adults and teenagers, I work with couples focusing on conflict resolution, effective communication, parenting and other life transitions.
(773) 934-8721 View (773) 934-8721
Photo of Michele L Petersmark, Licensed Professional Counselor in Naperville, IL
Michele L Petersmark
Licensed Professional Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
Naperville, IL 60563  (Online Only)
Life is challenging. Within the context of supportive relationships and with sincere efforts, people can thrive. I am here to be part of that support. My goal is to provide you with a safe, nonjudgmental space to explore. Finding your true potential and living a fulfilled life is want I want for others. I work with a diverse clientele.
Life is challenging. Within the context of supportive relationships and with sincere efforts, people can thrive. I am here to be part of that support. My goal is to provide you with a safe, nonjudgmental space to explore. Finding your true potential and living a fulfilled life is want I want for others. I work with a diverse clientele.
(331) 231-2401 View (331) 231-2401
Photo of Rachel Weeks, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Naperville, IL
Rachel Weeks
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Naperville, IL 60540
As a Licensed Clinical Social Worker, I love working with children, adolescents and young adults. Focusing primarily on ages 8 through 40, I work best with those struggling with life transitions, trauma, behavioral issues, mood disorders, anxiety or those currently and/or have a history of crisis, such as experiencing thoughts or actions of self harm or suicidal thoughts. I tend to connect well with teens experiencing mood dysregulation, family or peer conflict and those in crisis. Those who are a part of the LGBTQ+ community, as well as those who struggle with eating disorders or substance use are also encouraged to reach out!
As a Licensed Clinical Social Worker, I love working with children, adolescents and young adults. Focusing primarily on ages 8 through 40, I work best with those struggling with life transitions, trauma, behavioral issues, mood disorders, anxiety or those currently and/or have a history of crisis, such as experiencing thoughts or actions of self harm or suicidal thoughts. I tend to connect well with teens experiencing mood dysregulation, family or peer conflict and those in crisis. Those who are a part of the LGBTQ+ community, as well as those who struggle with eating disorders or substance use are also encouraged to reach out!
(630) 206-4243 View (630) 206-4243
Photo of Michelle Mazurek, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Naperville, IL
Michelle Mazurek
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, ICDVP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Naperville, IL 60563
Michelle works with adults and adolescents ages 10+ on depression, anxiety, suicidal thoughts, self-injury behaviors, trauma, self-esteem, school anxiety, ADHD, eating disorders, LGBTQ, and emotional disregulation.
Michelle works with adults and adolescents ages 10+ on depression, anxiety, suicidal thoughts, self-injury behaviors, trauma, self-esteem, school anxiety, ADHD, eating disorders, LGBTQ, and emotional disregulation.
(630) 689-1022 View (630) 689-1022
Photo of Nicole J Medina, Pre-Licensed Professional in Naperville, IL
Nicole J Medina
Pre-Licensed Professional, PsyD, NCSP
Verified Verified
Naperville, IL 60564
Nicole J. Medina is a School Psychologist in Illinois. Nicole has earned a Psy.D. in School Psychology from The Chicago School of Professional Psychology. No matter what someone is facing, Nicole offers a safe and supportive space to explore all of the factors that are or could be contributing to the situation. Nicole’s life and professional experiences offer a range of perspective taking abilities and resilience building that allow her to meet the client where they are and to walk with them on the therapeutic journey.
Nicole J. Medina is a School Psychologist in Illinois. Nicole has earned a Psy.D. in School Psychology from The Chicago School of Professional Psychology. No matter what someone is facing, Nicole offers a safe and supportive space to explore all of the factors that are or could be contributing to the situation. Nicole’s life and professional experiences offer a range of perspective taking abilities and resilience building that allow her to meet the client where they are and to walk with them on the therapeutic journey.
(630) 394-5827 View (630) 394-5827
Photo of Cindy Surges O'Donnell, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Naperville, IL
Cindy Surges O'Donnell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Naperville, IL 60563
Sometimes you don't know where to turn, what to do or who to talk to as life circumstances can be overwhelming. Maybe you need someone to help you sort through your thoughts and choices. There are times in everyone's life that this can happen, you are not alone.
Sometimes you don't know where to turn, what to do or who to talk to as life circumstances can be overwhelming. Maybe you need someone to help you sort through your thoughts and choices. There are times in everyone's life that this can happen, you are not alone.
(779) 235-9185 View (779) 235-9185
Photo of Sheila Hynes, Marriage & Family Therapist in Naperville, IL
Sheila Hynes
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Naperville, IL 60564
Waitlist for new clients
In my practice, I work with couples, individuals, and families utilizing methods from Emotionally Focused Therapy. This scientifically proven approach, developed by Dr. Sue Johnson, helps people understand and improve their emotional connection with themselves and others. Couples learn how to reconnect through listening, validation, and empathy. The EFT process, backed by research, enables couples, families, and individuals to create secure attachments, leading to improvements in depression and anxiety. I offer faith-based counseling in my practice according to my client's preferences.
In my practice, I work with couples, individuals, and families utilizing methods from Emotionally Focused Therapy. This scientifically proven approach, developed by Dr. Sue Johnson, helps people understand and improve their emotional connection with themselves and others. Couples learn how to reconnect through listening, validation, and empathy. The EFT process, backed by research, enables couples, families, and individuals to create secure attachments, leading to improvements in depression and anxiety. I offer faith-based counseling in my practice according to my client's preferences.
(331) 701-2676 View (331) 701-2676
Photo of LaShara Shaw in Naperville, IL
