Therapists in Bellingham, WA

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Photo of Max Duane Whipple III, Drug & Alcohol Counselor in Bellingham, WA
Max Duane Whipple III
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, SUDP
Verified Verified
Bellingham, WA 98225
Ultimately, addiction is a distraction from life's meaning and purpose. My primary focus is seeing my client connect to their own meaning and purpose--not only in recovery but life generally. Through these re-connections one can forge a prolonged and stable sense of progress that paves the way toward whatever goal is on the horizon. I do not believe I am in the business of ‘fixing’ anyone, instead supporting people as they realize their own potential to overcome whatever challenges are preventing them from living the life they deserve.
Ultimately, addiction is a distraction from life's meaning and purpose. My primary focus is seeing my client connect to their own meaning and purpose--not only in recovery but life generally. Through these re-connections one can forge a prolonged and stable sense of progress that paves the way toward whatever goal is on the horizon. I do not believe I am in the business of ‘fixing’ anyone, instead supporting people as they realize their own potential to overcome whatever challenges are preventing them from living the life they deserve.
(360) 200-7266 View (360) 200-7266
Photo of Rives Whittle Thornton, Counselor in Bellingham, WA
Rives Whittle Thornton
Counselor, MS, LMHC, NCC, ACS, BC-TMH
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Bellingham, WA 98226
Gaia Wellness Center offers counseling for presenting issues and challenges that individuals, relationships, and families are experiencing. Please contact us today to see how we might be helpful to you.
Gaia Wellness Center offers counseling for presenting issues and challenges that individuals, relationships, and families are experiencing. Please contact us today to see how we might be helpful to you.
(360) 535-7938 View (360) 535-7938
Photo of David Goldman, Counselor in Bellingham, WA
David Goldman
Counselor, MS CMHC, MAEd, LMHCA
Verified Verified
Bellingham, WA 98225
David works with clients to understand challenges, to develop specific goals, and to promote wellness using a variety of tools from therapeutic modalities including empathetic Person-Centered Therapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT), Emotionally Focused Individual Therapy (EFIT), and Motivational Interviewing (MI). David draws from experience working with individuals and families as an educator, birth doula, Guardian ad Litem, mediator, and counselor. David is also approved by WA State to complete DVIT Domestic Violence Assessments and Treatment.
David works with clients to understand challenges, to develop specific goals, and to promote wellness using a variety of tools from therapeutic modalities including empathetic Person-Centered Therapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT), Emotionally Focused Individual Therapy (EFIT), and Motivational Interviewing (MI). David draws from experience working with individuals and families as an educator, birth doula, Guardian ad Litem, mediator, and counselor. David is also approved by WA State to complete DVIT Domestic Violence Assessments and Treatment.
(360) 774-4078 View (360) 774-4078
Jonathan M Boudin
Counselor, LMHC, RCC, MEd
Verified Verified
Bellingham, WA 98226  (Online Only)
Welcome! Counseling begins with safety, support, empathy, and trust. Perhaps we seek a non-judgmental ear that will listen, connection to our personal strengths, or an approach such as EMDR, DBT, CBT, or coping skills. I draw from multiple approaches so that therapy is collaborative and customized to meet your unique needs, hopes, and goals. I am trained in EMDR, an effective approach in healing from trauma. Helping youth of all genders is one of my specialties and I dedicate part of my practice to kids, tweens, and teens. I happily work with adults too. I am a LGBTQIA+ ally and cultural awareness is important to me.
Welcome! Counseling begins with safety, support, empathy, and trust. Perhaps we seek a non-judgmental ear that will listen, connection to our personal strengths, or an approach such as EMDR, DBT, CBT, or coping skills. I draw from multiple approaches so that therapy is collaborative and customized to meet your unique needs, hopes, and goals. I am trained in EMDR, an effective approach in healing from trauma. Helping youth of all genders is one of my specialties and I dedicate part of my practice to kids, tweens, and teens. I happily work with adults too. I am a LGBTQIA+ ally and cultural awareness is important to me.
