Therapists in Easthampton, MA

Photo of Simone Rainaud, Marriage & Family Therapist in Easthampton, MA
Simone Rainaud
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, LMT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Easthampton, MA 01027  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
I work from a trauma-informed, systemic perspective, creating a safe supportive environment to allow for growth and change. I believe that clients have the power to heal themselves but can get stuck by past trauma and have difficulty accessing their own inner strength. I am here to help you access your own natural resources to navigate difficult times. I want to get you to your goals as quickly as possible and am happy to work short-term or long-term. My clients generally have relationship or family conflicts, PTSD, anxiety, behavioral issues or mood disorders.
I work from a trauma-informed, systemic perspective, creating a safe supportive environment to allow for growth and change. I believe that clients have the power to heal themselves but can get stuck by past trauma and have difficulty accessing their own inner strength. I am here to help you access your own natural resources to navigate difficult times. I want to get you to your goals as quickly as possible and am happy to work short-term or long-term. My clients generally have relationship or family conflicts, PTSD, anxiety, behavioral issues or mood disorders.
(774) 241-9618 View (774) 241-9618
Photo of Carmarthen G Swift, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Easthampton, MA
Carmarthen G Swift
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Easthampton, MA 01027  (Online Only)
Maybe you're struggling to cope with life transitions like becoming a parent, changing a job, caring for a loved one, ending a relationship or starting a new one. Maybe life feels overwhelming and you feel lost at times. Perhaps you're struggling to cope with stress and anxiety. Maybe things that happened to you years ago, are getting in the way of living the life you want now. If you're ready to do the work and try some new strategies, I look forward to teaming up with you to pursue the life you envision. Wherever you are in life, I will meet you there with openness and compassion. I can help you identify what really matters.
Maybe you're struggling to cope with life transitions like becoming a parent, changing a job, caring for a loved one, ending a relationship or starting a new one. Maybe life feels overwhelming and you feel lost at times. Perhaps you're struggling to cope with stress and anxiety. Maybe things that happened to you years ago, are getting in the way of living the life you want now. If you're ready to do the work and try some new strategies, I look forward to teaming up with you to pursue the life you envision. Wherever you are in life, I will meet you there with openness and compassion. I can help you identify what really matters.
(413) 666-1654 View (413) 666-1654
Photo of Randy Reed, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Easthampton, MA
Randy Reed
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Easthampton, MA 01027  (Online Only)
Everyone hopes to find a Therapist they will match well with in terms of personality and professional style, especially when they are suffering. Deep listening, compassion, and promotion of self-care and coping are values at the center of my practice. I attune topics and activities toward those that the client is most interested in exploring. Integrated Relational Therapy is the holistic, versatile framework that I use to meet teen and adult clients "where they're at" to address issues like trauma, grief, depression, anxiety, relationships, and addiction; through individual, family, and couples counseling.
Everyone hopes to find a Therapist they will match well with in terms of personality and professional style, especially when they are suffering. Deep listening, compassion, and promotion of self-care and coping are values at the center of my practice. I attune topics and activities toward those that the client is most interested in exploring. Integrated Relational Therapy is the holistic, versatile framework that I use to meet teen and adult clients "where they're at" to address issues like trauma, grief, depression, anxiety, relationships, and addiction; through individual, family, and couples counseling.
(413) 666-1970 View (413) 666-1970
Photo of Vanessa Brackett, Counselor in Easthampton, MA
Vanessa Brackett
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Easthampton, MA 01027  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I help clients find ways to be present, accepting, adventurous and to have a more inclusive experience of living. I work with adults struggling with a wide range of challenges including mood concerns, addictive behavior, trauma, life transitions, and relationship issues. I support clients in becoming curious about their feelings, interrupting and shifting patterns that are no longer serving them and engaging in new ways of thinking, feeling, acting and meaning-making.
