Therapists in Park City, UT

Photo of Saddle of Love, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Park City, UT
Saddle of Love
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Park City, UT 84098
Saddle of Love will be a 501(c)(3) non-profit Equine Assisted Psychotherapy (EAP) program. Our mission is to teach trust, self- love, and positive life coping skills to youth through Equine Assisted Psychotherapy. We will partner with horses for the exploration of self- awareness, connection and confidence and love to gain new perspectives on life. We offer EMDR, individual, group and family therapy as well as camps, retreats, culinary and horticulture therapy.
Saddle of Love will be a 501(c)(3) non-profit Equine Assisted Psychotherapy (EAP) program. Our mission is to teach trust, self- love, and positive life coping skills to youth through Equine Assisted Psychotherapy. We will partner with horses for the exploration of self- awareness, connection and confidence and love to gain new perspectives on life. We offer EMDR, individual, group and family therapy as well as camps, retreats, culinary and horticulture therapy.
(435) 292-5379 View (435) 292-5379
Photo of Jody Sargent, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Park City, UT
Jody Sargent
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW, MRC, LVRC
Verified Verified
Park City, UT 84060
I work hard to help my clients feel heard and teach them the skills they need to cope with the challenges of life. I also help them to find their voice and teach them to share it with those around them. Life is challenging, especially in the tough environment we live in today. I love learning and am trained in a wide variety of modalities. A few of my trainings include play therapy, trauma, EMDR, CBT, and LGBTQ+.
I work hard to help my clients feel heard and teach them the skills they need to cope with the challenges of life. I also help them to find their voice and teach them to share it with those around them. Life is challenging, especially in the tough environment we live in today. I love learning and am trained in a wide variety of modalities. A few of my trainings include play therapy, trauma, EMDR, CBT, and LGBTQ+.
(385) 247-0043 View (385) 247-0043
Photo of Centered Counseling, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Park City, UT
Centered Counseling
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MBA
Verified Verified
Park City, UT 84098
Centered Counseling is dedicated to serving children, adolescents, adults and their families from varied socioeconomic, ethnic, and mental health backgrounds. Our purpose is to assist clients in overcoming personal, family and community struggles in order to become a more integrated, balanced and successful individual. Centered Counseling has a heightened commitment to practice within ethical and professional guidelines while meeting the individual emotional needs of our clientele in a respectful and dignified manner.
Centered Counseling is dedicated to serving children, adolescents, adults and their families from varied socioeconomic, ethnic, and mental health backgrounds. Our purpose is to assist clients in overcoming personal, family and community struggles in order to become a more integrated, balanced and successful individual. Centered Counseling has a heightened commitment to practice within ethical and professional guidelines while meeting the individual emotional needs of our clientele in a respectful and dignified manner.
(435) 214-1878 View (435) 214-1878
Photo of Wendy M Troxel, Psychologist in Park City, UT
Wendy M Troxel
Psychologist, PhD, CBSM
Verified Verified
Park City, UT 84098
Waitlist for new clients
I am a licensed clinical psychologist and author of “Sharing the Covers: Every Couple’s Guide to Better Sleep. I am a certified behavioral sleep medicine specialist, with over 15 years of clinical experience and specialty training in sleep medicine. I provide cognitive-behavioral treatment for sleep problems and disorders. My work has been featured by major news outlets, including WSJ, NY Times, ABC News, and National Geographic, and my TEDx talk on adolescent sleep has been viewed over 2 million times. I am passionate about helping people improve sleep to improve their productivity, health, and well-being.
I am a licensed clinical psychologist and author of “Sharing the Covers: Every Couple’s Guide to Better Sleep. I am a certified behavioral sleep medicine specialist, with over 15 years of clinical experience and specialty training in sleep medicine. I provide cognitive-behavioral treatment for sleep problems and disorders. My work has been featured by major news outlets, including WSJ, NY Times, ABC News, and National Geographic, and my TEDx talk on adolescent sleep has been viewed over 2 million times. I am passionate about helping people improve sleep to improve their productivity, health, and well-being.
(435) 441-4324 View (435) 441-4324
Photo of Annika Marshall, Marriage & Family Therapist in Park City, UT
Annika Marshall
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, LMFT-S, CFLE
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Park City, UT 84098  (Online Only)