(360) 813-6134 View (360) 813-6134
Photo of Samantha Camera, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Bellingham, WA
Samantha Camera
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, LMFTA
Verified Verified
Bellingham, WA 98225  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Are you or your teenager experiencing difficulties with homework, sleep, or constantly feeling tired? Is anxiety taking a toll on academics, work, social activities, or your realtionships and causing overthinking and exhaustion? Perhaps your teenager is struggling to complete homework or finding it hard to get out of bed, or they are not enjoying their hobbies as much as they used to. I specialize in helping adolescent girls, individuals, and families face these challenges. These symptoms can make each day feel tiring and draining.
Are you or your teenager experiencing difficulties with homework, sleep, or constantly feeling tired? Is anxiety taking a toll on academics, work, social activities, or your realtionships and causing overthinking and exhaustion? Perhaps your teenager is struggling to complete homework or finding it hard to get out of bed, or they are not enjoying their hobbies as much as they used to. I specialize in helping adolescent girls, individuals, and families face these challenges. These symptoms can make each day feel tiring and draining.
(360) 526-6523 View (360) 526-6523
Photo of Calial McCarty, Counselor in Bellingham, WA
Calial McCarty
Counselor, MA, LMHC, CAS
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Bellingham, WA 98225
Working with children, adolescents and families in a wholistic manner is key in support and therapy. I am passionate about working with children, teens, and families who are navigating a neurotypical world through a neurodivergent lens. Finding support, information, and psychotherapy can be a challenge, but I am dedicated to bringing a client-led approach and a place where clients can feel seen and heard. I have had the pleasure of working with community agencies, courts, schools, wrap around services, and other mental health programs. In the therapy space I value client voice, safety and self advocacy.
Working with children, adolescents and families in a wholistic manner is key in support and therapy. I am passionate about working with children, teens, and families who are navigating a neurotypical world through a neurodivergent lens. Finding support, information, and psychotherapy can be a challenge, but I am dedicated to bringing a client-led approach and a place where clients can feel seen and heard. I have had the pleasure of working with community agencies, courts, schools, wrap around services, and other mental health programs. In the therapy space I value client voice, safety and self advocacy.
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Photo of Annie Rose Elder, Counselor in Bellingham, WA
Annie Rose Elder
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
Bellingham, WA 98225
I love working with individuals looking to make a change in their life. Often the first step in therapy is recognizing where things are stuck and we need some help. I am passionate about working with marginalized populations and folks that don’t feel they fit in societal constructs. I have experience working with teens to adults using various modalities to address complex trauma, adoption issues, relationships, body image, parenting, and crisis stabilization, I enjoy supporting folks in exploring their gender and sexuality. I am supportive of all gender expressions, sexual orientations, and family compilations.
I love working with individuals looking to make a change in their life. Often the first step in therapy is recognizing where things are stuck and we need some help. I am passionate about working with marginalized populations and folks that don’t feel they fit in societal constructs. I have experience working with teens to adults using various modalities to address complex trauma, adoption issues, relationships, body image, parenting, and crisis stabilization, I enjoy supporting folks in exploring their gender and sexuality. I am supportive of all gender expressions, sexual orientations, and family compilations.
(360) 305-0112 View (360) 305-0112
Photo of Emotional Spiritual Counseling -Joseph Gottfried, Counselor in Bellingham, WA
Emotional Spiritual Counseling -Joseph Gottfried
Counselor, MA, LMHC, LCPC
Verified Verified
Bellingham, WA 98229
Do you want more from counselling than just talking things out? Perhaps you would you like to bring your spirituality to counseling as a simpler, easier way to become free from painful feelings and relationships. In this counseling approach you not only find a safe place to be heard and work out problems, but you also find ways to change troubling patterns from the inside out. Through powerful yet gentle methods alongside inner prayer/intention, you can resolve the root causes of personal problems like anxiety, loss, depression, relationship trouble, chronic illness, lack of meaning, trauma, spiritual abuse, and addiction.
