Therapists in La Mesa, CA

Photo of Stephanie Danial, Marriage & Family Therapist in La Mesa, CA
Stephanie Danial
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
La Mesa, CA 91942
Many people struggle with complex emotional issues and negative patterns of behavior and thought. I believe my clients are very powerful and brave to begin the journey of self-discovery and healing. As your therapist and partner in this work, I hold a safe space for you to approach your struggles by working together to understand your goals, develop greater insight and create the coping skills and strategies for a more satisfying and emotionally harmonious life.
Many people struggle with complex emotional issues and negative patterns of behavior and thought. I believe my clients are very powerful and brave to begin the journey of self-discovery and healing. As your therapist and partner in this work, I hold a safe space for you to approach your struggles by working together to understand your goals, develop greater insight and create the coping skills and strategies for a more satisfying and emotionally harmonious life.
(619) 724-4184 View (619) 724-4184
Photo of Terri Kisselovich, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in La Mesa, CA
Terri Kisselovich
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
La Mesa, CA 91942
Terri Kisselovich is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in California who has been practicing since 2005. She was awarded both her Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees in Social Work at San Diego State University. Terri utilizes a framework of the biopsychosocial model, which looks at the “whole person,” meaning the connections between biological, psychological, social, and environmental factors. Life can be difficult sometimes, and everyone may need help navigating their path. Terri can help create a blueprint along this journey of healing using evidenced based practices of cognitive based therapy, dialectical based therapy.
Terri Kisselovich is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in California who has been practicing since 2005. She was awarded both her Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees in Social Work at San Diego State University. Terri utilizes a framework of the biopsychosocial model, which looks at the “whole person,” meaning the connections between biological, psychological, social, and environmental factors. Life can be difficult sometimes, and everyone may need help navigating their path. Terri can help create a blueprint along this journey of healing using evidenced based practices of cognitive based therapy, dialectical based therapy.
(619) 332-2091 View (619) 332-2091
Photo of Dena Nelson O'Connor, Marriage & Family Therapist in La Mesa, CA
Dena Nelson O'Connor
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, EMDR
Verified Verified
La Mesa, CA 91942
Hello, My name is Dena and I am a Certified EMDR therapist with over 20 years of experience working with individuals, couples and families. I am trauma informed and use an eclectic approach utilizing Person Centered, Mindfulness, Strength Based, EMDR (rapid eye movement desensitization and reprocessing) and Flash to help with processing trauma. I specialize in working with issues to include: trauma, family of origin issues, early childhood physical/sexual abuse and neglect, PTSD, anxiety, life transitions and relationship issues.
Hello, My name is Dena and I am a Certified EMDR therapist with over 20 years of experience working with individuals, couples and families. I am trauma informed and use an eclectic approach utilizing Person Centered, Mindfulness, Strength Based, EMDR (rapid eye movement desensitization and reprocessing) and Flash to help with processing trauma. I specialize in working with issues to include: trauma, family of origin issues, early childhood physical/sexual abuse and neglect, PTSD, anxiety, life transitions and relationship issues.
(619) 514-1501 View (619) 514-1501
Photo of Jungle Gym, Pre-Licensed Professional in La Mesa, CA
Jungle Gym
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS, ASW, PC, SC
Verified Verified
La Mesa, CA 91941
Waitlist for new clients
The change starts with you! Being aware of past issues may cause unwanted emotions or behaviors that tends to guide your current life. Taking the time to explore these issues in therapy can give you more control over these emotions and behaviors. Additionally, if you are looking to improve mind, body and spirit I have an onsite gym (monthly cash fee only for this tx the workout for the mind, body, and spirit is intense).
The change starts with you! Being aware of past issues may cause unwanted emotions or behaviors that tends to guide your current life. Taking the time to explore these issues in therapy can give you more control over these emotions and behaviors. Additionally, if you are looking to improve mind, body and spirit I have an onsite gym (monthly cash fee only for this tx the workout for the mind, body, and spirit is intense).
