Therapists in Tucson, AZ

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Photo of LOREL J Humburg, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Tucson, AZ
LOREL J Humburg
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Tucson, AZ 85741
If your world has been turned upside down, I offer a healing space of understanding and acceptance with a holistic focus on the mind, body spirit connection. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with a rich variety of life experiences. I taught French, Spanish and Music in the Public Schools and ran a Private Music Studio. I became involved in Pastoral Care through my church as I worked on my own abuse history. I decided to enroll in the University of Texas at Austin School of Social Work in order to help others who are in emotional, spiritual and physical pain.
If your world has been turned upside down, I offer a healing space of understanding and acceptance with a holistic focus on the mind, body spirit connection. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with a rich variety of life experiences. I taught French, Spanish and Music in the Public Schools and ran a Private Music Studio. I became involved in Pastoral Care through my church as I worked on my own abuse history. I decided to enroll in the University of Texas at Austin School of Social Work in order to help others who are in emotional, spiritual and physical pain.
(803) 859-4663 View (803) 859-4663
Photo of Valeria Morado, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Tucson, AZ
Valeria Morado
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Tucson, AZ 85747  (Online Only)
Welcome! I'm Valeria, a dedicated mental health professional with six years of experience supporting individuals through challenges like anxiety, depression, trauma, and family conflict. As a first-generation Mexican-American, I understand the impact of generational trauma on immigrant populations.
Welcome! I'm Valeria, a dedicated mental health professional with six years of experience supporting individuals through challenges like anxiety, depression, trauma, and family conflict. As a first-generation Mexican-American, I understand the impact of generational trauma on immigrant populations.
(520) 636-0976 View (520) 636-0976
Photo of Arianna Gray, Counselor in Tucson, AZ
Arianna Gray
Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Tucson, AZ 85719
Do you help others but feel stuck yourself? I work with people in the helping professions to restore delight and inspiration to their own life and work. The calling to be a professional helper is filled with challenges that can throw us off balance. While we support others, we still have our own dreams and concerns. We all need a safe place to step out of the role of "helper" and be real about what we're facing. Yet when we spend all our time supporting others, it can be hard to find someone appropriate for us to turn to.
Do you help others but feel stuck yourself? I work with people in the helping professions to restore delight and inspiration to their own life and work. The calling to be a professional helper is filled with challenges that can throw us off balance. While we support others, we still have our own dreams and concerns. We all need a safe place to step out of the role of "helper" and be real about what we're facing. Yet when we spend all our time supporting others, it can be hard to find someone appropriate for us to turn to.
(520) 413-2804 View (520) 413-2804
Photo of Michaela Conley, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Tucson, AZ
Michaela Conley
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, LAMFT, DipACLM, MCHES, NBC-HWC
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Tucson, AZ 85710
I believe in the power of connection and the resilience of love. I specialize in couples relationship counseling, my practice offers a compassionate and safe space for partners to explore, understand, and strengthen their bonds. Whether you're navigating communication barriers, facing emotional disconnect, or seeking to rekindle the spark in your relationship, I'm here to guide you through. My approach is rooted in both the Gottman Method & Emotionally Focused Therapy, tailored to address the unique dynamics of your partnership.
I believe in the power of connection and the resilience of love. I specialize in couples relationship counseling, my practice offers a compassionate and safe space for partners to explore, understand, and strengthen their bonds. Whether you're navigating communication barriers, facing emotional disconnect, or seeking to rekindle the spark in your relationship, I'm here to guide you through. My approach is rooted in both the Gottman Method & Emotionally Focused Therapy, tailored to address the unique dynamics of your partnership.
(520) 462-4486 View (520) 462-4486
Photo of Ginger Barker, Counselor in Tucson, AZ
Ginger Barker
Counselor, MA, LAC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Tucson, AZ 85715