Do you want more from counselling than just talking things out? Perhaps you would you like to bring your spirituality to counseling as a simpler, easier way to become free from painful feelings and relationships. In this counseling approach you not only find a safe place to be heard and work out problems, but you also find ways to change troubling patterns from the inside out. Through powerful yet gentle methods alongside inner prayer/intention, you can resolve the root causes of personal problems like anxiety, loss, depression, relationship trouble, chronic illness, lack of meaning, trauma, spiritual abuse, and addiction.
(360) 295-2870 View (360) 295-2870
Photo of Christopher Giffen, Counselor in Bellingham, WA
Christopher Giffen
Counselor, BA, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
Bellingham, WA 98225
I believe in the innate power each of us possesses to heal. Beginning with a gentle exploration of your story, your sense awareness and your feeling world, I seek to find a mutually agreed upon place to begin deeper work together. I hold close to embodiment (breath/gesture/sensation); creativity (playfulness/curiosity/possibility); and compassion (non-judgment/empathy/connection): all these are pathways to ground and support your healing process. I have found that depth of relationship itself is a healer, so I strive for a REAL, courageous relationship with my clients- capable of sustaining vulnerability, fierceness and deep transformations.
I believe in the innate power each of us possesses to heal. Beginning with a gentle exploration of your story, your sense awareness and your feeling world, I seek to find a mutually agreed upon place to begin deeper work together. I hold close to embodiment (breath/gesture/sensation); creativity (playfulness/curiosity/possibility); and compassion (non-judgment/empathy/connection): all these are pathways to ground and support your healing process. I have found that depth of relationship itself is a healer, so I strive for a REAL, courageous relationship with my clients- capable of sustaining vulnerability, fierceness and deep transformations.
(360) 233-2485 View (360) 233-2485
Photo of Kristen Jeanes, Counselor in Bellingham, WA
Kristen Jeanes
Counselor, LMHCA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Bellingham, WA 98226
Not accepting new clients
Life can be undeniably challenging at times. As a therapist, I am here to walk this journey with you, to honor your unique experiences, and to help you shoulder the weight of life’s ups and downs. I firmly believe that you are the expert of your own life, and my role is to provide a collaborative and supportive environment for your healing.
Life can be undeniably challenging at times. As a therapist, I am here to walk this journey with you, to honor your unique experiences, and to help you shoulder the weight of life’s ups and downs. I firmly believe that you are the expert of your own life, and my role is to provide a collaborative and supportive environment for your healing.
(360) 997-1322 View (360) 997-1322
Photo of Kim Pentel, Psychologist in Bellingham, WA
Kim Pentel
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Bellingham, WA 98229  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
I will be on leave from late October 2023 through January. I am a licensed clinical psychologist specializing in couple therapy and treatment of anxiety and mood disorders. I deliver LGBTQ+ affirming and trauma-informed care. All folks deserve to feel fully heard and seen in therapy, and I work to create a space to bring your full self into therapy. My approach is collaborative, interpersonal, and culturally tailored. You are the expert on your own experience. Thus, I hope to partner with you to offer structure, support, and skills to process your thoughts and emotions and to progress towards your goals.
I will be on leave from late October 2023 through January. I am a licensed clinical psychologist specializing in couple therapy and treatment of anxiety and mood disorders. I deliver LGBTQ+ affirming and trauma-informed care. All folks deserve to feel fully heard and seen in therapy, and I work to create a space to bring your full self into therapy. My approach is collaborative, interpersonal, and culturally tailored. You are the expert on your own experience. Thus, I hope to partner with you to offer structure, support, and skills to process your thoughts and emotions and to progress towards your goals.
(509) 661-3807 View (509) 661-3807
Photo of Eric Mann, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Bellingham, WA
Eric Mann
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Bellingham, WA 98225
It's difficult to start therapy. The desire to seek out change and dig into your feelings can often be coupled with feeling stuck, overwhelmed, or not knowing if it's the right time or decision for you. Whatever your reasons or hesitations, choosing to start therapy is courageous and once you arrive at this decision, you're not in it alone.
It's difficult to start therapy. The desire to seek out change and dig into your feelings can often be coupled with feeling stuck, overwhelmed, or not knowing if it's the right time or decision for you. Whatever your reasons or hesitations, choosing to start therapy is courageous and once you arrive at this decision, you're not in it alone.