LaShara Shaw
LCPC, CRC, DMin
Verified Verified
Naperville, IL 60563  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Sometimes life makes it feel like there are limited options, and our feelings can be overwhelming. However, in the face of pain and suffering, we have the power to choose how to engage with these hardships. There is freedom to choose our responses, and moving forward with committed action is empowering. I would be happy to collaborate with you in the therapeutic process, to explore feelings, learning coping skills, and maintain healthy responses. In life we may feel content being still, making lateral moves, or at times pivoting. As we navigate your views of self, thriving, living we can face carpe diem, pluck the day.
Sometimes life makes it feel like there are limited options, and our feelings can be overwhelming. However, in the face of pain and suffering, we have the power to choose how to engage with these hardships. There is freedom to choose our responses, and moving forward with committed action is empowering. I would be happy to collaborate with you in the therapeutic process, to explore feelings, learning coping skills, and maintain healthy responses. In life we may feel content being still, making lateral moves, or at times pivoting. As we navigate your views of self, thriving, living we can face carpe diem, pluck the day.
(331) 215-9678 View (331) 215-9678
Photo of Inspirations of Courage, PLLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Naperville, IL
Inspirations of Courage, PLLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Naperville, IL 60563  (Online Only)
Charisma S. Pryor, LCSW of Inspirations of Courage, PLLC, specializes in counseling individuals suffering from anxiety, depression, marital/partner problems, and more. Her treatment focuses on identifying tools to address the problem(s), improve coping skills, and positively recognize the client’s accomplishments! She brings over 21 years of experience as a Black female therapist, social worker, and counselor treating children, women, and men. Sessions are conducted virtually. I'm available to support you through your journey. Let's work together!
Charisma S. Pryor, LCSW of Inspirations of Courage, PLLC, specializes in counseling individuals suffering from anxiety, depression, marital/partner problems, and more. Her treatment focuses on identifying tools to address the problem(s), improve coping skills, and positively recognize the client’s accomplishments! She brings over 21 years of experience as a Black female therapist, social worker, and counselor treating children, women, and men. Sessions are conducted virtually. I'm available to support you through your journey. Let's work together!
(331) 999-6118 View (331) 999-6118
Photo of Angela Johnson, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor in Naperville, IL
Angela Johnson
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Naperville, IL 60540
My name is Angela Johnson, and I’m a Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor with over 15 years of clinical experience working with young adults and the LGBTQ+ community with Anxiety, Depression, Bipolar Disorder, Trauma, PTSD, and Panic Attacks. I utilize a combination of Cognitive Behavioral (CBT), Couples Therapy, Mindfulness-Based (MBCT), Motivational Interviewing, and Trauma Focused during my treatments with clients. I believe it is also my job to help clients learn about themselves and determine what is important and what is not.
My name is Angela Johnson, and I’m a Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor with over 15 years of clinical experience working with young adults and the LGBTQ+ community with Anxiety, Depression, Bipolar Disorder, Trauma, PTSD, and Panic Attacks. I utilize a combination of Cognitive Behavioral (CBT), Couples Therapy, Mindfulness-Based (MBCT), Motivational Interviewing, and Trauma Focused during my treatments with clients. I believe it is also my job to help clients learn about themselves and determine what is important and what is not.
(224) 970-2777 View (224) 970-2777
Photo of Soyoung Suh, Psychologist in Naperville, IL
Soyoung Suh
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Naperville, IL 60563
I believe therapy is a process of growth in which a client and a therapist collaborate with each other. I strive to provide safe and caring environment where clients can explore their potential to grow.
I believe therapy is a process of growth in which a client and a therapist collaborate with each other. I strive to provide safe and caring environment where clients can explore their potential to grow.
(331) 207-3030 View (331) 207-3030
Photo of Darcy R Wexelbaum, Counselor in Naperville, IL
Darcy R Wexelbaum
Counselor, LCPC, LPC
Verified Verified
Naperville, IL 60564
I am a Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor with over 23 years of experience working with children, adolescents, adults, and families. My clinical experiences afforded me the opportunities to help individuals with Adjustment, Anxiety, Depressive, Disruptive Behavior, Impulse Control, Inattention and Hyperactivity, Mood, Personality, and Post-Traumatic Stress disorders, as well those struggling with death and dying, divorce/separation, family conflict, grief and loss, identity, parenting challenges, self-esteem and various stage of life transitions.
I am a Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor with over 23 years of experience working with children, adolescents, adults, and families. My clinical experiences afforded me the opportunities to help individuals with Adjustment, Anxiety, Depressive, Disruptive Behavior, Impulse Control, Inattention and Hyperactivity, Mood, Personality, and Post-Traumatic Stress disorders, as well those struggling with death and dying, divorce/separation, family conflict, grief and loss, identity, parenting challenges, self-esteem and various stage of life transitions.
(630) 426-6724 View (630) 426-6724

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Naperville, IL

1,000+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Naperville, IL who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
90% Depression
73% Relationship Issues
73% Self Esteem
68% Trauma and PTSD
65% Coping Skills
64% Grief

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

95% BlueCross and BlueShield
70% Aetna
62% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Naperville, IL see their clients

74% In Person and Online
26% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
18% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Naperville?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.