From the outside it looks like you have a great life. But on the inside, you never feel good enough and are overwhelmed. It’s exhausting trying to keep it all together and you don’t think you can do it anymore. You give so much to others while you continue to come last. Life has become unmanageable or maybe you look to others for validation or a sense of self. It is possible to find relief, connect to yourself and feel balanced. It is time for change.
From the outside it looks like you have a great life. But on the inside, you never feel good enough and are overwhelmed. It’s exhausting trying to keep it all together and you don’t think you can do it anymore. You give so much to others while you continue to come last. Life has become unmanageable or maybe you look to others for validation or a sense of self. It is possible to find relief, connect to yourself and feel balanced. It is time for change.
(520) 214-8650 View (520) 214-8650
Photo of Turn Your Life Around, Inc. in Tucson, AZ
Turn Your Life Around, Inc.
Verified Verified
Tucson, AZ 85705
We specialize in Evaluations for DUI,level 1 & 2, Domestic Violence, Anger Management, Substance Abuse counseling .Individual and group counseling , for these programs. Also 16 hour DUI Education ,Treatment and REVOCATION PACKAGES. Services are accepted by all government agencies in the state of Arizona, other states with permission.We also do Diversion classes in Tucson, and throughout the state, with permission other states too Turn Your Life Around, Inc., has a friendly and caring staff to assist you with all of your counseling needs. Special rates for veterans in the veterans homeless court .
We specialize in Evaluations for DUI,level 1 & 2, Domestic Violence, Anger Management, Substance Abuse counseling .Individual and group counseling , for these programs. Also 16 hour DUI Education ,Treatment and REVOCATION PACKAGES. Services are accepted by all government agencies in the state of Arizona, other states with permission.We also do Diversion classes in Tucson, and throughout the state, with permission other states too Turn Your Life Around, Inc., has a friendly and caring staff to assist you with all of your counseling needs. Special rates for veterans in the veterans homeless court .
(520) 329-1326 View (520) 329-1326
Photo of Jessica Rojas, Counselor in Tucson, AZ
Jessica Rojas
Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Tucson, AZ 85710  (Online Only)
Therapy should be a safe place for growth and healing. It is important to have a validating environment to work on obstacles and challenges we all face in our lives. I am an Associate Licensed Mental Health Counselor with a private practice in Tucson, Arizona. I have worked in the behavioral health field since 2010 and enjoy working with individuals of different ages and needs.
Therapy should be a safe place for growth and healing. It is important to have a validating environment to work on obstacles and challenges we all face in our lives. I am an Associate Licensed Mental Health Counselor with a private practice in Tucson, Arizona. I have worked in the behavioral health field since 2010 and enjoy working with individuals of different ages and needs.
(520) 210-5696 View (520) 210-5696
Photo of Sherry Sterling, Licensed Professional Counselor in Tucson, AZ
Sherry Sterling
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Tucson, AZ 85719
Sometimes, situations and feelings are too much to bear alone. In therapy, you have a chance to be heard, to be seen and valued, and to express your deepest feelings. With a gentle and compassionate presence, I create a safe place for you to go within and find the core of who you are--and from that place, be guided. With a nonjudgmental and caring outlook, I invite awareness, acceptance, and appreciation of all emotions and their expression, including the difficult ones, giving them room to BE, and then they can change.
Sometimes, situations and feelings are too much to bear alone. In therapy, you have a chance to be heard, to be seen and valued, and to express your deepest feelings. With a gentle and compassionate presence, I create a safe place for you to go within and find the core of who you are--and from that place, be guided. With a nonjudgmental and caring outlook, I invite awareness, acceptance, and appreciation of all emotions and their expression, including the difficult ones, giving them room to BE, and then they can change.
(520) 252-4007 View (520) 252-4007
Photo of Bravura Counseling Services, Licensed Professional Counselor in Tucson, AZ
Bravura Counseling Services
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Tucson, AZ 85710
Often, we rely on our natural supports for guidance however soon we realize, it is not helpful, perhaps because they say what they think we want to hear, and that’s not beneficial. I believe that for change to occur we must gain insight and self-awareness into the problem and that the therapeutic relationship between a client and therapist is essential. Despite the adversity you have encountered you deserve to live your best life and experience the best version of you. My role is to implement the most appropriate strategies and interventions and use my 17 years of experience in community mental health to support and guide you.
