Therapists in Reno, NV

View neighborhoods in Reno
Photo of Melanie Wilkins, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Reno, NV
Melanie Wilkins
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Reno, NV 89511
Welcome and congratulations on taking that very first step in seeking help. In this moment you may be feeling stuck or hopeless, maybe you have tried and tried and just can’t seem to get unstuck. Maybe you just had the same argument with your teenager, partner or coparent for the hundredth time and are feeling discouraged and defeated. Maybe you keep hearing about old trauma on social media and are wondering what that is all about. Maybe you are pregnant or in your first year post partum and are struggling to cope and manage it all. Whatever it is for you, I look forward to collaborating with you to find hope solutions and healing.
Welcome and congratulations on taking that very first step in seeking help. In this moment you may be feeling stuck or hopeless, maybe you have tried and tried and just can’t seem to get unstuck. Maybe you just had the same argument with your teenager, partner or coparent for the hundredth time and are feeling discouraged and defeated. Maybe you keep hearing about old trauma on social media and are wondering what that is all about. Maybe you are pregnant or in your first year post partum and are struggling to cope and manage it all. Whatever it is for you, I look forward to collaborating with you to find hope solutions and healing.
(775) 251-9126 View (775) 251-9126
Photo of Tasha Hamilton, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Reno, NV
Tasha Hamilton
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LCADC
Verified Verified
Reno, NV 89511
I offer a cognitive behavioral approach to therapy that is discreet, and client centered. I specialize in life transitions through substance abuse issues. Regardless of what you have heard You can make it through this, and there is always something gained from a person working to be the best they can be. It is a safe and confidential environment for reflection and honest feedback. I also offer comprehensive substance abuse evaluations and assessment services for Court orders or just personal reflection.
I offer a cognitive behavioral approach to therapy that is discreet, and client centered. I specialize in life transitions through substance abuse issues. Regardless of what you have heard You can make it through this, and there is always something gained from a person working to be the best they can be. It is a safe and confidential environment for reflection and honest feedback. I also offer comprehensive substance abuse evaluations and assessment services for Court orders or just personal reflection.
(775) 204-1932 View (775) 204-1932
Photo of April Lennon in Reno, NV
April Lennon
APRN, MSN
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Reno, NV 89509
Waitlist for new clients
My clients are ready to work on what’s causing them discomfort in life. Some may have trouble with making big decisions. Others may just want to shift the way they feel. All want to find peace and comfort in every day life.
My clients are ready to work on what’s causing them discomfort in life. Some may have trouble with making big decisions. Others may just want to shift the way they feel. All want to find peace and comfort in every day life.
(775) 242-6773 View (775) 242-6773
Photo of Anika K Mullen, Counselor in Reno, NV
Anika K Mullen
Counselor, MS, LPC, MHSP, CPC
Verified Verified
Reno, NV 89502  (Online Only)
Have the terrible 2's never stopped or gotten worse after your child turned 2.5 yrs? Do you have a young child with more frequent, long, or intense temper tantrums and behavior problems than is expected for the child’s age? Does your child seem to get a thrill out of purposely annoying others, get in trouble regularly at preschool, or react with defiance and aggression to adult requests and limits? Or, is your child so anxious that you are dreading daycare or school drop offs because your child has to be pried off of you? Is your child struggling to adjust to a big transition like parents’ divorce, a new sibling, grief, or trauma?
Have the terrible 2's never stopped or gotten worse after your child turned 2.5 yrs? Do you have a young child with more frequent, long, or intense temper tantrums and behavior problems than is expected for the child’s age? Does your child seem to get a thrill out of purposely annoying others, get in trouble regularly at preschool, or react with defiance and aggression to adult requests and limits? Or, is your child so anxious that you are dreading daycare or school drop offs because your child has to be pried off of you? Is your child struggling to adjust to a big transition like parents’ divorce, a new sibling, grief, or trauma?