I believe that every person deserves beautiful relationships built on trust, compassion, effective communication, and mutual respect. If you're in a new relationship, therapy can be an ideal place to create a strong foundation for lasting love. Therapy is also for people facing the most difficult personal and relationship challenges such as chronic mental health concerns, extreme conflict, trauma, parenting/family issues, and profound betrayal. I have an unwavering commitment to helping individuals and couples heal, renew connections, or make brave decisions to choose new unknown paths.
I believe that every person deserves beautiful relationships built on trust, compassion, effective communication, and mutual respect. If you're in a new relationship, therapy can be an ideal place to create a strong foundation for lasting love. Therapy is also for people facing the most difficult personal and relationship challenges such as chronic mental health concerns, extreme conflict, trauma, parenting/family issues, and profound betrayal. I have an unwavering commitment to helping individuals and couples heal, renew connections, or make brave decisions to choose new unknown paths.
(864) 514-5733 View (864) 514-5733
Photo of Maura Hanrahan in Park City, UT
Maura Hanrahan
MD
Verified Verified
Park City, UT 84098  (Online Only)
If you are someone who suffers from chronic insomnia, you are not alone! Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I) is an effective and long-lasting treatment for insomnia and is recommended as first-line treatment by the National Institutes of Health and other major medical organizations. I am a Family Physician who treats clients with CBT-I, and I love seeing people’s sleep and overall quality of life improve during this process. This has a high success rate for significantly improved sleep, decline in daytime fatigue and irritability, and reduction or elimination of sleeping pills.
If you are someone who suffers from chronic insomnia, you are not alone! Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I) is an effective and long-lasting treatment for insomnia and is recommended as first-line treatment by the National Institutes of Health and other major medical organizations. I am a Family Physician who treats clients with CBT-I, and I love seeing people’s sleep and overall quality of life improve during this process. This has a high success rate for significantly improved sleep, decline in daytime fatigue and irritability, and reduction or elimination of sleeping pills.
(435) 201-8931 View (435) 201-8931
Photo of James K Ott, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Park City, UT
James K Ott
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CAI, CIP
Verified Verified
8 Endorsed
Park City, UT 84060
Addiction to drugs and alcohol is destructive not only to the person addicted, but also their family and friends. I specialize in treating addiction and the correlating feelings of worthlessness, depression, and anxiety. Healing from substance abuse and/or mood imbalance is done by strengthening an individual's mental, physical, and spiritual nature, stopping negative cycles, and re-creating an authentic person. To support the healing process I provide therapeutic services for both individuals and their families. Most therapy is usually accomplished in 2-4 months. I offer a consultation to determine if my skill-set matches your needs.
Addiction to drugs and alcohol is destructive not only to the person addicted, but also their family and friends. I specialize in treating addiction and the correlating feelings of worthlessness, depression, and anxiety. Healing from substance abuse and/or mood imbalance is done by strengthening an individual's mental, physical, and spiritual nature, stopping negative cycles, and re-creating an authentic person. To support the healing process I provide therapeutic services for both individuals and their families. Most therapy is usually accomplished in 2-4 months. I offer a consultation to determine if my skill-set matches your needs.
(801) 769-0259 View (801) 769-0259
Photo of Mountain Pediatric Psychology, Psychologist in Park City, UT
Mountain Pediatric Psychology
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Park City, UT 84098
Mountain Pediatric Psychology provides mental health services to children and adolescents who are medically complex and their families. MPP also serves LGBTQIA+ youth seeking support along their medical journey.
Mountain Pediatric Psychology provides mental health services to children and adolescents who are medically complex and their families. MPP also serves LGBTQIA+ youth seeking support along their medical journey.
(435) 334-5884 View (435) 334-5884
Photo of Patty Martinez, Counselor in Park City, UT
Patty Martinez
Counselor, CMHC
Verified Verified
Park City, UT 84098
Hello! I'm Patty Martinez. I'm from Utah. I love the outdoors and enjoy the peace nature can bring. I also authentically enjoy working with people that are ready to make changes in their life. We all have our own expectation of what happiness and being normal all are. I'm not here to tell you what those are or to judge you for what you believe your joy or happiness is. However if there are parts of your life you'd like to change or would like to feel differently about through therapy I would like to help. At this time I am not working with any health insurance companies. I do work with HSA and take most credit cards and cash