I help clients find ways to be present, accepting, adventurous and to have a more inclusive experience of living. I work with adults struggling with a wide range of challenges including mood concerns, addictive behavior, trauma, life transitions, and relationship issues. I support clients in becoming curious about their feelings, interrupting and shifting patterns that are no longer serving them and engaging in new ways of thinking, feeling, acting and meaning-making.
(413) 277-7087 View (413) 277-7087
Photo of Candace Wheeler Tenczar, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Easthampton, MA
Candace Wheeler Tenczar
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Easthampton, MA 01027
Not accepting new clients
Hello, if you're experiencing distress in an area(s) of your life that you're having difficulty resolving on your own, I would like to help. I have many years of experience working with widely diverse individuals on challenges such as conflict in relationships, anger management issues, grief and loss, difficulty with managing emotions, domestic violence, spiritual issues, substance misuse, anxiety, depression, PTSD and a number of other problematic issues. I use a variety of tools and together we can decide what those will be.
Hello, if you're experiencing distress in an area(s) of your life that you're having difficulty resolving on your own, I would like to help. I have many years of experience working with widely diverse individuals on challenges such as conflict in relationships, anger management issues, grief and loss, difficulty with managing emotions, domestic violence, spiritual issues, substance misuse, anxiety, depression, PTSD and a number of other problematic issues. I use a variety of tools and together we can decide what those will be.
(413) 358-4453 View (413) 358-4453
Photo of Rosenthal Beverly, Marriage & Family Therapist in Easthampton, MA
Rosenthal Beverly
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, PPS, CATC-IV
Verified Verified
Easthampton, MA 01027
Not accepting new clients
Congratulations. Taking initiative to seek therapy is a sign of health as well as an investment in self-care, and wholeness. Our mind can affect every aspect of our health. Exploring a therapeutic option is an important step in gaining motivation to explore your potential. Therapy can help facilitate growth as well as developing skills to manage and cope. I am not able to accept new clients presently. Thank you
Congratulations. Taking initiative to seek therapy is a sign of health as well as an investment in self-care, and wholeness. Our mind can affect every aspect of our health. Exploring a therapeutic option is an important step in gaining motivation to explore your potential. Therapy can help facilitate growth as well as developing skills to manage and cope. I am not able to accept new clients presently. Thank you
(805) 876-9133 View (805) 876-9133
Photo of Jocelyn Masson, Pre-Licensed Professional in Easthampton, MA
Jocelyn Masson
Pre-Licensed Professional, LSWA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Easthampton, MA 01027
There are many reasons that people seek out therapy. For some, it may be to find clarity, discover ways to ease anxiety, improve mood or functioning, or even process difficult events and challenges that they have experienced throughout life. Seeking support and help is the first courageous step towards a more empowered sense of self.
There are many reasons that people seek out therapy. For some, it may be to find clarity, discover ways to ease anxiety, improve mood or functioning, or even process difficult events and challenges that they have experienced throughout life. Seeking support and help is the first courageous step towards a more empowered sense of self.
(413) 779-3857 View (413) 779-3857
Photo of Tara Haines, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Easthampton, MA
Tara Haines
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Easthampton, MA 01027  (Online Only)
You do so much for others, always there to provide care, comfort and a shoulder to lean on. You are a partner, mother, daughter, sister, friend to everyone….and you have completely lost yourself. Once, you had goals, dreams and a firm sense of who you were. But now, the pressures of day to day life are leaving you depressed, anxious and uncertain. Things are changing all around you but you feel stuck, wanting to feel happy and fulfilled but not sure if that's even possible. You wonder if you will ever feel good enough. The one thing you know is you feel drained, disconnected and aren't sure how your life ended up this way.
You do so much for others, always there to provide care, comfort and a shoulder to lean on. You are a partner, mother, daughter, sister, friend to everyone….and you have completely lost yourself. Once, you had goals, dreams and a firm sense of who you were. But now, the pressures of day to day life are leaving you depressed, anxious and uncertain. Things are changing all around you but you feel stuck, wanting to feel happy and fulfilled but not sure if that's even possible. You wonder if you will ever feel good enough. The one thing you know is you feel drained, disconnected and aren't sure how your life ended up this way.
(413) 384-5502 View (413) 384-5502
Photo of Alison Carla Kinsey, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Easthampton, MA
Alison Carla Kinsey
