Therapists in Arlington, VA

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Photo of Sam Lashley, Psychologist in Arlington, VA
Sam Lashley
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Arlington, VA 22209
My practice is designed to help people who are dissatisfied with the circumstances of their lives and believe that things can be different. Working with individuals, couples, and families, I guide my clients through an exploration of their unique life context as well as the current behavior patterns that are impediments to a healthy productive life. I encourage my clients to accept themselves and others, while offering strategies for altering behavior and challenging old assumptions that are no longer adaptive. By embracing acceptance and change, clients can find more meaningful and satisfying ways to experience themselves and their interpersonal relationships.
My practice is designed to help people who are dissatisfied with the circumstances of their lives and believe that things can be different. Working with individuals, couples, and families, I guide my clients through an exploration of their unique life context as well as the current behavior patterns that are impediments to a healthy productive life. I encourage my clients to accept themselves and others, while offering strategies for altering behavior and challenging old assumptions that are no longer adaptive. By embracing acceptance and change, clients can find more meaningful and satisfying ways to experience themselves and their interpersonal relationships.
(703) 662-1972 View (703) 662-1972
Photo of Amanda Lewis, Licensed Professional Counselor in Arlington, VA
Amanda Lewis
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Arlington, VA 22201  (Online Only)
I'm a compassionate, kind, empathetic, supportive, creative, and nonjudgmental therapist whose goal is to work with my clients on improving their quality of life as a whole. Topics and issues that are treated may include interpersonal relationships, depression, anxiety, trauma, neurological disorders, bullying, abuse, grief and loss, dealing with medical ailments/illnesses, family, romantic/partner, career/job, day to day stress, LGBTQIA+/identity, and eating disorders.
I'm a compassionate, kind, empathetic, supportive, creative, and nonjudgmental therapist whose goal is to work with my clients on improving their quality of life as a whole. Topics and issues that are treated may include interpersonal relationships, depression, anxiety, trauma, neurological disorders, bullying, abuse, grief and loss, dealing with medical ailments/illnesses, family, romantic/partner, career/job, day to day stress, LGBTQIA+/identity, and eating disorders.
(571) 520-4291 View (571) 520-4291
Photo of Ann Krajewski, Psychologist in Arlington, VA
Ann Krajewski
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Arlington, VA 22209  (Online Only)
Do you feel not good enough, no matter what you do? You may be fed up with nitpicking yourself, second guessing yourself, or constantly trying to please others. You might not remember when things didn’t feel this way. But one thing is for sure: you’re ready for some relief. You’re ready to prioritize your needs for once. You’re ready to feel safe in your own skin. And most of all, you’re ready to form a deeper connection with yourself and others. I can help you discover who you are underneath the mask you have created, because therapy should be a place where you understand and embrace your true self.
Do you feel not good enough, no matter what you do? You may be fed up with nitpicking yourself, second guessing yourself, or constantly trying to please others. You might not remember when things didn’t feel this way. But one thing is for sure: you’re ready for some relief. You’re ready to prioritize your needs for once. You’re ready to feel safe in your own skin. And most of all, you’re ready to form a deeper connection with yourself and others. I can help you discover who you are underneath the mask you have created, because therapy should be a place where you understand and embrace your true self.
(703) 775-4713 View (703) 775-4713
Photo of Melanie Oligeri, Licensed Professional Counselor in Arlington, VA
Melanie Oligeri
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, LCMHC
Verified Verified
Arlington, VA 22201  (Online Only)
Life is a struggle sometimes and asking for help is not easy. Be proud of yourself for taking the first step toward change. My name is Melanie and I am a Licensed Counselor in Virginia, North Carolina, and Pennsylvania. I am also a Certified Mindfulness and Meditation Teacher. In my work with clients I combine my education and experience as a counselor with my training in mindfulness and meditation to offer individualized treatment to help each of my clients live a more balanced and fulfilling life.
Life is a struggle sometimes and asking for help is not easy. Be proud of yourself for taking the first step toward change. My name is Melanie and I am a Licensed Counselor in Virginia, North Carolina, and Pennsylvania. I am also a Certified Mindfulness and Meditation Teacher. In my work with clients I combine my education and experience as a counselor with my training in mindfulness and meditation to offer individualized treatment to help each of my clients live a more balanced and fulfilling life.