(619) 279-5643 View (619) 279-5643
Photo of Teresa Lowe, Marriage & Family Therapist in La Mesa, CA
Teresa Lowe
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
La Mesa, CA 91942
As a Board Certified Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist, I often ask clients is your anxiety and depression taking the joy out of living each day? We are all living in times that are critical and hard to deal with, whether it is financial, health related issues, negative feelings about ourselves or family and relationship problems. I provide a holistic, integrative and collaborative approach through evidence-based practices in addressing and treating issues related to trauma, grief and loss, anxiety, depression, family and couple concerns. When we deal with challenges, it can be a difficult undertaking.
As a Board Certified Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist, I often ask clients is your anxiety and depression taking the joy out of living each day? We are all living in times that are critical and hard to deal with, whether it is financial, health related issues, negative feelings about ourselves or family and relationship problems. I provide a holistic, integrative and collaborative approach through evidence-based practices in addressing and treating issues related to trauma, grief and loss, anxiety, depression, family and couple concerns. When we deal with challenges, it can be a difficult undertaking.
(619) 789-1251 View (619) 789-1251
Photo of Ryan Berwold, Marriage & Family Therapist in La Mesa, CA
Ryan Berwold
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
La Mesa, CA 91942
Hello, my name is Ryan. I’m a Licensed Marriage & Family Therapist practicing in San Diego, California. I am glad that you are reaching out by just reading this, thank you. You already have great strengths and talents which can be amplified in therapy. I guide people towards health with deep care while exploring your strengths and your wounds of the mind and heart.
Hello, my name is Ryan. I’m a Licensed Marriage & Family Therapist practicing in San Diego, California. I am glad that you are reaching out by just reading this, thank you. You already have great strengths and talents which can be amplified in therapy. I guide people towards health with deep care while exploring your strengths and your wounds of the mind and heart.
(858) 281-2943 View (858) 281-2943
Photo of Niamh ( Neeve) Martin, Marriage & Family Therapist in La Mesa, CA
Niamh ( Neeve) Martin
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
La Mesa, CA 91941  (Online Only)
Are you feeling stuck in life? Do you wake up with a knot in your stomach ? Or get on a train of thought to the worst case scenario ? Are you worried about what others think and does this drive your life instead of you?
Are you feeling stuck in life? Do you wake up with a knot in your stomach ? Or get on a train of thought to the worst case scenario ? Are you worried about what others think and does this drive your life instead of you?
(619) 273-0344 View (619) 273-0344
Photo of Chris Dooley, Marriage & Family Therapist in La Mesa, CA
Chris Dooley
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
La Mesa, CA 91942  (Online Only)
If you're in a place where you're feeling stuck, worried, anxious and struggling with decisions then therapy may be the place for you to gain clarity. I strive to help clients develop insight and build new skills in order to live a more authentic and happy life. I work with adults struggling with a variety of issues and needs including anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, relationship issues, stress management, and life exploration. Being compassionate and providing a safe space for clients are two values that inform me greatly of how I practice, as I believe we all need a safe space to be our authentic selves in order to heal.
If you're in a place where you're feeling stuck, worried, anxious and struggling with decisions then therapy may be the place for you to gain clarity. I strive to help clients develop insight and build new skills in order to live a more authentic and happy life. I work with adults struggling with a variety of issues and needs including anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, relationship issues, stress management, and life exploration. Being compassionate and providing a safe space for clients are two values that inform me greatly of how I practice, as I believe we all need a safe space to be our authentic selves in order to heal.
(619) 374-8541 View (619) 374-8541
Photo of Cynthia Thayer, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in La Mesa, CA
Cynthia Thayer
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, BCD
Verified Verified
La Mesa, CA 91942
Challenging times in life offer the greatest opportunities for growth, healing and transformation. During these times it can feel overwhelming to move forward. Your decision to seek professional help is a reflection of your clarity and courage. Are you ready to move from surviving to thriving in your life? Would you like to partner with a seasoned professional to discover what your current situation has to teach you about yourself? Are you curious to discover the power you have within you to transform your life?
