Therapists in Saint Paul, MN

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Photo of Robert L Guibord, Psychologist in Saint Paul, MN
Robert L Guibord
Psychologist, PsyD, LP
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55114
My approach is to listen to what you say in order to get a sense of what is bothering you, and of your life as you see it and as you long for it to be, and, I will note what you don't say in order to discover patterns that may keep you stuck. I will work with you to understand your particular problem, to get at what it is about, but ultimately to understand you, because no one problem can be truly understood outside of the context that is your life.
My approach is to listen to what you say in order to get a sense of what is bothering you, and of your life as you see it and as you long for it to be, and, I will note what you don't say in order to discover patterns that may keep you stuck. I will work with you to understand your particular problem, to get at what it is about, but ultimately to understand you, because no one problem can be truly understood outside of the context that is your life.
(651) 764-7069 View (651) 764-7069
Photo of Reena Pathak, Psychologist in Saint Paul, MN
Reena Pathak
Psychologist, PsyD, LP
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55114  (Online Only)
I am a licensed Psychologist who utilizes evidence-based therapies. I am committed to helping people learn how to manage and reduce their mental health symptoms more effectively so they can see long-term gains and functioning. I work with adults and young adults in my individual and DBT skills groups who are working on depression, anxiety, trauma, stress management, and shame symptoms.
I am a licensed Psychologist who utilizes evidence-based therapies. I am committed to helping people learn how to manage and reduce their mental health symptoms more effectively so they can see long-term gains and functioning. I work with adults and young adults in my individual and DBT skills groups who are working on depression, anxiety, trauma, stress management, and shame symptoms.
(651) 299-6160 View (651) 299-6160
Photo of Emily K C Wood, Licensed Professional Counselor in Saint Paul, MN
Emily K C Wood
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55116
Emily believes in collaborating with her clients to enhance resiliency, increase self-acceptance, and emotion regulation. Emily sees individuals ages 13 through adulthood. Emily is a certified Perinatal Mental Health Counselor (PMH-C) and has a special interest helping people journey through the perinatal experience. She can provide individual therapy, couples therapy, and parent coaching.
Emily believes in collaborating with her clients to enhance resiliency, increase self-acceptance, and emotion regulation. Emily sees individuals ages 13 through adulthood. Emily is a certified Perinatal Mental Health Counselor (PMH-C) and has a special interest helping people journey through the perinatal experience. She can provide individual therapy, couples therapy, and parent coaching.
(651) 661-3525 View (651) 661-3525
Photo of Juliana Thrall in Saint Paul, MN
Juliana Thrall
MPS, LPCC, ATR-BC
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55101
I believe in fostering creative imagination and illuminating the stories found within. I aim to find belongingness and connection with clients where storytelling through art and expression becomes an active process of investigating our perceptions, identities, and communications more effectively through the forms and symbols we make. Supporting, challenging, and witnessing clients' journeys of re-creation is the starting place where I can begin to help clients find healing and freedom in their present circumstances.
I believe in fostering creative imagination and illuminating the stories found within. I aim to find belongingness and connection with clients where storytelling through art and expression becomes an active process of investigating our perceptions, identities, and communications more effectively through the forms and symbols we make. Supporting, challenging, and witnessing clients' journeys of re-creation is the starting place where I can begin to help clients find healing and freedom in their present circumstances.
(651) 376-3934 View (651) 376-3934
Photo of Kathrine l Brathen, Psychologist in Saint Paul, MN
Kathrine l Brathen
Psychologist, MA, LP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55114
The folks I work with are often seeking to change their relationships, especially the relationship they have with themselves. They may be repeating ineffective patterns of thought or behaviors that interfere with reaching their goals for life, experiencing outsized shame that is causing isolation, or overwhelming emotions in response to life stressors. In the nearly two decades I’ve worked as a therapist I have had the honor to get to know and support incredible people make wanted change.
The folks I work with are often seeking to change their relationships, especially the relationship they have with themselves. They may be repeating ineffective patterns of thought or behaviors that interfere with reaching their goals for life, experiencing outsized shame that is causing isolation, or overwhelming emotions in response to life stressors. In the nearly two decades I’ve worked as a therapist I have had the honor to get to know and support incredible people make wanted change.