(571) 771-2165 View (571) 771-2165
Photo of Hope Robinson, Resident in Counseling in Arlington, VA
Hope Robinson
Resident in Counseling, LRC
Verified Verified
Arlington, VA 22201
Hope Robinson is a Licensed Professional Counselor in Virginia who has been practicing since 2022. She has a B.S. in Psychology from Valdosta State University and an M.S. in Clinical Mental Health Counseling from Walden University. Hope offers crisis stabilization and safety planning for clients who struggle with emotional dysregulation, depression and suicidal ideation, anxiety, and anger. She works with families experiencing recurrent parent/child, sibling, multi-generational conflict, and disturbances.
Hope Robinson is a Licensed Professional Counselor in Virginia who has been practicing since 2022. She has a B.S. in Psychology from Valdosta State University and an M.S. in Clinical Mental Health Counseling from Walden University. Hope offers crisis stabilization and safety planning for clients who struggle with emotional dysregulation, depression and suicidal ideation, anxiety, and anger. She works with families experiencing recurrent parent/child, sibling, multi-generational conflict, and disturbances.
(571) 496-9864 View (571) 496-9864
Photo of Diana Furrow, Licensed Professional Counselor in Arlington, VA
Diana Furrow
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Arlington, VA 22203
Waitlist for new clients
I am a licensed professional counselor and have worked for the past 25 years in residential and private practice. I provide individual and group counseling for adolescents and adults struggling with trauma and mood disorders, which includes depression and anxiety and any behavioral related problems. My approach to therapy is typically goal-directed, which means your counseling sessions will be designed to help you overcome your current challenges and reach satisfaction.
I am a licensed professional counselor and have worked for the past 25 years in residential and private practice. I provide individual and group counseling for adolescents and adults struggling with trauma and mood disorders, which includes depression and anxiety and any behavioral related problems. My approach to therapy is typically goal-directed, which means your counseling sessions will be designed to help you overcome your current challenges and reach satisfaction.
(703) 468-8279 View (703) 468-8279
Photo of Diane Miller, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Arlington, VA
Diane Miller
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Arlington, VA 22209  (Online Only)
Are you feeling anxious, depressed, or struggling in a relationship? Are you stuck and wondering what is keeping you stuck? Are you considering couples therapy and whether you want to remain together or begin the process of separation? Are you searching for lasting and tangible results in therapy? Together, we will work to uncover and undermine what is driving your symptoms of anxiety and/or depression, relationship and communication issues, medically difficult to explain symptoms, & self-sabotaging behaviors. I enjoy working with individuals and couples, and have had significant success working with men.
Are you feeling anxious, depressed, or struggling in a relationship? Are you stuck and wondering what is keeping you stuck? Are you considering couples therapy and whether you want to remain together or begin the process of separation? Are you searching for lasting and tangible results in therapy? Together, we will work to uncover and undermine what is driving your symptoms of anxiety and/or depression, relationship and communication issues, medically difficult to explain symptoms, & self-sabotaging behaviors. I enjoy working with individuals and couples, and have had significant success working with men.
(571) 789-0168 View (571) 789-0168
Photo of John Perry, Resident in Counseling in Arlington, VA
John Perry
Resident in Counseling, MA, NCC
Verified Verified
Arlington, VA 22209
I am a Resident in Counseling based in Virginia, possessing a particular passion for addressing a diverse array of issues, including those related to the LGBTQIA+ community, relational conflicts, life transitions, depression, anxiety, multicultural concerns, identity exploration, suicidal ideation, trauma, legal system challenges, and personality disorders. In my therapeutic approach, I emphasize the importance of fostering a collaborative and secure space for clients to navigate their current struggles, confront challenges, and explore avenues for healthy community connections through an empathetic and trauma-informed lens.
I am a Resident in Counseling based in Virginia, possessing a particular passion for addressing a diverse array of issues, including those related to the LGBTQIA+ community, relational conflicts, life transitions, depression, anxiety, multicultural concerns, identity exploration, suicidal ideation, trauma, legal system challenges, and personality disorders. In my therapeutic approach, I emphasize the importance of fostering a collaborative and secure space for clients to navigate their current struggles, confront challenges, and explore avenues for healthy community connections through an empathetic and trauma-informed lens.