Often, we rely on our natural supports for guidance however soon we realize, it is not helpful, perhaps because they say what they think we want to hear, and that’s not beneficial. I believe that for change to occur we must gain insight and self-awareness into the problem and that the therapeutic relationship between a client and therapist is essential. Despite the adversity you have encountered you deserve to live your best life and experience the best version of you. My role is to implement the most appropriate strategies and interventions and use my 17 years of experience in community mental health to support and guide you.
(520) 266-5152 View (520) 266-5152
Photo of Healing Life Counseling-Tucson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Tucson, AZ
Healing Life Counseling-Tucson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Tucson, AZ 85704
We now have an office in Tucson and are accepting New Clients. Welcome! We are a team of trained and qualified counselors who can help children, adolescents and adults cope with anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, trauma, LGBTQIA+, eating disorders, ADHD, grief, relationship problems, addictions, codependency, career/job related issues, OCD, school problems, anger, major life changes, decision making, gender identity, crisis intervention and stress. We are passionate about helping you find new skills that will help you manage your symptoms and target ineffective behaviors, beliefs and habits that impact your quality of life.
We now have an office in Tucson and are accepting New Clients. Welcome! We are a team of trained and qualified counselors who can help children, adolescents and adults cope with anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, trauma, LGBTQIA+, eating disorders, ADHD, grief, relationship problems, addictions, codependency, career/job related issues, OCD, school problems, anger, major life changes, decision making, gender identity, crisis intervention and stress. We are passionate about helping you find new skills that will help you manage your symptoms and target ineffective behaviors, beliefs and habits that impact your quality of life.
(480) 482-1838 View (480) 482-1838
Photo of Ugochukwu U Uche, Counselor in Tucson, AZ
Ugochukwu U Uche
Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Tucson, AZ 85710
I provide coaching services for children and adolescents who struggle with executive functioning disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, (ADHD). These children and adolescents struggle with organizational skills, maintaining focus and concentration on tasks they do not find entertaining. They also struggle with consistently regulating their emotions. As a result of these difficulties these children and adolescents experience academic underachievement, disciplinary issues at school and at home, and relationship issues with their peers and relatives.
I provide coaching services for children and adolescents who struggle with executive functioning disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, (ADHD). These children and adolescents struggle with organizational skills, maintaining focus and concentration on tasks they do not find entertaining. They also struggle with consistently regulating their emotions. As a result of these difficulties these children and adolescents experience academic underachievement, disciplinary issues at school and at home, and relationship issues with their peers and relatives.
(520) 955-5208 View (520) 955-5208
Photo of Vanessa L. Mills, Licensed Professional Counselor in Tucson, AZ
Vanessa L. Mills
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Tucson, AZ 85705
At one time or another we all face challenges in our lives. Some of these issues may become to complex for us to handle on our own. It may feel like these struggles and life challenges may never go away. And the past can feel like the present. However, things can get better and the difficulties you are currently struggling with can resolve with therapy. Seeking counseling may be the first step towards restoring peace and happiness back in your life. It is important to find the right therapist for you. I am committed to helping you achieve your goals and support you throughout your journey.
At one time or another we all face challenges in our lives. Some of these issues may become to complex for us to handle on our own. It may feel like these struggles and life challenges may never go away. And the past can feel like the present. However, things can get better and the difficulties you are currently struggling with can resolve with therapy. Seeking counseling may be the first step towards restoring peace and happiness back in your life. It is important to find the right therapist for you. I am committed to helping you achieve your goals and support you throughout your journey.
(520) 355-1281 View (520) 355-1281
Photo of Kathleen Young, Psychologist in Tucson, AZ
Kathleen Young
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Tucson, AZ 85716  (Online Only)