(775) 204-4567 View (775) 204-4567
Photo of Megan Weller, Marriage & Family Therapist in Reno, NV
Megan Weller
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, MFT, LCADC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Reno, NV 89509
In the tapestry of life, our relationships weave the most intricate patterns. If you find yourself yearning for richer connections, a deeper understanding of emotions, and a transformative experience in your interpersonal relationships, you've come to a place where these aspirations can flourish. I am here to accompany you on this exploration, helping you navigate the twists and turns of your healing journey. Together, we will work to unlock the resilience within you, allowing you to rewrite the narrative of your past and move towards a future filled with hope and possibility.
In the tapestry of life, our relationships weave the most intricate patterns. If you find yourself yearning for richer connections, a deeper understanding of emotions, and a transformative experience in your interpersonal relationships, you've come to a place where these aspirations can flourish. I am here to accompany you on this exploration, helping you navigate the twists and turns of your healing journey. Together, we will work to unlock the resilience within you, allowing you to rewrite the narrative of your past and move towards a future filled with hope and possibility.
(775) 416-9168 View (775) 416-9168
Photo of Emily Neller-Cox, Marriage & Family Therapist Intern in Reno, NV
Emily Neller-Cox
Marriage & Family Therapist Intern, MA, MFT-I, NCC
Verified Verified
Reno, NV 89521
My aim as a therapist is to help individuals, couples, and families live full and meaningful lives, work collaboratively with clients to support their growth and development, and ultimately reach their goals. I take an integrated, person-centered and strengths-based approach to help facilitate self-discovery and meaning-making.
My aim as a therapist is to help individuals, couples, and families live full and meaningful lives, work collaboratively with clients to support their growth and development, and ultimately reach their goals. I take an integrated, person-centered and strengths-based approach to help facilitate self-discovery and meaning-making.
(775) 256-5802 View (775) 256-5802
Photo of Lynn L Dyas, Marriage & Family Therapist in Reno, NV
Lynn L Dyas
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT, LCADC, NCC
Verified Verified
Reno, NV 89503
As a highly trained and experienced Psychotherapist, I focus on treatment that addresses blocks to living a full and productive life. My goals are to help clients understand self-defeating patterns or dynamics that may be sabotaging their lives, heal attachment ruptures, provide support while practicing new behaviors, work through challenging situations or life crises, and learn to identify existing while teaching new strengths and skills. Our objective as a team will be to enhance your quality of life by helping you reach your fullest personal and professional potential.
As a highly trained and experienced Psychotherapist, I focus on treatment that addresses blocks to living a full and productive life. My goals are to help clients understand self-defeating patterns or dynamics that may be sabotaging their lives, heal attachment ruptures, provide support while practicing new behaviors, work through challenging situations or life crises, and learn to identify existing while teaching new strengths and skills. Our objective as a team will be to enhance your quality of life by helping you reach your fullest personal and professional potential.
(775) 589-2017 View (775) 589-2017
Photo of Barbara Chandler Holistic Counseling, Marriage & Family Therapist in Reno, NV
Barbara Chandler Holistic Counseling
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, KAP, PAT
Verified Verified
Reno, NV 89511
Waitlist for new clients
The mind, body, and spirit work together to bring fulfillment, but when the balance is off, things just don't feel right. Counseling can be instrumental in making sense of what’s going on inside of you and can help you on your path to healing and self-discovery. If you are curious about mindfulness, spiritual exploration, and your inner healing ability I can help. I also provide Ketamine Assisted Psychotherapy (KAP) and Psychedelic Assisted Therapy (PAT). Feel free to contact me for more information about my services.
The mind, body, and spirit work together to bring fulfillment, but when the balance is off, things just don't feel right. Counseling can be instrumental in making sense of what’s going on inside of you and can help you on your path to healing and self-discovery. If you are curious about mindfulness, spiritual exploration, and your inner healing ability I can help. I also provide Ketamine Assisted Psychotherapy (KAP) and Psychedelic Assisted Therapy (PAT). Feel free to contact me for more information about my services.
(775) 587-2058 View (775) 587-2058
Photo of C & C Health Care Services in Reno, NV
C & C Health Care Services
LCSW, MD, CPC, CADC, APRN
Verified Verified
Reno, NV 89502
The mission of C & C Health Care Services is to enhance the well-being of the community by providing comprehensive, high-quality health care services including prevention and education with special emphasis on the medically under served and low-income populations. Our goal is to provide a “medical home” for the under served by significantly expanding access to primary care, behavioral health, addiction, disease management, prevention and educational services.