(571) 454-8723 View (571) 454-8723
Photo of Adalberto Morales, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Arlington, VA
Adalberto Morales
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Arlington, VA 22206
Hi there, I'm Adalberto. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker working in Virginia. I have over 18 years of experience working as a therapist. I have worked with clients with a wide range of concerns including depression, anxiety, relationship issues, crisis intervention, substance abuse issues, and Anger Management. I also helped many people who have experienced physical trauma or emotional abuse.
Hi there, I'm Adalberto. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker working in Virginia. I have over 18 years of experience working as a therapist. I have worked with clients with a wide range of concerns including depression, anxiety, relationship issues, crisis intervention, substance abuse issues, and Anger Management. I also helped many people who have experienced physical trauma or emotional abuse.
(571) 600-6641 View (571) 600-6641
Photo of Mary Barrett, Licensed Professional Counselor in Arlington, VA
Mary Barrett
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, ATR-BC, LPC , LCPAT, LCPC
Verified Verified
Arlington, VA 22201  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Hello! I am a counselor and art therapist as well as a compassionate listener. I provide a warm and caring space for you to explore life’s difficult issues. My goal is to help you identify and express emotions to help you move forward in life’s journey. I use an integrative approach that includes art therapy as well as talk therapy. Art therapy allows you to express your thoughts and feelings through imagery when words are inadequate.
Hello! I am a counselor and art therapist as well as a compassionate listener. I provide a warm and caring space for you to explore life’s difficult issues. My goal is to help you identify and express emotions to help you move forward in life’s journey. I use an integrative approach that includes art therapy as well as talk therapy. Art therapy allows you to express your thoughts and feelings through imagery when words are inadequate.
(703) 468-0075 View (703) 468-0075
Photo of Yashica Amara, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Arlington, VA
Yashica Amara
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Arlington, VA 22204
Yashica Amara, LCSW. Top-performing, seasoned leader in behavioral health with 15 years of accomplished experience contributing exceptional results within each position held. Track record of meeting and exceeding goals leveraging advanced ability to assess situations, coordinate resources, develop effective action plans, ensure compassionate client and family care, and provide leadership and guidance to team members. Possesses extensive certification and professional development, continuously seeking opportunities to improve and add to skill sets and enhance overall effectiveness.
Yashica Amara, LCSW. Top-performing, seasoned leader in behavioral health with 15 years of accomplished experience contributing exceptional results within each position held. Track record of meeting and exceeding goals leveraging advanced ability to assess situations, coordinate resources, develop effective action plans, ensure compassionate client and family care, and provide leadership and guidance to team members. Possesses extensive certification and professional development, continuously seeking opportunities to improve and add to skill sets and enhance overall effectiveness.
(571) 322-8846 View (571) 322-8846
Photo of Anitra Holloway, Counselor in Arlington, VA
Anitra Holloway
Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Arlington, VA 22201  (Online Only)
Warm Greetings! Deciding to come to therapy can be overwhelming and I applaud you for taking a courageous first step. I believe therapy is a place where you can come and unload all of your, as well as develop the strength to embrace small changes to create a life of balance and strength. I work with clients to assist them in finding productive and healthy ways to grow through depression, grief, life stressors, trauma related issues, anxiety, as well as challenges within relationships and various other concerns. I utilize a holistic and evidenced based approach to align mind and body.
Warm Greetings! Deciding to come to therapy can be overwhelming and I applaud you for taking a courageous first step. I believe therapy is a place where you can come and unload all of your, as well as develop the strength to embrace small changes to create a life of balance and strength. I work with clients to assist them in finding productive and healthy ways to grow through depression, grief, life stressors, trauma related issues, anxiety, as well as challenges within relationships and various other concerns. I utilize a holistic and evidenced based approach to align mind and body.
