Therapists in Berkeley, CA

Photo of Anna Maurice, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Anna Maurice
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, JD, MA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Berkeley, CA 94707  (Online Only)
Life is filled with decisions, unexpected turns neither predicted nor guaranteed, and experiences that shape our individual stories. Therapy can be a window into these narratives, allowing exploration into past and present. It can forge a future lived with more intention, fulfillment and balance. I utilize an approach to psychotherapy that aims to present a fuller picture of who we are, individualizing my practice based on my clients and their needs. A safe, supportive environment can make space for clarity and growth as you navigate life transitions, both big and small, chosen or uncertain.
Life is filled with decisions, unexpected turns neither predicted nor guaranteed, and experiences that shape our individual stories. Therapy can be a window into these narratives, allowing exploration into past and present. It can forge a future lived with more intention, fulfillment and balance. I utilize an approach to psychotherapy that aims to present a fuller picture of who we are, individualizing my practice based on my clients and their needs. A safe, supportive environment can make space for clarity and growth as you navigate life transitions, both big and small, chosen or uncertain.
(818) 293-2223 View (818) 293-2223
Photo of Red Karpman, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Red Karpman
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Berkeley, CA 94705  (Online Only)
Sometimes amazing things can grow under pressure. Living with stigma - related to a mind that works differently, a body that's unruly or "too much," or a sexuality that doesn't fit behind a white picket fence - asks us to be creative and fierce. The wisdom that can grow here is astounding. But the burden of stigma is heavy, and sometimes it grips us in painful positions. Whether you're feeling exhausted, sick of yourself, or just don't know quite how to relate to other people, therapy with me can help.
Sometimes amazing things can grow under pressure. Living with stigma - related to a mind that works differently, a body that's unruly or "too much," or a sexuality that doesn't fit behind a white picket fence - asks us to be creative and fierce. The wisdom that can grow here is astounding. But the burden of stigma is heavy, and sometimes it grips us in painful positions. Whether you're feeling exhausted, sick of yourself, or just don't know quite how to relate to other people, therapy with me can help.
(510) 328-4259 View (510) 328-4259
Photo of Tristan Destry Saldaña, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Berkeley, CA
Tristan Destry Saldaña
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94709  (Online Only)
Perhaps no one can ever inhabit fully the lived experience of another, nor would I presume that I could know it, yet our therapeutic relationship can—without disrespecting the integrity of your lived experience—present the opportunity to take your perspective. I hope to imagine your experience because, as Carl Jung articulates: “Loneliness does not come from having no people around you but from being unable to communicate the things that seem important to you," and in the memory of childhood’s loneliness and solitude, creative power resides.
Perhaps no one can ever inhabit fully the lived experience of another, nor would I presume that I could know it, yet our therapeutic relationship can—without disrespecting the integrity of your lived experience—present the opportunity to take your perspective. I hope to imagine your experience because, as Carl Jung articulates: “Loneliness does not come from having no people around you but from being unable to communicate the things that seem important to you," and in the memory of childhood’s loneliness and solitude, creative power resides.
(628) 214-7695 View (628) 214-7695
Photo of Rick Maisel, Psychologist in Berkeley, CA
Rick Maisel
Psychologist, PhD, MA
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94710
If you want a therapist who has been around the block more than a few times, I'm your man. I've became a Licenced MFT in 1986 and a Licensed Psychologist in 1993. For over 40 years I've been helping people slay their dragons, clarify their life directions, connect more deeply with themselves, their friends, and loved ones, and heal from the wounds life has a way of inflicting. And you know what? I still love it.
If you want a therapist who has been around the block more than a few times, I'm your man. I've became a Licenced MFT in 1986 and a Licensed Psychologist in 1993. For over 40 years I've been helping people slay their dragons, clarify their life directions, connect more deeply with themselves, their friends, and loved ones, and heal from the wounds life has a way of inflicting. And you know what? I still love it.
(510) 617-5923 View (510) 617-5923
Photo of Sam Hinds, Psychological Associate in Berkeley, CA
Sam Hinds
Psychological Associate, PhD
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94705
The reasons leading each of us into therapy are as unique as we are individually, though it usually begins with something that brings challenge or suffering. Even amid the uniqueness of our difficulties, however, there are common patterns that unite us in our humanity. Whatever it is that calls you to therapy, I will meet you in the middle—where your common humanity and utter uniqueness come together. I deeply trust we can work together to bring greatest understanding to your process and support you not only in your healing, but also in the unfolding of your potential—indeed, the two go hand-in-hand.
The reasons leading each of us into therapy are as unique as we are individually, though it usually begins with something that brings challenge or suffering. Even amid the uniqueness of our difficulties, however, there are common patterns that unite us in our humanity. Whatever it is that calls you to therapy, I will meet you in the middle—where your common humanity and utter uniqueness come together. I deeply trust we can work together to bring greatest understanding to your process and support you not only in your healing, but also in the unfolding of your potential—indeed, the two go hand-in-hand.