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Easthampton, MA 01027
Is the way it has been the way it always has to be? I can assist you in making the changes you need in your life by supporting you in overcoming obstacles created by symptoms of anxiety, depression, trauma, and/or anger, or by other challenging life transitions. Together we can safely challenge yourself in the ways that open you to growth and healing. I understand that everyone has different needs and preferences, and work collaboratively with my clients to determine the best approach for them.
Is the way it has been the way it always has to be? I can assist you in making the changes you need in your life by supporting you in overcoming obstacles created by symptoms of anxiety, depression, trauma, and/or anger, or by other challenging life transitions. Together we can safely challenge yourself in the ways that open you to growth and healing. I understand that everyone has different needs and preferences, and work collaboratively with my clients to determine the best approach for them.
(413) 339-3842 View (413) 339-3842
Photo of Heather King, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Easthampton, MA
Heather King
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MEd, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Easthampton, MA 01027  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Growing, changing or healing starts with becoming more aware of our deeper feelings and beliefs. Many of us need support learning how to gently uncover and be with what lies just beneath the doing, achieving or surviving of our daily lives. I offer a space for developing a therapeutic relationship and a relationship with yourself that will help you uncover and resolve the issues that leave you feeling stuck or unhappy. Through my own meditation, spiritual practice and experience as a therapist, I have developed a compassionate, warm and non-judgmental way of working with individuals seeking to make changes in their lives.
Growing, changing or healing starts with becoming more aware of our deeper feelings and beliefs. Many of us need support learning how to gently uncover and be with what lies just beneath the doing, achieving or surviving of our daily lives. I offer a space for developing a therapeutic relationship and a relationship with yourself that will help you uncover and resolve the issues that leave you feeling stuck or unhappy. Through my own meditation, spiritual practice and experience as a therapist, I have developed a compassionate, warm and non-judgmental way of working with individuals seeking to make changes in their lives.
(413) 423-0335 View (413) 423-0335
Photo of Althea Zesk, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Easthampton, MA
Althea Zesk
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Easthampton, MA 01027
I work with individuals through all stages of adulthood, who are dealing with a variety of emotional or mental health issues. Some of these include anxiety, depression, trauma, chronic health issues, self esteem and confidence issues, and relationship problems. I enjoy helping my clients through the process of setting their goals for therapy, and helping them work toward them, leading to greater life satisfaction. I also work with individuals who have a history of being abused or devalued by others, whether in childhood, adulthood, or continuing into the present day.
I work with individuals through all stages of adulthood, who are dealing with a variety of emotional or mental health issues. Some of these include anxiety, depression, trauma, chronic health issues, self esteem and confidence issues, and relationship problems. I enjoy helping my clients through the process of setting their goals for therapy, and helping them work toward them, leading to greater life satisfaction. I also work with individuals who have a history of being abused or devalued by others, whether in childhood, adulthood, or continuing into the present day.
(413) 613-4705 View (413) 613-4705
Photo of Jay Sefton, Counselor in Easthampton, MA
Jay Sefton
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Easthampton, MA 01027
Not accepting new clients
It is our birthright to know who we truly are and experience our lives to their fullest potential. Each of us has a story, actually many stories, that reveal beliefs we hold about ourselves and the world. These stories and beliefs often stand in the way of expressing our full potential and experiencing the present moment more deeply. Within a supportive, judgment-free space, I help adults, couples, and adolescents claim their strengths and talents, and construct belief systems to support them so they can be shared with the world.
It is our birthright to know who we truly are and experience our lives to their fullest potential. Each of us has a story, actually many stories, that reveal beliefs we hold about ourselves and the world. These stories and beliefs often stand in the way of expressing our full potential and experiencing the present moment more deeply. Within a supportive, judgment-free space, I help adults, couples, and adolescents claim their strengths and talents, and construct belief systems to support them so they can be shared with the world.