(703) 940-1914 View (703) 940-1914
Photo of R. Bobbie Jaeger Agee, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Arlington, VA
R. Bobbie Jaeger Agee
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CSAC, CEAP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Arlington, VA 22203
Not accepting new clients
Are you looking for in-person sessions with someone you can easily connect with? Have you been thinking about engaging in talk therapy but have not made the commitment? I offer in-person and occasionally virtual evening hours and Saturday morning/early afternoon. The issues I am best suited to treat include stress/anxiety, life transitions, relationship problems, and grief and loss. I bring together several treatment modalities such as CBT, short-term solutions focused counseling, family of origin work depending on the presenting issues. Although I do have a small waitlist, please email me with any questions.
Are you looking for in-person sessions with someone you can easily connect with? Have you been thinking about engaging in talk therapy but have not made the commitment? I offer in-person and occasionally virtual evening hours and Saturday morning/early afternoon. The issues I am best suited to treat include stress/anxiety, life transitions, relationship problems, and grief and loss. I bring together several treatment modalities such as CBT, short-term solutions focused counseling, family of origin work depending on the presenting issues. Although I do have a small waitlist, please email me with any questions.
(703) 291-0754 View (703) 291-0754
Ara Thomas-Brown
Marriage & Family Therapist, EdD, LPC, LMFT
Verified Verified
Arlington, VA 22203
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor and Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist with clinical expertise in the areas of relationship issues, marriage and family, work-life balance, stress management, anxiety, depression, post traumatic stress and bereavement. With compassion and understanding, I work with each individual to help them build on their strengths and attain the personal growth they are committed to accomplishing.
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor and Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist with clinical expertise in the areas of relationship issues, marriage and family, work-life balance, stress management, anxiety, depression, post traumatic stress and bereavement. With compassion and understanding, I work with each individual to help them build on their strengths and attain the personal growth they are committed to accomplishing.
(703) 940-0150 View (703) 940-0150
Photo of Andrea L. Kirshner, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Arlington, VA
Andrea L. Kirshner
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, CSAC
Verified Verified
Arlington, VA 22205  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I understand many clients come to therapy for the first time full of anxiety as they are wary of talking to a stranger about personal issues. I am often told by clients that I make them feel comfortable and relaxed, and by the end of the first visit they often feel a sense of relief and hope. I work with clients who suffer from depression, anxiety, anger, substance abuse, and other issues that deter them from living life to the fullest. I can help you understand what's happening and offer assistance to cope with these feelings while working on ways to feel better.
I understand many clients come to therapy for the first time full of anxiety as they are wary of talking to a stranger about personal issues. I am often told by clients that I make them feel comfortable and relaxed, and by the end of the first visit they often feel a sense of relief and hope. I work with clients who suffer from depression, anxiety, anger, substance abuse, and other issues that deter them from living life to the fullest. I can help you understand what's happening and offer assistance to cope with these feelings while working on ways to feel better.
(703) 991-0643 View (703) 991-0643
Photo of Nancy Fromm, Marriage & Family Therapist in Arlington, VA
Nancy Fromm
Marriage & Family Therapist
Verified Verified
Arlington, VA 22206
Please see my website Nancyfromm.com
Please see my website Nancyfromm.com
(703) 936-6881 View (703) 936-6881
Photo of Tess Meier, Licensed Professional Counselor in Arlington, VA
Tess Meier
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Arlington, VA 22209  (Online Only)
I offer therapy services in English and Spanish to adolescent and adult populations suffering from trauma, anxiety, depression, suicidal ideation, identity issues, relationship problems, and a wide range of other mental health needs. I am client-centered and strengths-based in my approach, working with you to discover and use your strengths to find the healthy coping skills you need to thrive. I have extensive experience in art, CBT, and mindfulness practices, and often use and encourage movement and outdoor therapeutic techniques to bring you closer to your best self.