Challenging times in life offer the greatest opportunities for growth, healing and transformation. During these times it can feel overwhelming to move forward. Your decision to seek professional help is a reflection of your clarity and courage. Are you ready to move from surviving to thriving in your life? Would you like to partner with a seasoned professional to discover what your current situation has to teach you about yourself? Are you curious to discover the power you have within you to transform your life?
(619) 333-2330 View (619) 333-2330
Photo of Jennifer Lentenbrink, Psychologist in La Mesa, CA
Jennifer Lentenbrink
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
La Mesa, CA 91941
Not accepting new clients
Does any of this sound familiar? Life feels disconnected from meaning, purpose or joy. The same situations keep repeating themselves. Emotional difficulties are getting in the way of relationships or personal growth. These are a few of the situations someone may seek me out for therapy. During the therapeutic process, we will work together to connect underlying factors with your present circumstances. This will work to give you back control of your life and gain freedom from the fears, anxieties and blind spots that have been driving your suffering.
Does any of this sound familiar? Life feels disconnected from meaning, purpose or joy. The same situations keep repeating themselves. Emotional difficulties are getting in the way of relationships or personal growth. These are a few of the situations someone may seek me out for therapy. During the therapeutic process, we will work together to connect underlying factors with your present circumstances. This will work to give you back control of your life and gain freedom from the fears, anxieties and blind spots that have been driving your suffering.
(619) 432-3786 View (619) 432-3786
Photo of Trish Franzblau, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in La Mesa, CA
Trish Franzblau
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
La Mesa, CA 91941
'It's never too late to have a happy childhood.' As a nurturing therapist, I believe my role is to provide support, guidance, and a SAFE place to share, vent, scream, cry, laugh or just sit quietly. I also believe it's not what happens to people that's most important, but what they do about it. Our background and circumstances may have influenced who we are, but we are responsible for who we become. Though daunting, this realization can be extremely EMPOWERING--You are in charge of your life and your future happiness! With this knowledge, change can unfold.
'It's never too late to have a happy childhood.' As a nurturing therapist, I believe my role is to provide support, guidance, and a SAFE place to share, vent, scream, cry, laugh or just sit quietly. I also believe it's not what happens to people that's most important, but what they do about it. Our background and circumstances may have influenced who we are, but we are responsible for who we become. Though daunting, this realization can be extremely EMPOWERING--You are in charge of your life and your future happiness! With this knowledge, change can unfold.
(805) 214-8832 View (805) 214-8832
Photo of Gary D Hittle, Marriage & Family Therapist in La Mesa, CA
Gary D Hittle
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD
Verified Verified
La Mesa, CA 91942
I have been in private psychological practice for over 30 years specializing in Marital and Relational therapy, Family problem interventions, Adolescents, and in the treatment of Sexual and Substance Abuse, and family therapy related to these issues. I have a broad range of training and utilize multiple modalities in the course of assisting my clients toward growth and personal change. I also assist clients with value related questions and am helpful for those looking for a "Christian Therapist". Further, I have extensive experience in dealing with the issues of aging, serious health issue, terminal illness, and chronic pain.
I have been in private psychological practice for over 30 years specializing in Marital and Relational therapy, Family problem interventions, Adolescents, and in the treatment of Sexual and Substance Abuse, and family therapy related to these issues. I have a broad range of training and utilize multiple modalities in the course of assisting my clients toward growth and personal change. I also assist clients with value related questions and am helpful for those looking for a "Christian Therapist". Further, I have extensive experience in dealing with the issues of aging, serious health issue, terminal illness, and chronic pain.