(651) 400-2876 View (651) 400-2876
Photo of Bianca Bell, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saint Paul, MN
Bianca Bell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55116  (Online Only)
Your mental health — Your psychological, emotional, and social well-being — impacts every aspect of your life. Positive mental health allows you to deal with life’s everyday challenges effectively. My practice, At Home Therapy Services, PLLC offers virtual mental health assessment, therapy, and referral services to individuals needing flexibility with time and location.
Your mental health — Your psychological, emotional, and social well-being — impacts every aspect of your life. Positive mental health allows you to deal with life’s everyday challenges effectively. My practice, At Home Therapy Services, PLLC offers virtual mental health assessment, therapy, and referral services to individuals needing flexibility with time and location.
(612) 662-6775 View (612) 662-6775
Photo of Erica Derifield, Drug & Alcohol Counselor in Saint Paul, MN
Erica Derifield
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, MPS, LADC
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55102  (Online Only)
Erica is a Pre-Licensed LPCC and a Licensed Alcohol and Drug Counselor in the state of Minnesota and graduated with a Master of Professional Studies in Integrated Behavioral Health from the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities. Erica has experience working with adults, families, couples, and adolescents in the residential, outpatient, community, and academic/school settings. Erica is passionate about providing care from a holistic and trauma-informed lens, ensuring every individual is seen and honored for their unique strengths, experiences, and inner wisdom rather than seen or labeled as a diagnosis.
Erica is a Pre-Licensed LPCC and a Licensed Alcohol and Drug Counselor in the state of Minnesota and graduated with a Master of Professional Studies in Integrated Behavioral Health from the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities. Erica has experience working with adults, families, couples, and adolescents in the residential, outpatient, community, and academic/school settings. Erica is passionate about providing care from a holistic and trauma-informed lens, ensuring every individual is seen and honored for their unique strengths, experiences, and inner wisdom rather than seen or labeled as a diagnosis.
(651) 538-2872 View (651) 538-2872
Photo of Leigh Rosenberg, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saint Paul, MN
Leigh Rosenberg
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LGSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55114
The power of relationship and being present and embodied guide my work in supporting people dealing with trauma, anxiety, depression, life-transitions, grief, health issues, or other challenges. My approach is built on compassion, care and respect for the experiences and identities that make you who you are. If you have suffered traumatic or difficult experience, from birth till now, want to be at home in yourself and with others; if you are trying to navigate a world that too easily permits oppression, or you want to grow the kernels of wholeness (even if hidden) within you, I hope to explore working together.
The power of relationship and being present and embodied guide my work in supporting people dealing with trauma, anxiety, depression, life-transitions, grief, health issues, or other challenges. My approach is built on compassion, care and respect for the experiences and identities that make you who you are. If you have suffered traumatic or difficult experience, from birth till now, want to be at home in yourself and with others; if you are trying to navigate a world that too easily permits oppression, or you want to grow the kernels of wholeness (even if hidden) within you, I hope to explore working together.
(612) 446-0933 View (612) 446-0933
Photo of Julie Ann Karels, Psychologist in Saint Paul, MN
Julie Ann Karels
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55114
Not accepting new clients
Are you feeling depressed, worried, or having relationship problems? Therapy can help. After working in the mental health field for over ten years, in a variety of settings, I believe everyone has the capacity to change and create a more fulfilling life. I offer therapy services to manage difficult feelings and relationship challenges, as well as life transitions, and adjustments to new events.
Are you feeling depressed, worried, or having relationship problems? Therapy can help. After working in the mental health field for over ten years, in a variety of settings, I believe everyone has the capacity to change and create a more fulfilling life. I offer therapy services to manage difficult feelings and relationship challenges, as well as life transitions, and adjustments to new events.
(651) 504-0563 View (651) 504-0563
Photo of Patty Ostberg-Speiker, Marriage & Family Therapist in Saint Paul, MN
Patty Ostberg-Speiker
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55114