The mission of C & C Health Care Services is to enhance the well-being of the community by providing comprehensive, high-quality health care services including prevention and education with special emphasis on the medically under served and low-income populations. Our goal is to provide a “medical home” for the under served by significantly expanding access to primary care, behavioral health, addiction, disease management, prevention and educational services.
(775) 682-0020 View (775) 682-0020
Photo of Jim Freeland, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Reno, NV
Jim Freeland
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Reno, NV 89502
Why am I a therapist? There are many reasons I am in this field. The initial draw was curiosity about people. I find people fascinating, each person has their own story, their own journey, their own struggles, and their own triumphs. I find it to be a humbling experience that a person I am working with in therapy is willing to trust me with the intimate details of the things they are seeking help for. I remain cognizant of the courage it takes to seek therapy, to seek recovery, to work on making changes. The resiliency that people are capable of never ceases to amaze me.
Why am I a therapist? There are many reasons I am in this field. The initial draw was curiosity about people. I find people fascinating, each person has their own story, their own journey, their own struggles, and their own triumphs. I find it to be a humbling experience that a person I am working with in therapy is willing to trust me with the intimate details of the things they are seeking help for. I remain cognizant of the courage it takes to seek therapy, to seek recovery, to work on making changes. The resiliency that people are capable of never ceases to amaze me.
(775) 431-2767 View (775) 431-2767
Photo of McAuliffe Therapy, Marriage & Family Therapist in Reno, NV
McAuliffe Therapy
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, MFCT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Reno, NV 89521
We emphasize a collaborative narrative approach to therapy through therapeutic conversations to help people rediscover hope in the midst of the problem saturated stories of their current experiences. We help people rediscover hope in the midst of grief, anxiety, depression, relationship struggles, marriage, divorce, physical disabilities, and other life adjustments. We are trained to help couples find and maintain a healthy relationship. We work with families, blended fmilies, and extended families as well as adolescents and individuals.
We emphasize a collaborative narrative approach to therapy through therapeutic conversations to help people rediscover hope in the midst of the problem saturated stories of their current experiences. We help people rediscover hope in the midst of grief, anxiety, depression, relationship struggles, marriage, divorce, physical disabilities, and other life adjustments. We are trained to help couples find and maintain a healthy relationship. We work with families, blended fmilies, and extended families as well as adolescents and individuals.
(775) 293-4628 View (775) 293-4628
Photo of Joseph R. Sannazzaro, Marriage & Family Therapist in Reno, NV
Joseph R. Sannazzaro
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT, LADC
Verified Verified
Reno, NV 89501
Waitlist for new clients
We all experience times when we know things can't stay the same, but we don't know how to make them better. It may be pain, loss, or resentments from the past. Or anxiety about future stressors and uncertainties. Or current struggles that leave us feeling powerless and discouraged. It takes humility to admit that what we're doing isn't working, and it takes courage to try something different. Choosing counseling is choosing to stop waiting for life to get better or waiting for people to change. It's choosing to make the changes we can to change our lives for the better
We all experience times when we know things can't stay the same, but we don't know how to make them better. It may be pain, loss, or resentments from the past. Or anxiety about future stressors and uncertainties. Or current struggles that leave us feeling powerless and discouraged. It takes humility to admit that what we're doing isn't working, and it takes courage to try something different. Choosing counseling is choosing to stop waiting for life to get better or waiting for people to change. It's choosing to make the changes we can to change our lives for the better
(775) 204-3674 View (775) 204-3674
John H Krogh
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Reno, NV 89521
Licensed psychologist with over decade of experience training mental health professionals & helping people manage distressing/difficult experiences that life brings our way. I am a military veteran. Extensive experience treating first responders & veterans. Over decade of crisis & mental health training to first responders. Trained by FBI in Crisis/Hostage Negotiation. On Hostage Negotiation Team since 2015. Member of Nevada Board of Psychological Examiners 2017-2021. Expertise in treatment of Trauma-Related Disorders, such as Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), as well as insomnia, stress, anxiety, depression & substance use.