Hello! I'm Patty Martinez. I'm from Utah. I love the outdoors and enjoy the peace nature can bring. I also authentically enjoy working with people that are ready to make changes in their life. We all have our own expectation of what happiness and being normal all are. I'm not here to tell you what those are or to judge you for what you believe your joy or happiness is. However if there are parts of your life you'd like to change or would like to feel differently about through therapy I would like to help. At this time I am not working with any health insurance companies. I do work with HSA and take most credit cards and cash
(385) 332-8453 View (385) 332-8453
Photo of Janae G Sanders, Counselor in Park City, UT
Janae G Sanders
Counselor, LCMHC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Park City, UT 84098
Life can be complicated and full of traumatic events that overwhelm us. As a result, problematic patterns that negatively affect almost every area of life may begin. These overwhelming events may also negatively shift beliefs about self, others, and the world at large. Once this occurs, it can be difficult to repair without professional help. Additionally, trauma can be unique to the individual. It's not always a confrontation with mortality but rather, a deep hurt or betrayal by someone we should have been able to trust.
Life can be complicated and full of traumatic events that overwhelm us. As a result, problematic patterns that negatively affect almost every area of life may begin. These overwhelming events may also negatively shift beliefs about self, others, and the world at large. Once this occurs, it can be difficult to repair without professional help. Additionally, trauma can be unique to the individual. It's not always a confrontation with mortality but rather, a deep hurt or betrayal by someone we should have been able to trust.
(435) 296-7883 View (435) 296-7883
Photo of Adam Letica Coaching in Park City, UT
Adam Letica Coaching
Verified Verified
Park City, UT 84060
Have you ever wondered what it takes to create REAL long-lasting change? In today's information world, many of us know "what" we need to do, but few of us know "how" to implement and stick with it. The clients I work with are motivated to change so they can have a greater impact but have trouble executing consistently. These could be health-related habits like building a new workout routine, work-related tasks like avoiding distraction to increase productivity or catching destructive negative emotions. I'll teach you scientifically proven tactics to implement permanent change, overcome emotional barriers, and hold you accountable.
Have you ever wondered what it takes to create REAL long-lasting change? In today's information world, many of us know "what" we need to do, but few of us know "how" to implement and stick with it. The clients I work with are motivated to change so they can have a greater impact but have trouble executing consistently. These could be health-related habits like building a new workout routine, work-related tasks like avoiding distraction to increase productivity or catching destructive negative emotions. I'll teach you scientifically proven tactics to implement permanent change, overcome emotional barriers, and hold you accountable.
(248) 949-2960 View (248) 949-2960
Photo of A New Hue Therapy , Counselor in Park City, UT
A New Hue Therapy
Counselor, LCMHC, LPC, ATR-BC
Verified Verified
Park City, UT 84060
Not accepting new clients
Life can be challenging and we would hardly be human if we didn't have struggles. Sometimes we need help moving through our difficulties and forging a new path. Therapy can be a great way to find the support and the positive change you need. At A New Hue, I provide a unique approach to therapy for adolescents and young adults. I strive to help the individuals I work with uncover the root causes of issues, gain a deeper understanding of themselves and their experiences, overcome challenges, and live a happier, fuller life.
Life can be challenging and we would hardly be human if we didn't have struggles. Sometimes we need help moving through our difficulties and forging a new path. Therapy can be a great way to find the support and the positive change you need. At A New Hue, I provide a unique approach to therapy for adolescents and young adults. I strive to help the individuals I work with uncover the root causes of issues, gain a deeper understanding of themselves and their experiences, overcome challenges, and live a happier, fuller life.
(267) 417-7873 View (267) 417-7873
Photo of Sara Matuszak, LPC Intern in Park City, UT
Sara Matuszak
LPC Intern, ACMHC
Verified Verified
Park City, UT 84060
Starting a new position in Park City & Murray June 3. It does not matter who you are, how old you are, what you have done, or what has happened to you. You are valuable just because you are here! As a military spouse for over 20 years, an immigrant, and a person that has encountered many of life's challenges, I know that we don't always choose what has happened to us. Sometimes on our journey, we encounter experiences that cause tremendous pain, depression, trauma, and anxiety. I would love to explore your story with you, and create a therapeutic relationship that empowers you as a person, and leads to healing and personal growth!