(619) 377-3720 View (619) 377-3720
Photo of Maxine Dumser, Marriage & Family Therapist in La Mesa, CA
Maxine Dumser
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, RPTS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
La Mesa, CA 91942
Not accepting new clients
I provide a safe and supportive environment for clients to share and feel heard. Every client has his or her unique way of relating to others and learning, which impacts what kind of therapy, will be effective. I come alongside my clients to explore, encourage, and support them in the therapeutic process while developing skills to take with them as they continue on their own personal journey. I utilize different theoretical concepts including Cognitive Behavioral (CBT), Acceptance/Commitment (ACT) Solution Focus and Play/Art therapies, while consistently viewing clients through the lens of developmental stages and attachment styles.
I provide a safe and supportive environment for clients to share and feel heard. Every client has his or her unique way of relating to others and learning, which impacts what kind of therapy, will be effective. I come alongside my clients to explore, encourage, and support them in the therapeutic process while developing skills to take with them as they continue on their own personal journey. I utilize different theoretical concepts including Cognitive Behavioral (CBT), Acceptance/Commitment (ACT) Solution Focus and Play/Art therapies, while consistently viewing clients through the lens of developmental stages and attachment styles.
(619) 493-3918 View (619) 493-3918
Photo of Craig Bowman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in La Mesa, CA
Craig Bowman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
La Mesa, CA 91941
I've been working with a diverse population across various roles in the helping profession for approximately 30 years. I value authentic human relationships and have considerable levels of compassion and empathy gained from experience and personal trials. While I draw from many types of psychological theory, I particularly like Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Cognitive/Behavioral, and Transpersonal. I create a safe space by valuing clients unconditionally and by guiding them toward improved awareness, self-talk, and self-compassion.
I've been working with a diverse population across various roles in the helping profession for approximately 30 years. I value authentic human relationships and have considerable levels of compassion and empathy gained from experience and personal trials. While I draw from many types of psychological theory, I particularly like Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Cognitive/Behavioral, and Transpersonal. I create a safe space by valuing clients unconditionally and by guiding them toward improved awareness, self-talk, and self-compassion.
(619) 815-3863 View (619) 815-3863
Photo of Michelle Van Aken, Counselor in La Mesa, CA
Michelle Van Aken
Counselor, LMHC, LPCC
Verified Verified
La Mesa, CA 91942
As a compassionate and attuned therapist, my mission is to provide a safe and supportive space for you to explore and transform the challenges you face. Together, we will unlock the power of your brain's natural healing abilities, leading you towards a more fulfilling and authentic life. I am a dedicated and empathic therapist with a passion for helping navigate emotional landscapes. With specialized training in Brainspotting, a cutting-edge approach in trauma and stress resolution, as well as other modalities, I offer you a unique therapeutic experience tailored to your specific needs.
As a compassionate and attuned therapist, my mission is to provide a safe and supportive space for you to explore and transform the challenges you face. Together, we will unlock the power of your brain's natural healing abilities, leading you towards a more fulfilling and authentic life. I am a dedicated and empathic therapist with a passion for helping navigate emotional landscapes. With specialized training in Brainspotting, a cutting-edge approach in trauma and stress resolution, as well as other modalities, I offer you a unique therapeutic experience tailored to your specific needs.
(619) 536-1534 View (619) 536-1534
Photo of Karen De Jesus @ Grow Through Life Counseling, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in La Mesa, CA
Karen De Jesus @ Grow Through Life Counseling
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
La Mesa, CA 91942
Is your child or teen needing support and facing challenges in school? As someone who has worked closely with youth in educational settings, I can help. I have experience with children, teens, adults, and families addressing life transitions, trauma, anxiety, depression and other mental health concerns. I believe in creating a safe space by creating a nonjudgmental and culturally sensitive environment. I would like to meet you wherever you are at and will go at your own pace. I would be happy to walk alongside you on your mental health journey.
Is your child or teen needing support and facing challenges in school? As someone who has worked closely with youth in educational settings, I can help. I have experience with children, teens, adults, and families addressing life transitions, trauma, anxiety, depression and other mental health concerns. I believe in creating a safe space by creating a nonjudgmental and culturally sensitive environment. I would like to meet you wherever you are at and will go at your own pace. I would be happy to walk alongside you on your mental health journey.