Current afternoon openings. I specialize in helping individuals and couples feel better to improve their relationships. Past hurts and experiences can cloud decision making in the present and relating to each other. Especially when it comes to stressors of daily responsibilities like marriage and parenting. Let’s work together using evidence-based techniques to stop your negative thoughts so you can make more positive mindset decisions. Triggers feel awful and there are proven remedies to help stop them. Together through therapy we can eliminate negative thoughts and memories that prevent you from being the best version of yourself.
Current afternoon openings. I specialize in helping individuals and couples feel better to improve their relationships. Past hurts and experiences can cloud decision making in the present and relating to each other. Especially when it comes to stressors of daily responsibilities like marriage and parenting. Let’s work together using evidence-based techniques to stop your negative thoughts so you can make more positive mindset decisions. Triggers feel awful and there are proven remedies to help stop them. Together through therapy we can eliminate negative thoughts and memories that prevent you from being the best version of yourself.
(651) 409-9107 View (651) 409-9107
Photo of Kyle Vlach, Marriage & Family Therapist in Saint Paul, MN
Kyle Vlach
Marriage & Family Therapist, MDiv, LMFT
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55116  (Online Only)
I’m an Internal Family Systems (IFS) therapist, Level 3 trained with the IFS Institute. Most of my clients are not having a mental health crisis, but are struggling more than they’d like and want to be more at ease within themselves and their relationships. I work with alot of other helping professionals and people wanting to use the IFS process for healing, satisfaction at home and work, and for personal growth. Familiarity with the IFS model can help, but isn’t necessary. I’m glad to talk to see if we could work well together.
I’m an Internal Family Systems (IFS) therapist, Level 3 trained with the IFS Institute. Most of my clients are not having a mental health crisis, but are struggling more than they’d like and want to be more at ease within themselves and their relationships. I work with alot of other helping professionals and people wanting to use the IFS process for healing, satisfaction at home and work, and for personal growth. Familiarity with the IFS model can help, but isn’t necessary. I’m glad to talk to see if we could work well together.
(651) 615-3533 View (651) 615-3533
Photo of Jill LeBlond, Psychologist in Saint Paul, MN
Jill LeBlond
Psychologist, PsyD, LP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55105
Spring is here - it's time to take action. Aren't you tired of being miserable, depressed, sad, anxious, or just simply being unhappy with your life? Let this be your season to change and learn how to be happy and content and stop sabotaging your life. How about learning to do things differently so that you just don't keep creating the same dynamics. I am a down-to-earth, straight-forward psychologist. I am well versed in treating a wide variety of disorders and mental health issues and I am comfortable working with individuals from a variety of professions.
Spring is here - it's time to take action. Aren't you tired of being miserable, depressed, sad, anxious, or just simply being unhappy with your life? Let this be your season to change and learn how to be happy and content and stop sabotaging your life. How about learning to do things differently so that you just don't keep creating the same dynamics. I am a down-to-earth, straight-forward psychologist. I am well versed in treating a wide variety of disorders and mental health issues and I am comfortable working with individuals from a variety of professions.
(651) 583-8226 x101 View (651) 583-8226 x101
Photo of Michael J Miller, Psychologist in Saint Paul, MN
Michael J Miller
Psychologist, PsyD, LP
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55104
Hi, I'm a clinical psychologist and have spent the last 22 years providing DBT in the Twin Cities community; first during my doctoral internship, then for 15 years at the University of Minnesota Psychiatry Department, and now in my private practice. I have been trained in multiple variations of DBT by recognized experts in DBT. I specialize in working with individuals who have a history of trauma and offer prolonged exposure as a treatment for PTSD. My training and experience have prepared me for helping individuals with a history of or actively struggling with suicidal thoughts and ideation.
Hi, I'm a clinical psychologist and have spent the last 22 years providing DBT in the Twin Cities community; first during my doctoral internship, then for 15 years at the University of Minnesota Psychiatry Department, and now in my private practice. I have been trained in multiple variations of DBT by recognized experts in DBT. I specialize in working with individuals who have a history of trauma and offer prolonged exposure as a treatment for PTSD. My training and experience have prepared me for helping individuals with a history of or actively struggling with suicidal thoughts and ideation.
(651) 661-1808 View (651) 661-1808