Do you feel overwhelmed? Stuck? Are you struggling with unresolved past pain? Healing is possible. I can help. My career focus has been on treating trauma and its aftermath. I have training and experience with many trauma treatment approaches ( PE, CPT, EMDR, DBT) which I apply in the context of a psychodynamic and relational approach to therapy. You have the right to seek a therapist who is a good fit!
Do you feel overwhelmed? Stuck? Are you struggling with unresolved past pain? Healing is possible. I can help. My career focus has been on treating trauma and its aftermath. I have training and experience with many trauma treatment approaches ( PE, CPT, EMDR, DBT) which I apply in the context of a psychodynamic and relational approach to therapy. You have the right to seek a therapist who is a good fit!
(520) 346-0915 View (520) 346-0915
Photo of Sherrill Koogler, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Tucson, AZ
Sherrill Koogler
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, RPT-S
Verified Verified
Tucson, AZ 85704
Are you frustrated with your child’s behavior? Are you receiving phone calls from your child’s school? Is your child having difficulty regulating emotions and following directions? Both parents and children become frustrated and their relationship suffers. I use the language of play to connect with children and help them learn to express their needs in a safe manner. I specialize in working with children who have difficulty managing emotions and behavior at home and at school.
Are you frustrated with your child’s behavior? Are you receiving phone calls from your child’s school? Is your child having difficulty regulating emotions and following directions? Both parents and children become frustrated and their relationship suffers. I use the language of play to connect with children and help them learn to express their needs in a safe manner. I specialize in working with children who have difficulty managing emotions and behavior at home and at school.
(520) 462-8867 View (520) 462-8867
Photo of Jan Allard, Licensed Professional Counselor in Tucson, AZ
Jan Allard
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Tucson, AZ 85716
Are stressors getting in the way of life? Are you having a hard time finding solutions? We all face these “bumps” through life and can navigate through them, but at times it’s more difficult. Feeling overwhelmed, you may feel the internal stress affecting parts of your life. Oftentimes, this may be the root of depression or anxiety. I offer my experience and a comfortable safe space to meet and talk collaboratively to discover the roots of the stress and find solutions.
Are stressors getting in the way of life? Are you having a hard time finding solutions? We all face these “bumps” through life and can navigate through them, but at times it’s more difficult. Feeling overwhelmed, you may feel the internal stress affecting parts of your life. Oftentimes, this may be the root of depression or anxiety. I offer my experience and a comfortable safe space to meet and talk collaboratively to discover the roots of the stress and find solutions.
(520) 502-6134 View (520) 502-6134
Photo of Eileen Maria Bauer, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Tucson, AZ
Eileen Maria Bauer
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Tucson, AZ 85711
Do you feel lost on your path? Our life's journey is not always as clear as we would like it to be. Sometimes we have doubts about work, family life or relationships. You realize that life seems off balance and wonder how to fix things. As we hurry through life we can lose touch with our authentic Self and symptoms of depression/anxiety may appear. Valleys are a natural part of life but you do not need to suffer through these alone. As you reach out for help you will come to realize that it is during these times exactly, when we grow the most - I will be here for you, to listen and give you the safe space to figure things out.
Do you feel lost on your path? Our life's journey is not always as clear as we would like it to be. Sometimes we have doubts about work, family life or relationships. You realize that life seems off balance and wonder how to fix things. As we hurry through life we can lose touch with our authentic Self and symptoms of depression/anxiety may appear. Valleys are a natural part of life but you do not need to suffer through these alone. As you reach out for help you will come to realize that it is during these times exactly, when we grow the most - I will be here for you, to listen and give you the safe space to figure things out.
(520) 518-3335 View (520) 518-3335
Photo of Stacey Ramsower, Pre-Licensed Professional in Tucson, AZ
Stacey Ramsower
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Tucson, AZ 85712
Accepting new clients. I am a psychologist candidate specializing in women's sexual and reproductive health. With a background in dance, theatre, and yoga, I found my way to psychology through movement and somatic practice. As a Somatic Experiencing Practitioner and Somatic Sex Educator, I provide you a safe space to process trauma, discover techniques that bring you back to the present, and develop skills to recognize your strengths. Together, we will empower you with the tools to foster trust in yourself and the capacity to build healthy relationships with yourself and others.