Licensed psychologist with over decade of experience training mental health professionals & helping people manage distressing/difficult experiences that life brings our way. I am a military veteran. Extensive experience treating first responders & veterans. Over decade of crisis & mental health training to first responders. Trained by FBI in Crisis/Hostage Negotiation. On Hostage Negotiation Team since 2015. Member of Nevada Board of Psychological Examiners 2017-2021. Expertise in treatment of Trauma-Related Disorders, such as Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), as well as insomnia, stress, anxiety, depression & substance use.
(775) 277-2537 View (775) 277-2537
Photo of Braun Psychological Services, Psychologist in Reno, NV
Braun Psychological Services
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Reno, NV 89521
I am a licensed psychologist with over 17 years of education, training, and professional experience in providing psychological services for individuals, couples, and families. I believe that therapy should consist of creating a safe and supportive environment to promote personal growth. Having worked in a variety of settings, I have a breadth of experience and training to treat persons across the lifespan with differing mental health needs. I believe that the process of therapy, whether individual, family, or couples therapy, is a collaborative effort in which I join with you to find the path that best suits your needs.
I am a licensed psychologist with over 17 years of education, training, and professional experience in providing psychological services for individuals, couples, and families. I believe that therapy should consist of creating a safe and supportive environment to promote personal growth. Having worked in a variety of settings, I have a breadth of experience and training to treat persons across the lifespan with differing mental health needs. I believe that the process of therapy, whether individual, family, or couples therapy, is a collaborative effort in which I join with you to find the path that best suits your needs.
(775) 581-4019 View (775) 581-4019
Photo of Bernadette Hinojos, Psychological Associate in Reno, NV
Bernadette Hinojos
Psychological Associate, PsyD
Verified Verified
Reno, NV 89511
I am currently under the supervision of Dr. Quinten Lynn, Ph.D. (PY0812). I believe my role as a therapist, is the greatest form of advocacy that I can engage in. My approach to therapy is an integrative approach of Feminist and Narrative therapies, combining empowerment & social justice. I have a lengthy history of working with diverse clients from various intersections of identities, diagnoses, & presenting concerns. My clinical focuses include but are not limited to: identity exploration, trauma, sex work, body image, racism, & gender issues. I am also an LGBTQIA2+/kink/poly knowledgeable/ affirming therapist.
I am currently under the supervision of Dr. Quinten Lynn, Ph.D. (PY0812). I believe my role as a therapist, is the greatest form of advocacy that I can engage in. My approach to therapy is an integrative approach of Feminist and Narrative therapies, combining empowerment & social justice. I have a lengthy history of working with diverse clients from various intersections of identities, diagnoses, & presenting concerns. My clinical focuses include but are not limited to: identity exploration, trauma, sex work, body image, racism, & gender issues. I am also an LGBTQIA2+/kink/poly knowledgeable/ affirming therapist.
(775) 254-8621 View (775) 254-8621
Photo of Katie Hayman, Pre-Licensed Professional in Reno, NV
Katie Hayman
Pre-Licensed Professional, MSW, CSWI
Verified Verified
Reno, NV 89502
Parenting/guardianship is a job with no instruction manual. Reaching out for help for your child is a brave step. I want to meet you where you are and work together to help your child accept the healthy relationships in their lives and work on skills that can help your child and family. I have extensive experience working with children and adolescents of all backgrounds and experiences. I have worked in both a clinical setting and as a teacher and school counselor. My approach is unique, progressive, and flexible to meet the needs of your child and your family. Accepting New Clients!
Parenting/guardianship is a job with no instruction manual. Reaching out for help for your child is a brave step. I want to meet you where you are and work together to help your child accept the healthy relationships in their lives and work on skills that can help your child and family. I have extensive experience working with children and adolescents of all backgrounds and experiences. I have worked in both a clinical setting and as a teacher and school counselor. My approach is unique, progressive, and flexible to meet the needs of your child and your family. Accepting New Clients!