Photo of Mary E. Tinucci, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saint Paul, MN
Mary E. Tinucci
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, DSW, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55105
I am a Board-Approved Clinical Supervisor in the State of Minnesota. I provide Virtual clinical supervision for social workers licensed as LGSW or LSW social workers (& LPCC) in Minnesota. I provide both individual and group supervision for social workers who are seeking next-level licensure in Minnesota. Let me support you and your professional development and help you prepare for the LICSW exam. Let's work together! Find more about Mary Tinucci at her business called Think in Possibilities. www.thinkinpossibilities.com
I am a Board-Approved Clinical Supervisor in the State of Minnesota. I provide Virtual clinical supervision for social workers licensed as LGSW or LSW social workers (& LPCC) in Minnesota. I provide both individual and group supervision for social workers who are seeking next-level licensure in Minnesota. Let me support you and your professional development and help you prepare for the LICSW exam. Let's work together! Find more about Mary Tinucci at her business called Think in Possibilities. www.thinkinpossibilities.com
(651) 401-4629 View (651) 401-4629
Photo of Minnesota Center for Psychology, Psychologist in Saint Paul, MN
Minnesota Center for Psychology
Psychologist, PsyD, LP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55114
At Minnesota Center for Psychology, we offer comprehensive mental health services for children, adolescents and adults, as well as couples and families. We are committed to providing the best quality care in an environment that fosters integrity, respect, hope, health, and learning. If you are experiencing anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, family conflict, work or relationship issues, grief, sadness, body image issues, sleep problems, suicidal thoughts, trauma, low motivation, restlessness, communication issues, post-partum depression or anxiety, LGBT or gender identity issues, life transitions mood swings, shame, anger, parenting or behavioral issues, our highly trained and experienced clinicians can help!
At Minnesota Center for Psychology, we offer comprehensive mental health services for children, adolescents and adults, as well as couples and families. We are committed to providing the best quality care in an environment that fosters integrity, respect, hope, health, and learning. If you are experiencing anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, family conflict, work or relationship issues, grief, sadness, body image issues, sleep problems, suicidal thoughts, trauma, low motivation, restlessness, communication issues, post-partum depression or anxiety, LGBT or gender identity issues, life transitions mood swings, shame, anger, parenting or behavioral issues, our highly trained and experienced clinicians can help!
(651) 383-4569 View (651) 383-4569
Photo of Tayler Marie L'amoureux, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saint Paul, MN
Tayler Marie L'amoureux
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW , MSW
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55114
I am a Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker providing psychotherapy to children and adults in the Minneapolis/S area. I started practicing psychotherapy at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, MN. During my time there, I was trained in helping both children and adults build coping skills to be able to help themselves through life's many unique challenges. Currently, I am training at the Institute for Clinical Social Work in Chicago where I will earn a PhD with a specialty in Psychodynamic therapy. This therapy helps children and adults process and create meaning from past life events within a safe, therapeutic relationship.
I am a Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker providing psychotherapy to children and adults in the Minneapolis/S area. I started practicing psychotherapy at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, MN. During my time there, I was trained in helping both children and adults build coping skills to be able to help themselves through life's many unique challenges. Currently, I am training at the Institute for Clinical Social Work in Chicago where I will earn a PhD with a specialty in Psychodynamic therapy. This therapy helps children and adults process and create meaning from past life events within a safe, therapeutic relationship.
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Photo of Kasia Chojan-Cymerman, Psychologist in Saint Paul, MN
Kasia Chojan-Cymerman
Psychologist, PsyD, LP
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55105
I believe lasting change takes place over time in the context of a safe and secure therapeutic relationship. As a therapist, I strive to provide a non-judgmental and supportive space where you can begin exploring problematic and often repetitive relationship patterns. In the process you will become more aware of your feelings and deep assumptions that may be continually preventing you from reaching your goals in life. I believe everyone has inner potential for growth. In therapy, we can work together toward helping you find courage and your natural capacity for growth so that you can live a happier and more empowered life.