Accepting new clients. I am a psychologist candidate specializing in women's sexual and reproductive health. With a background in dance, theatre, and yoga, I found my way to psychology through movement and somatic practice. As a Somatic Experiencing Practitioner and Somatic Sex Educator, I provide you a safe space to process trauma, discover techniques that bring you back to the present, and develop skills to recognize your strengths. Together, we will empower you with the tools to foster trust in yourself and the capacity to build healthy relationships with yourself and others.
(520) 423-6476 View (520) 423-6476
Photo of Ezra E Smith, Psychologist in Tucson, AZ
Ezra E Smith
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Tucson, AZ 85719
My therapeutic style stems from cognitive-behavioral, trauma-focused, and client-centered approaches. I make a special effort to meet clients where they are at emotionally, and specializes in therapeutic techniques that are grounded in scientific evidence. I also conduct psychiatric and neuropsychological assessments to help clarify diagnoses of psychological and neurological disorders.
My therapeutic style stems from cognitive-behavioral, trauma-focused, and client-centered approaches. I make a special effort to meet clients where they are at emotionally, and specializes in therapeutic techniques that are grounded in scientific evidence. I also conduct psychiatric and neuropsychological assessments to help clarify diagnoses of psychological and neurological disorders.
(520) 779-5547 View (520) 779-5547
Photo of Ari Myers, Pre-Licensed Professional in Tucson, AZ
Ari Myers
Pre-Licensed Professional, LMSW
Verified Verified
Tucson, AZ 85719
I work with folks who are navigating gender identity and relationship changes, as well as people in polyamory or other forms of ethical non-monogamy, members of the kink community, and people who hope to move beyond their past trauma. My work is rooted in a recognition that social work and therapy are inherently political, and I bring a recognition of structural oppression to this work. I believe that so many challenges in our lives can’t be understood outside of the context of systemic issues, and I hope to support you in your growth in spite of the fact that we exist in an oppressive system.
I work with folks who are navigating gender identity and relationship changes, as well as people in polyamory or other forms of ethical non-monogamy, members of the kink community, and people who hope to move beyond their past trauma. My work is rooted in a recognition that social work and therapy are inherently political, and I bring a recognition of structural oppression to this work. I believe that so many challenges in our lives can’t be understood outside of the context of systemic issues, and I hope to support you in your growth in spite of the fact that we exist in an oppressive system.
(520) 412-5621 View (520) 412-5621
Photo of DBT Resiliency Center, Licensed Professional Counselor in Tucson, AZ
DBT Resiliency Center
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Tucson, AZ 85746  (Online Only)
DBT Resiliency Center specializes in DBT for Children. DBT for Children (DBT-C) is a treatment program that focuses on skill development for parents of kids who are emotionally sensitive and highly reactive. DBT-C focuses on changing the environment to meet the needs of the child. For this reason, the family is seen as the “patient". Adults, teens, tweens and children who would like to learn skills for coping with intense emotions and working towards a life worth living. We want to grow and learn how to change certain behaviors. Intense emotions, feelings of hopelessness sometimes make that change difficult to achieve.
DBT Resiliency Center specializes in DBT for Children. DBT for Children (DBT-C) is a treatment program that focuses on skill development for parents of kids who are emotionally sensitive and highly reactive. DBT-C focuses on changing the environment to meet the needs of the child. For this reason, the family is seen as the “patient". Adults, teens, tweens and children who would like to learn skills for coping with intense emotions and working towards a life worth living. We want to grow and learn how to change certain behaviors. Intense emotions, feelings of hopelessness sometimes make that change difficult to achieve.
(520) 337-8709 View (520) 337-8709

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Tucson, AZ

900+

Average cost per session

$130

Therapists in Tucson, AZ who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
88% Depression
80% Self Esteem
78% Relationship Issues
75% Trauma and PTSD
69% Coping Skills
67% Stress

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

77% Aetna
68% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
67% BlueCross and BlueShield

How Therapists in Tucson, AZ see their clients

65% In Person and Online
35% Online Only

Gender breakdown

80% Female
18% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Tucson?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.