(617) 675-4305 View (617) 675-4305
Photo of Autumn Porubsky, Psychologist in Easthampton, MA
Autumn Porubsky
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Easthampton, MA 01027  (Online Only)
I am a licensed psychologist with over 20 years of experience helping children, adolescents, and their parents recover from trauma. The experience of being abused or enduring a traumatic event can produce a range of challenges as a result. However, as a child or teen, navigating life thereafter can require specialized help. There is no need to face challenges alone. I specialize in helping kids and teenagers work through this process so that the trauma doesn’t define them. They can move forward with their lives in a positive, meaningful way, even discovering insights and strengths to empower them for the present and future.
I am a licensed psychologist with over 20 years of experience helping children, adolescents, and their parents recover from trauma. The experience of being abused or enduring a traumatic event can produce a range of challenges as a result. However, as a child or teen, navigating life thereafter can require specialized help. There is no need to face challenges alone. I specialize in helping kids and teenagers work through this process so that the trauma doesn’t define them. They can move forward with their lives in a positive, meaningful way, even discovering insights and strengths to empower them for the present and future.
(413) 414-4510 View (413) 414-4510
Photo of Rachel Lynch, Counselor in Easthampton, MA
Rachel Lynch
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Easthampton, MA 01027  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
This shit is hard. Of course you need therapy! You get constant challenges that can make it feel like an uphill battle just to be yourself. From figuring out when to hit the hay to questioning your purpose in a wildly chaotic world, it's a lot to handle. Imagine taking a breather, stepping back, and unraveling the tangle of thoughts and emotions that often make life feel like a whirlwind.
This shit is hard. Of course you need therapy! You get constant challenges that can make it feel like an uphill battle just to be yourself. From figuring out when to hit the hay to questioning your purpose in a wildly chaotic world, it's a lot to handle. Imagine taking a breather, stepping back, and unraveling the tangle of thoughts and emotions that often make life feel like a whirlwind.
View
Photo of Stan Gajda, Counselor in Easthampton, MA
Stan Gajda
Counselor, MA, PsyD, LMHC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Easthampton, MA 01027  (Online Only)
I use an approach that is both client-centered and evidence-based. I let the client guide me where they want to go and what they want to achieve through treatment. Everyone has strengths that can be used to better manage their concerns. From my perspective progress in treatment is wholly determined by the individual.
I use an approach that is both client-centered and evidence-based. I let the client guide me where they want to go and what they want to achieve through treatment. Everyone has strengths that can be used to better manage their concerns. From my perspective progress in treatment is wholly determined by the individual.
(413) 277-7047 View (413) 277-7047
Photo of Coralee Chase, Counselor in Easthampton, MA
Coralee Chase
Counselor, MEd, LMHC, CADC
Verified Verified
Easthampton, MA 01027
Not accepting new clients
My name is Coralee (Cora for short). I have been a professional in the valley for 30 plus years. I believe we all have beliefs, a story that prevents us from living to our greater good. I am here and open to supporting that journey into wellness. My field of expertise is Substance Disorders, Mental Health issues. I also work with individuals around the loss of loved ones, jobs, homes. I am particularly open to working with families that have lost a family member to substance use, ie overdose, alcohol side affects. I also work with families around dealing with an afflicted family member. I look forward to helping with your journey.
My name is Coralee (Cora for short). I have been a professional in the valley for 30 plus years. I believe we all have beliefs, a story that prevents us from living to our greater good. I am here and open to supporting that journey into wellness. My field of expertise is Substance Disorders, Mental Health issues. I also work with individuals around the loss of loved ones, jobs, homes. I am particularly open to working with families that have lost a family member to substance use, ie overdose, alcohol side affects. I also work with families around dealing with an afflicted family member. I look forward to helping with your journey.
(413) 200-3567 View (413) 200-3567
Photo of Jennifer L Griswold LICSW Counseling Services, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Easthampton, MA
Jennifer L Griswold LICSW Counseling Services
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Easthampton, MA 01027  (Online Only)