I offer therapy services in English and Spanish to adolescent and adult populations suffering from trauma, anxiety, depression, suicidal ideation, identity issues, relationship problems, and a wide range of other mental health needs. I am client-centered and strengths-based in my approach, working with you to discover and use your strengths to find the healthy coping skills you need to thrive. I have extensive experience in art, CBT, and mindfulness practices, and often use and encourage movement and outdoor therapeutic techniques to bring you closer to your best self.
(571) 601-4674 View (571) 601-4674
Photo of Roland Scheppske, Pre-Licensed Professional in Arlington, VA
Roland Scheppske
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, LPC-R
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Arlington, VA 22207
With over 12 years in the medical field, Roland utilizes the relationship between the client and therapist to facilitate forward growth and healing, with the goal of becoming the best version of themselves. Roland uses a variety of therapeutic approaches, including experiential and reality-based approaches to highlight implementing changes in the here & now. As a big proponent of creating connections, Roland makes the therapy setting conversational and comfortable to promote safety and collaboration in the therapeutic space.
With over 12 years in the medical field, Roland utilizes the relationship between the client and therapist to facilitate forward growth and healing, with the goal of becoming the best version of themselves. Roland uses a variety of therapeutic approaches, including experiential and reality-based approaches to highlight implementing changes in the here & now. As a big proponent of creating connections, Roland makes the therapy setting conversational and comfortable to promote safety and collaboration in the therapeutic space.
(571) 470-5428 View (571) 470-5428
Photo of Brian John Rink, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Arlington, VA
Brian John Rink
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Arlington, VA 22207
With over 20+ years working in the mental health field, Brian Rink has his Master's degree in Clinical Social Work from Fordham University and advanced training in Emotionally Focused and the Gottman Method for couples therapy and Sex Therapy. With a person-centered, attachment-lens approach aimed at reframing hurtful narratives, exploring the mind/body connection, and improving communication and relational skills, Brian wants his clients to feel empowered to create and maintain strong support systems and positive internal self-narratives. He specializes in the LGBTQ+ community.
With over 20+ years working in the mental health field, Brian Rink has his Master's degree in Clinical Social Work from Fordham University and advanced training in Emotionally Focused and the Gottman Method for couples therapy and Sex Therapy. With a person-centered, attachment-lens approach aimed at reframing hurtful narratives, exploring the mind/body connection, and improving communication and relational skills, Brian wants his clients to feel empowered to create and maintain strong support systems and positive internal self-narratives. He specializes in the LGBTQ+ community.
(703) 935-4987 View (703) 935-4987
Photo of Dr. Helen Rathbun, Psychologist in Arlington, VA
Dr. Helen Rathbun
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Arlington, VA 22201  (Online Only)
I see therapy as time dedicated to unpacking your thoughts and feelings. It's also a space to process past experiences that may have been confusing or painful. I believe it's crucial to have a trusting therapeutic relationship where you are genuinely seen and valued, allowing space for all your identities to be acknowledged and validated. Working with me, you will find an attentive, compassionate, and non-judgmental therapist. My clinical foundation is psychodynamic, relational, cognitive behavioral, and culturally attuned.
I see therapy as time dedicated to unpacking your thoughts and feelings. It's also a space to process past experiences that may have been confusing or painful. I believe it's crucial to have a trusting therapeutic relationship where you are genuinely seen and valued, allowing space for all your identities to be acknowledged and validated. Working with me, you will find an attentive, compassionate, and non-judgmental therapist. My clinical foundation is psychodynamic, relational, cognitive behavioral, and culturally attuned.
(202) 798-3410 View (202) 798-3410

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Arlington, VA

1,000+

Average cost per session

$175

Therapists in Arlington, VA who prioritize treating:

95% Anxiety
91% Depression
78% Relationship Issues
75% Self Esteem
67% Trauma and PTSD
67% Coping Skills
65% Stress

Average years in practice

13 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

67% BlueCross and BlueShield
61% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
58% Aetna

How Therapists in Arlington, VA see their clients

54% In Person and Online
46% Online Only

Gender breakdown

80% Female
19% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Arlington?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.