Starting a new position in Park City & Murray June 3. It does not matter who you are, how old you are, what you have done, or what has happened to you. You are valuable just because you are here! As a military spouse for over 20 years, an immigrant, and a person that has encountered many of life's challenges, I know that we don't always choose what has happened to us. Sometimes on our journey, we encounter experiences that cause tremendous pain, depression, trauma, and anxiety. I would love to explore your story with you, and create a therapeutic relationship that empowers you as a person, and leads to healing and personal growth!
(435) 246-4121 View (435) 246-4121
Photo of Donn Peters, Psychologist in Park City, UT
Donn Peters
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Park City, UT 84098
In 30+ years as a couples therapist, I've helped many couples work through problems to create the kind of partnership they truly want. Most couples tell me that they want to feel connected with their partner again; to stop the 'same old arguments' from cycling over and over; to stop living like roommates; to end the painful silences; to feel heard and understood; and to feel hopeful, and happy again.
In 30+ years as a couples therapist, I've helped many couples work through problems to create the kind of partnership they truly want. Most couples tell me that they want to feel connected with their partner again; to stop the 'same old arguments' from cycling over and over; to stop living like roommates; to end the painful silences; to feel heard and understood; and to feel hopeful, and happy again.
(435) 610-1995 View (435) 610-1995
Photo of Jenna Shirley, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Park City, UT
Jenna Shirley
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Park City, UT 84060
Waitlist for new clients
I work with individuals seeking help for a variety of circumstances including anxiety, depression, stress management, life transitions, grief and loss, faith transitions, self-esteem, women’s issues, and other life struggles. I also work with people seeking to improve communication and relationships.
I work with individuals seeking help for a variety of circumstances including anxiety, depression, stress management, life transitions, grief and loss, faith transitions, self-esteem, women’s issues, and other life struggles. I also work with people seeking to improve communication and relationships.
(801) 383-0486 View (801) 383-0486
Photo of Dylan Wallace, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Park City, UT
Dylan Wallace
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LICSW, EMDR
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Park City, UT 84098
I believe that each person has the potential to live the life they truly want and that lasting change is possible. As a strengths-based therapist, I help a client find their strengths are built on and utilized in therapy to help the client work through the difficulties they are experiencing. I create a space where you can tell me anything without fear of judgment or me telling you how you should live life. Therapy is an interactive process and it shouldn’t look the same for each person. I love helping people build their confidence and becoming more assertive. I want to help you build the skills to live your life to the fullest!
I believe that each person has the potential to live the life they truly want and that lasting change is possible. As a strengths-based therapist, I help a client find their strengths are built on and utilized in therapy to help the client work through the difficulties they are experiencing. I create a space where you can tell me anything without fear of judgment or me telling you how you should live life. Therapy is an interactive process and it shouldn’t look the same for each person. I love helping people build their confidence and becoming more assertive. I want to help you build the skills to live your life to the fullest!
(435) 441-4581 View (435) 441-4581
Photo of Paul Buehner, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Park City, UT
Paul Buehner
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Park City, UT 84098  (Online Only)
Working in community mental health and the broad scope of clients I have worked has taught me the most important skill that is needed in psychotherapy- connection! My greatest skill is the ability to build rapport, connection and ultimately a therapeutic relationship, which is the cornerstone of success in therapy. This happens through active listening, determining the problem's and diagnosis, then creating a personalized treatment plan with goals. My most successful clients are the ones who put in the work outside of the sessions to meet there prescribed goals. 'Nothing changes if nothing changes'.