Life transitions are inherent in the human experience. Sometimes we are resilient and are able to navigate life’s’ difficulties and other times we need to talk to someone who can truly hear us. I offer individual, family and couples counseling for adults of any age and provide a safe, supportive and empathic setting in which you will feel respected and heard regardless of race, gender identity/expression and sexual orientation.
Life transitions are inherent in the human experience. Sometimes we are resilient and are able to navigate life’s’ difficulties and other times we need to talk to someone who can truly hear us. I offer individual, family and couples counseling for adults of any age and provide a safe, supportive and empathic setting in which you will feel respected and heard regardless of race, gender identity/expression and sexual orientation.
(413) 779-3177 View (413) 779-3177
Photo of Amanda Sposato, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Easthampton, MA
Amanda Sposato
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Easthampton, MA 01027
I believe that every person makes sense in context. You might wonder why you often feel anxious, unfulfilled, or discontent. You might be curious about the patterns in your relationships or your reactions to others or events. You may wish to explore the ways you feel simultaneously connected and disconnected from yourself or the world. I'd love to work with you to help cultivate a curious stance to better understand yourself in the fuller context of your life. We will work together to expand your feelings of aliveness and acceptance while also helping you to more flexibly express needs, manage emotions, and deepen relationships.
I believe that every person makes sense in context. You might wonder why you often feel anxious, unfulfilled, or discontent. You might be curious about the patterns in your relationships or your reactions to others or events. You may wish to explore the ways you feel simultaneously connected and disconnected from yourself or the world. I'd love to work with you to help cultivate a curious stance to better understand yourself in the fuller context of your life. We will work together to expand your feelings of aliveness and acceptance while also helping you to more flexibly express needs, manage emotions, and deepen relationships.
(413) 588-7108 View (413) 588-7108
Photo of Erin Neil Kolasinski, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Easthampton, MA
Erin Neil Kolasinski
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, EdM, LICSW
Verified Verified
Easthampton, MA 01027  (Online Only)
You know yourself best, and together in therapy we will create a safe and curious space to explore patterns and emotional responses. I work from a relational and psychodynamic frame, and balance the work with psychoeducation and skill-building to support your therapeutic goals. We'll practice different ways to connect with yourself, your emotions, and others, and acknowledge the systems and social structures that interact with your identity and wellbeing.
You know yourself best, and together in therapy we will create a safe and curious space to explore patterns and emotional responses. I work from a relational and psychodynamic frame, and balance the work with psychoeducation and skill-building to support your therapeutic goals. We'll practice different ways to connect with yourself, your emotions, and others, and acknowledge the systems and social structures that interact with your identity and wellbeing.
(413) 266-5461 View (413) 266-5461
Photo of Heather Salazar, Pre-Licensed Professional in Easthampton, MA
Heather Salazar
Pre-Licensed Professional, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Easthampton, MA 01027
If you struggle with depression, anxiety, loss, and trauma, it can feel like the world is against you. Are you stuck in your thoughts, overwhelmed by anxiety and stress, or struggling with conflict in your interpersonal relationships? If you are searching for a counselor who understands that life is complex, values your individuality, and works together with you to find the best therapeutic approach to give you relief, happiness, and hope, please reach out to me.
If you struggle with depression, anxiety, loss, and trauma, it can feel like the world is against you. Are you stuck in your thoughts, overwhelmed by anxiety and stress, or struggling with conflict in your interpersonal relationships? If you are searching for a counselor who understands that life is complex, values your individuality, and works together with you to find the best therapeutic approach to give you relief, happiness, and hope, please reach out to me.
(413) 232-9936 View (413) 232-9936

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Easthampton, MA

100+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Easthampton, MA who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
90% Depression
77% Relationship Issues
75% Trauma and PTSD
74% Self Esteem
67% Coping Skills
61% Grief

Average years in practice

14 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

92% BlueCross and BlueShield
53% Optum
50% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Easthampton, MA see their clients

65% In Person and Online
35% Online Only

Gender breakdown

82% Female
16% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Easthampton?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.