(206) 693-2955 View (206) 693-2955
Photo of Genevieve Wohlford in Bellingham, WA
Genevieve Wohlford
MA, ND
Verified Verified
Bellingham, WA 98225
I specialize in working with women during preconception, challenges getting pregnant, pregnancy, postpartum and into motherhood. Becoming a mother is often exciting and joyous but also can be overwhelming, exhausting and bring up mood changes, worries, fears and more. The support of a counselor during this time can be very helpful and can alleviate symptoms of anxiety and depression. I also specialize in working with adult women of all ages challenged with depression, anxiety, eating disorders or difficulty losing weight, chronic stress and fatigue. For more information visit www.dr-genevieve-nd.com/
I specialize in working with women during preconception, challenges getting pregnant, pregnancy, postpartum and into motherhood. Becoming a mother is often exciting and joyous but also can be overwhelming, exhausting and bring up mood changes, worries, fears and more. The support of a counselor during this time can be very helpful and can alleviate symptoms of anxiety and depression. I also specialize in working with adult women of all ages challenged with depression, anxiety, eating disorders or difficulty losing weight, chronic stress and fatigue. For more information visit www.dr-genevieve-nd.com/
(360) 743-3570 View (360) 743-3570
Photo of Kelsie Wheeler, Counselor in Bellingham, WA
Kelsie Wheeler
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
Bellingham, WA 98225
As a dedicated mental health therapist, I specialize in Family Systems therapy and Somatic Experiencing. My approach is rooted in creating a safe and collaborative space for individuals and families to explore, understand, and navigate the challenges they face. Family Systems therapy allows us to delve into the interconnected dynamics within relationships, fostering healing and growth. Additionally, my training in Somatic Experiencing enables me to guide clients in reconnecting with their body's wisdom, promoting resilience in the face of trauma and stress.
As a dedicated mental health therapist, I specialize in Family Systems therapy and Somatic Experiencing. My approach is rooted in creating a safe and collaborative space for individuals and families to explore, understand, and navigate the challenges they face. Family Systems therapy allows us to delve into the interconnected dynamics within relationships, fostering healing and growth. Additionally, my training in Somatic Experiencing enables me to guide clients in reconnecting with their body's wisdom, promoting resilience in the face of trauma and stress.
(360) 746-2913 View (360) 746-2913
Photo of Rebecca M. Lachut, Marriage & Family Therapist in Bellingham, WA
Rebecca M. Lachut
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMHC, LMFT, NCC
Verified Verified
Bellingham, WA 98229  (Online Only)
I enjoy finding a person or family's strengths and resources in a warm and inviting environment. My practice is research based and brings the best resources in a down to earth and nonjudgmental way.
I enjoy finding a person or family's strengths and resources in a warm and inviting environment. My practice is research based and brings the best resources in a down to earth and nonjudgmental way.
(360) 996-6425 View (360) 996-6425
Photo of Jessi Geier, Counselor in Bellingham, WA
Jessi Geier
Counselor, MACP, LMHCA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bellingham, WA 98225
Waitlist for new clients
Perhaps everything seems fine on the outside to others…you are able to do what you need to do (on most days), but on the inside you feel overwhelmed, worried, and tired. Perhaps you oscillate between thinking over and over about things, your relationships, what’s next in life...to just shutting down and feeling sad or numb. Some days you don’t even know what’s wrong, it may seem like a lot of little things, and there may be so many opinions inside your head that you can’t even hear your own anymore. Do you wish that you knew how to listen to yourself and trust what you hear?
Perhaps everything seems fine on the outside to others…you are able to do what you need to do (on most days), but on the inside you feel overwhelmed, worried, and tired. Perhaps you oscillate between thinking over and over about things, your relationships, what’s next in life...to just shutting down and feeling sad or numb. Some days you don’t even know what’s wrong, it may seem like a lot of little things, and there may be so many opinions inside your head that you can’t even hear your own anymore. Do you wish that you knew how to listen to yourself and trust what you hear?