Working in community mental health and the broad scope of clients I have worked has taught me the most important skill that is needed in psychotherapy- connection! My greatest skill is the ability to build rapport, connection and ultimately a therapeutic relationship, which is the cornerstone of success in therapy. This happens through active listening, determining the problem's and diagnosis, then creating a personalized treatment plan with goals. My most successful clients are the ones who put in the work outside of the sessions to meet there prescribed goals. 'Nothing changes if nothing changes'.
(435) 344-4296 View (435) 344-4296
Photo of Marlo Bennett, Marriage & Family Therapist in Park City, UT
Marlo Bennett
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Park City, UT 84060
Not accepting new clients
Are you suffering with depression, anxiety, or alcohol/substance use? If you're looking for practical, effective, compassionate counseling backed by scientific knowledge, help is here. You'll learn information and skills that are valuable in everyday life. If you want counseling that focuses on your goals and treats the problem directly, instead of just talking about it, you're in the right place. Clients often comment "This is the first time I've learned something useful in therapy!"
Are you suffering with depression, anxiety, or alcohol/substance use? If you're looking for practical, effective, compassionate counseling backed by scientific knowledge, help is here. You'll learn information and skills that are valuable in everyday life. If you want counseling that focuses on your goals and treats the problem directly, instead of just talking about it, you're in the right place. Clients often comment "This is the first time I've learned something useful in therapy!"
(435) 571-0489 View (435) 571-0489
Photo of Juliana Massey, Marriage & Family Therapist in Park City, UT
Juliana Massey
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Park City, UT 84060
Relationships can be complicated, challenging, fulfilling, and rewarding all at once. My role is to help you navigate these relationships in a way that makes sense for you. I am a non-pathologizing therapist, meaning I believe people are not defined by the problem they are struggling with. For me it is an honor to be invited into someone’s life story and to be trusted to help create their desired change. I understand that people have varied experiences and come in with different goals/expectations. It is my job to meet someone where they are, and to work collaboratively at their pace.
Relationships can be complicated, challenging, fulfilling, and rewarding all at once. My role is to help you navigate these relationships in a way that makes sense for you. I am a non-pathologizing therapist, meaning I believe people are not defined by the problem they are struggling with. For me it is an honor to be invited into someone’s life story and to be trusted to help create their desired change. I understand that people have varied experiences and come in with different goals/expectations. It is my job to meet someone where they are, and to work collaboratively at their pace.
(435) 422-4998 View (435) 422-4998
Photo of Amanda Cencak Daya Counseling, Counselor in Park City, UT
Amanda Cencak Daya Counseling
Counselor, LCMHC
Verified Verified
Park City, UT 84060
Not accepting new clients
Hello, I'm Amanda Cencak of Daya Counseling. I am passionate about helping others seek clarity and acceptance through individual therapy. I specialize in working with adolescents and young adults who find themselves struggling with feelings of inadequacy and experiencing symptoms of anxiety and depression. Many of my clients experience their worlds through a lens of neurodiversity. ADHD, ASD and other learning differences often contribute to daily struggles and stressors. I help each individual gain insight into their personal struggles and offer support and teaching of skills aimed at increasing self efficacy and confidence.
Hello, I'm Amanda Cencak of Daya Counseling. I am passionate about helping others seek clarity and acceptance through individual therapy. I specialize in working with adolescents and young adults who find themselves struggling with feelings of inadequacy and experiencing symptoms of anxiety and depression. Many of my clients experience their worlds through a lens of neurodiversity. ADHD, ASD and other learning differences often contribute to daily struggles and stressors. I help each individual gain insight into their personal struggles and offer support and teaching of skills aimed at increasing self efficacy and confidence.
(435) 740-8824 View (435) 740-8824

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Park City, UT

100+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Park City, UT who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
84% Depression
81% Relationship Issues
80% Trauma and PTSD
75% Self Esteem
70% Coping Skills
67% Stress

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

56% BlueCross and BlueShield
56% SelectHealth
45% EMI Health

How Therapists in Park City, UT see their clients

70% In Person and Online
30% Online Only

Gender breakdown

77% Female
22% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Park City?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.