(775) 248-7940 View (775) 248-7940
Photo of Erin Chapel, Counselor in Reno, NV
Erin Chapel
Counselor, NCC, CPC, LCADC-S, CPGC-S, CFRC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Reno, NV 89509
As a military spouse and mother of five, I'm very aware of the sacrifices military members, veterans and their families make. Many of these same experiences are shared by first responders and other individuals who experience cumulative and ongoing trauma as a result of their line of work. I specialize in providing services to military and first responders. I find myself working best in the space between brutal honesty and authentic compassion. I am passionate about what I do and believe that my passion and experience are what allow me to effectively help, helpers.
As a military spouse and mother of five, I'm very aware of the sacrifices military members, veterans and their families make. Many of these same experiences are shared by first responders and other individuals who experience cumulative and ongoing trauma as a result of their line of work. I specialize in providing services to military and first responders. I find myself working best in the space between brutal honesty and authentic compassion. I am passionate about what I do and believe that my passion and experience are what allow me to effectively help, helpers.
(775) 455-4821 View (775) 455-4821
Photo of Andrea Glick, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Reno, NV
Andrea Glick
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Reno, NV 89503
I have openings! We’ve all been at a point in life where our plans seem to have gone awry. And that can leave us feeling confused, unraveled, and possibly even unsure of where to go. Maybe you feel like a burden to the ones you love. Maybe you live with guilt, shame and fear. Anxiety, grief, and emotional pain are not always seen or acknowledged, but they are felt on the deepest level – and it can impact your overall well-being. In a culture that feels full of division and unpredictability, it’s important to feel safe and rooted. To find meaning in the struggles.
I have openings! We’ve all been at a point in life where our plans seem to have gone awry. And that can leave us feeling confused, unraveled, and possibly even unsure of where to go. Maybe you feel like a burden to the ones you love. Maybe you live with guilt, shame and fear. Anxiety, grief, and emotional pain are not always seen or acknowledged, but they are felt on the deepest level – and it can impact your overall well-being. In a culture that feels full of division and unpredictability, it’s important to feel safe and rooted. To find meaning in the struggles.
(775) 258-7423 View (775) 258-7423
Photo of Jon Ray, Marriage & Family Therapist in Reno, NV
Jon Ray
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT, MS
Verified Verified
Reno, NV 89521
I offer specialized treatment to address anxiety, depression, relationship challenges and insomnia with over 20 years of counseling experience. I am passionate in my role as a therapist to help you make changes that will make a tangible positive difference in your life. I work to accomplish this by asking the right questions to understand your challenges, teach new approaches and skills for the problems you have been experiencing, and by guiding you through that process to reach your goals. Effective therapy provides a way to move forward into a future that brings genuine relief and increased engagement in living.
I offer specialized treatment to address anxiety, depression, relationship challenges and insomnia with over 20 years of counseling experience. I am passionate in my role as a therapist to help you make changes that will make a tangible positive difference in your life. I work to accomplish this by asking the right questions to understand your challenges, teach new approaches and skills for the problems you have been experiencing, and by guiding you through that process to reach your goals. Effective therapy provides a way to move forward into a future that brings genuine relief and increased engagement in living.
(775) 346-6794 View (775) 346-6794
Photo of Diane Schroder, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor in Reno, NV
Diane Schroder
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, MA, LCPC, LSC, RPT
Verified Verified
Reno, NV 89511
I have always loved working with and advocating for others. In my work as a therapist, I strive to teach and guide children, teens, and adults suffering and living a life that is below their potential. My ultimate goal is helping you become the person you were meant to be and to discover satisfaction and wellbeing in your life.
I have always loved working with and advocating for others. In my work as a therapist, I strive to teach and guide children, teens, and adults suffering and living a life that is below their potential. My ultimate goal is helping you become the person you were meant to be and to discover satisfaction and wellbeing in your life.
(775) 312-5590 View (775) 312-5590

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Reno, NV

500+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Reno, NV who prioritize treating:

90% Anxiety
86% Depression
75% Trauma and PTSD
75% Self Esteem
74% Relationship Issues
67% Coping Skills
67% Stress

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

67% Aetna
62% BlueCross and BlueShield
62% Hometown Health

How Therapists in Reno, NV see their clients

71% In Person and Online
29% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
18% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Reno?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.