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Photo of Reina Roethe, Counselor in Bellingham, WA
Reina Roethe
Counselor, MA, LMHCA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Bellingham, WA 98225
Life can be a rollercoaster of emotions, and it's okay not to have all the answers. Together, we'll embark on a journey of self-discovery and growth, navigating the highs, lows, and everything in between. My approach is deeply rooted in understanding the impact of trauma. I believe that acknowledging past wounds is the first step toward healing. With empathy and competence, I'll help you explore your past and present, supporting you in finding resilience and strength within. ​
Life can be a rollercoaster of emotions, and it's okay not to have all the answers. Together, we'll embark on a journey of self-discovery and growth, navigating the highs, lows, and everything in between. My approach is deeply rooted in understanding the impact of trauma. I believe that acknowledging past wounds is the first step toward healing. With empathy and competence, I'll help you explore your past and present, supporting you in finding resilience and strength within. ​
(360) 284-1252 View (360) 284-1252
Photo of Brooke Usrey, Counselor in Bellingham, WA
Brooke Usrey
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Bellingham, WA 98225  (Online Only)
Your thoughts may be moving toward pregnancy or starting a family in the near future. You may already be navigating conception, pregnancy, or postpartum and you are swimming in uncertainty. The shift to life with a baby has led to so many changes that you don't know who you are anymore. As a mother you may find tension between your intuition/body wisdom and dominant cultural messages. You may simply feel overwhelmed by life, surprised at how simple things feel so challenging. You may be curious if your current baseline is where you will live forever. Some part of you knows that it could be different but you aren't sure how.
Your thoughts may be moving toward pregnancy or starting a family in the near future. You may already be navigating conception, pregnancy, or postpartum and you are swimming in uncertainty. The shift to life with a baby has led to so many changes that you don't know who you are anymore. As a mother you may find tension between your intuition/body wisdom and dominant cultural messages. You may simply feel overwhelmed by life, surprised at how simple things feel so challenging. You may be curious if your current baseline is where you will live forever. Some part of you knows that it could be different but you aren't sure how.
(360) 634-0751 View (360) 634-0751
Photo of Holly Zwolinski, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Bellingham, WA
Holly Zwolinski
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSSA, LICSW
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Bellingham, WA 98226  (Online Only)
I believe that fostering an open and collaborative therapeutic relationship with clients is key to getting the most out of therapy. Together we are able to focus on gaining insight into interpersonal relationships and identifying the patterns that affect them. I specialize in working with adults who are experiencing various issues related to trauma, stress, and life adjustments.
I believe that fostering an open and collaborative therapeutic relationship with clients is key to getting the most out of therapy. Together we are able to focus on gaining insight into interpersonal relationships and identifying the patterns that affect them. I specialize in working with adults who are experiencing various issues related to trauma, stress, and life adjustments.
(360) 299-5623 View (360) 299-5623
Photo of Fifth Wave in Bellingham, WA
Fifth Wave
NLP, TLT, Hypnoth
Verified Verified
Bellingham, WA 98225
I created Fifth Wave as a collaborative effort that offers integrative therapeutic solutions for clients involving a combination of traditional psychological modalities such as CBT, DBT as well as NLP, Hypnotherapy, Time Line Therapy, Life Coaching, Breathwork and Somatic Therapy to offer a holistic approach to mental and physical wellness. Fifth Wave will utilize a multi-layered, multi-disciplinary and holistic approach for clients to achieve their desired goals.
I created Fifth Wave as a collaborative effort that offers integrative therapeutic solutions for clients involving a combination of traditional psychological modalities such as CBT, DBT as well as NLP, Hypnotherapy, Time Line Therapy, Life Coaching, Breathwork and Somatic Therapy to offer a holistic approach to mental and physical wellness. Fifth Wave will utilize a multi-layered, multi-disciplinary and holistic approach for clients to achieve their desired goals.
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Bellingham, WA

500+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Bellingham, WA who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
88% Depression
80% Self Esteem
79% Relationship Issues
77% Stress
76% Trauma and PTSD
71% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

81% Premera
63% Aetna
61% Regence

How Therapists in Bellingham, WA see their clients

59% In Person and Online
41% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
17% Male
5% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Bellingham?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.