I believe lasting change takes place over time in the context of a safe and secure therapeutic relationship. As a therapist, I strive to provide a non-judgmental and supportive space where you can begin exploring problematic and often repetitive relationship patterns. In the process you will become more aware of your feelings and deep assumptions that may be continually preventing you from reaching your goals in life. I believe everyone has inner potential for growth. In therapy, we can work together toward helping you find courage and your natural capacity for growth so that you can live a happier and more empowered life.
(651) 252-4995 View (651) 252-4995
Photo of Serenity Silvers, Licensed Professional Counselor in Saint Paul, MN
Serenity Silvers
Licensed Professional Counselor, MPS, LPCC, LADC
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55105  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I enjoy working with people of all ages and backgrounds and have experience working with individuals, couples, and groups in treatment centers and outpatient clinics. I collaborate with my clients, providing person-centered, evidence-based treatment for mental health and substance use disorders. Often, life experiences lead us to believe that we are incapable, flawed, or unworthy. While you cannot change what has happened in the past, you can create new meaning from your experiences. You can direct your path forward, utilizing your strengths, embracing who you want to be, and living a fulfilling life that reflects your values.
I enjoy working with people of all ages and backgrounds and have experience working with individuals, couples, and groups in treatment centers and outpatient clinics. I collaborate with my clients, providing person-centered, evidence-based treatment for mental health and substance use disorders. Often, life experiences lead us to believe that we are incapable, flawed, or unworthy. While you cannot change what has happened in the past, you can create new meaning from your experiences. You can direct your path forward, utilizing your strengths, embracing who you want to be, and living a fulfilling life that reflects your values.
(651) 318-4621 View (651) 318-4621
Photo of Emily Jamison, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saint Paul, MN
Emily Jamison
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55105  (Online Only)
If you are struggling with feeling stuck, hopeless, or overwhelmed, therapy may be exactly what you need. Within the therapeutic relationship, you will find nonjudgmental acceptance, an empathetic listener, and compassion for every part of your life story. In working together, I believe that we can untangle some of the thoughts, fears, and challenges that may be holding you back from your greatest potential.
If you are struggling with feeling stuck, hopeless, or overwhelmed, therapy may be exactly what you need. Within the therapeutic relationship, you will find nonjudgmental acceptance, an empathetic listener, and compassion for every part of your life story. In working together, I believe that we can untangle some of the thoughts, fears, and challenges that may be holding you back from your greatest potential.
(651) 372-8770 View (651) 372-8770
Photo of Karen Wright, Counselor in Saint Paul, MN
Karen Wright
Counselor, MA, LPCC, LADC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55102
If you're like most people who seek help, you've already tried everything. You've come to the end of your rope, and you're afraid that even therapy won't work. I know - I've been there. Perhaps the source of your pain is a relationship with a family member, partner, or spouse. Maybe it's long-standing general anxiety or depression. Perhaps you're grappling with an addiction that's truly ruining your life. Or, perhaps you're recovering from an addiction, but anxiety and self-doubt are preventing you from moving forward with basic life goals.
If you're like most people who seek help, you've already tried everything. You've come to the end of your rope, and you're afraid that even therapy won't work. I know - I've been there. Perhaps the source of your pain is a relationship with a family member, partner, or spouse. Maybe it's long-standing general anxiety or depression. Perhaps you're grappling with an addiction that's truly ruining your life. Or, perhaps you're recovering from an addiction, but anxiety and self-doubt are preventing you from moving forward with basic life goals.
(651) 321-2697 View (651) 321-2697

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Saint Paul, MN

1,000+

Average cost per session

$170

Therapists in Saint Paul, MN who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
89% Depression
82% Relationship Issues
76% Self Esteem
75% Trauma and PTSD
68% Stress
66% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

86% BlueCross and BlueShield
73% UCare
68% HealthPartners of MN and WI

How Therapists in Saint Paul, MN see their clients

74% In Person and Online
26% Online Only

Gender breakdown

77% Female
20% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Saint Paul?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.