(858) 758-2522 View (858) 758-2522
Photo of David Kohanyi, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in La Mesa, CA
David Kohanyi
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, LMFT
Not Verified Not Verified
La Mesa, CA 91942
David Kohanyi is a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist in California who has been practicing since 2011. David believes therapy is a place for radical honesty. It is a place for you to bring your whole self and be met with respect and care. Our lives give all of us plenty of training and practice in hiding from others and from ourselves. David is confident that you will feel gratified by having therapy be a place where you don’t do that. Here we can talk about the things that might feel like the scariest or hardest to talk about and in exchange you will get to experience a bigger, freer, more expanded sense of yourself.
David Kohanyi is a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist in California who has been practicing since 2011. David believes therapy is a place for radical honesty. It is a place for you to bring your whole self and be met with respect and care. Our lives give all of us plenty of training and practice in hiding from others and from ourselves. David is confident that you will feel gratified by having therapy be a place where you don’t do that. Here we can talk about the things that might feel like the scariest or hardest to talk about and in exchange you will get to experience a bigger, freer, more expanded sense of yourself.
(619) 313-5572 View (619) 313-5572
Photo of Alex Santana, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in La Mesa, CA
Alex Santana
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
La Mesa, CA 91942
Waitlist for new clients
Accepting the responsibility to change is a difficult task but once you take the initiative, it is highly rewarding. Sometimes we need to take a step back to reflect on a new way to approach situations when "our way" seems to be getting in our way. These are common responses to trauma, depression, and many other conditions that we can't always think our way out of, despite our best efforts.
Accepting the responsibility to change is a difficult task but once you take the initiative, it is highly rewarding. Sometimes we need to take a step back to reflect on a new way to approach situations when "our way" seems to be getting in our way. These are common responses to trauma, depression, and many other conditions that we can't always think our way out of, despite our best efforts.
(619) 759-5847 View (619) 759-5847
Photo of Jacqueline Small, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in La Mesa, CA
Jacqueline Small
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
La Mesa, CA 91942
I have over 25 years experience working with children, adolescents, adults and families providing individual, couples and family therapy in both Philadelphia and San Diego. I managed a school based program in San Diego County for 15 years providing an array of mental health services to children and adolescents with severe emotional and behavior problems. I have also worked as a Medical Social Worker at Rady Children's Hospital in San Diego for the past 20 years providing supportive counseling to children and their families during a medical and/or health crisis.
I have over 25 years experience working with children, adolescents, adults and families providing individual, couples and family therapy in both Philadelphia and San Diego. I managed a school based program in San Diego County for 15 years providing an array of mental health services to children and adolescents with severe emotional and behavior problems. I have also worked as a Medical Social Worker at Rady Children's Hospital in San Diego for the past 20 years providing supportive counseling to children and their families during a medical and/or health crisis.
(619) 452-3815 View (619) 452-3815
Photo of Michele Maxwell, Marriage & Family Therapist in La Mesa, CA
Michele Maxwell
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
La Mesa, CA 91942
Michele is passionate, caring, empathetic, and supportive. She helps children, adolescents, and adults with anxiety, anger issues, ADHD, depression, grief, panic disorders, and PTSD. Michele also helps with assertiveness, co-dependency, boundary setting, parenting skills, and decision-making.
Michele is passionate, caring, empathetic, and supportive. She helps children, adolescents, and adults with anxiety, anger issues, ADHD, depression, grief, panic disorders, and PTSD. Michele also helps with assertiveness, co-dependency, boundary setting, parenting skills, and decision-making.
(619) 453-0114 View (619) 453-0114

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in La Mesa, CA

200+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in La Mesa, CA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
88% Depression
74% Relationship Issues
70% Self Esteem
68% Trauma and PTSD
65% Coping Skills
62% Stress

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

78% Aetna
75% Cigna and Evernorth
67% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in La Mesa, CA see their clients

74% In Person and Online
26% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
21% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in La Mesa?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.