(341) 234-2873 View (341) 234-2873
Photo of Amalia Pilar Jarvis, Psychologist in Berkeley, CA
Amalia Pilar Jarvis
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Berkeley, CA 94705
I work with adults, parents, couples and teens who are struggling with various aspects of life and want to make a change. I enjoy working with people going through transitions, which may be stressful but also offer huge opportunities for growth. I believe in a collaborative process and I will explore your needs with you and work with you to determine the best course of treatment. I will help you identify issues that are interfering with your happiness and support you in making the changes necessary to feel better and improve your quality of life. I prioritize emotion regulation and mindfulness and integrate this into our sessions.
I work with adults, parents, couples and teens who are struggling with various aspects of life and want to make a change. I enjoy working with people going through transitions, which may be stressful but also offer huge opportunities for growth. I believe in a collaborative process and I will explore your needs with you and work with you to determine the best course of treatment. I will help you identify issues that are interfering with your happiness and support you in making the changes necessary to feel better and improve your quality of life. I prioritize emotion regulation and mindfulness and integrate this into our sessions.
(510) 399-1253 View (510) 399-1253
Photo of Eliot Schain, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Eliot Schain
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT, MFA
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94707
I work with adults, teens, and couples struggling with depression, anxiety, and the inability to effectively communicate. With individuals, I help reframe challenges and liberate talents, especially in men alienated from the economy and meaningful purpose. I taught for years in a high school, and thus am comfortable working with adolescents. My orientation is eclectic, however I draw mostly from psychodynamic and relational theory, as well as CBT techniques. I find these approaches complementary, even necessary to establish a holistic treatment plan.
I work with adults, teens, and couples struggling with depression, anxiety, and the inability to effectively communicate. With individuals, I help reframe challenges and liberate talents, especially in men alienated from the economy and meaningful purpose. I taught for years in a high school, and thus am comfortable working with adolescents. My orientation is eclectic, however I draw mostly from psychodynamic and relational theory, as well as CBT techniques. I find these approaches complementary, even necessary to establish a holistic treatment plan.
(510) 296-5537 View (510) 296-5537
Photo of November Preston, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
November Preston
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94705
Institutional and systemic oppression, intergenerational trauma, and interpersonal harms can leave us feeling battered and broken. Isolation, community degradation, and cut off from the body and the natural world can leave us unsupported and under-resourced. In my work I seek to help people regulate their nervous systems, overcome the shame of having been harmed, and re/connect with a broader network of support. I'm passionate about accompanying people through their journey of identity development, whether that be gender, sexuality, neurodivergence, or whatever identity is emerging. I hope to help you step into your authentic self.
Institutional and systemic oppression, intergenerational trauma, and interpersonal harms can leave us feeling battered and broken. Isolation, community degradation, and cut off from the body and the natural world can leave us unsupported and under-resourced. In my work I seek to help people regulate their nervous systems, overcome the shame of having been harmed, and re/connect with a broader network of support. I'm passionate about accompanying people through their journey of identity development, whether that be gender, sexuality, neurodivergence, or whatever identity is emerging. I hope to help you step into your authentic self.
(510) 953-4727 View (510) 953-4727
Photo of Rebecca Rothberg, Psychologist in Berkeley, CA
Rebecca Rothberg
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Berkeley, CA 94704
You may feel stuck, drained, or overwhelmed. Perhaps you have a sense that life could feel different, better, or somehow more enlivened than it currently does. I strive to create a safe container to help you access the parts of you that are innately whole, connected, and oriented toward the North Star in your night sky. I believe that under the right conditions, with the right tools, and through the right relationships, each of us is capable of the healing, growing, and thriving that we seek. Through empathic attunement and active collaboration, I hope to help you learn to experience, explore, and nurture your most authentic self.
You may feel stuck, drained, or overwhelmed. Perhaps you have a sense that life could feel different, better, or somehow more enlivened than it currently does. I strive to create a safe container to help you access the parts of you that are innately whole, connected, and oriented toward the North Star in your night sky. I believe that under the right conditions, with the right tools, and through the right relationships, each of us is capable of the healing, growing, and thriving that we seek. Through empathic attunement and active collaboration, I hope to help you learn to experience, explore, and nurture your most authentic self.
(510) 983-7687 View (510) 983-7687
Photo of Jessica Lipkind, Psychologist in Berkeley, CA
Jessica Lipkind
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94705
I am a licensed clinical psychologist specializing in psychological testing with children and adolescents. I have been practicing in this area for over a decade and have trained with experts in child assessment. My evaluations assess the presence of attention challenges, learning struggles, and emotional difficulties. I conduct thorough, comprehensive assessments informed by the Therapeutic/Collaborative Assessment model. In this model, parents and children are team members in the process and we work together to answer the referral questions. At the completion of the process, adolescents receive a feedback letter explaining the testing findings in accessible language and children receive an individualized picture book.
I am a licensed clinical psychologist specializing in psychological testing with children and adolescents. I have been practicing in this area for over a decade and have trained with experts in child assessment. My evaluations assess the presence of attention challenges, learning struggles, and emotional difficulties. I conduct thorough, comprehensive assessments informed by the Therapeutic/Collaborative Assessment model. In this model, parents and children are team members in the process and we work together to answer the referral questions. At the completion of the process, adolescents receive a feedback letter explaining the testing findings in accessible language and children receive an individualized picture book.
(510) 858-2324 View (510) 858-2324
Photo of Marcus Davis, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Berkeley, CA
Marcus Davis
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94705
Marcus utilizes a strengths-based and client-centered approach to therapy.  “I believe the human spirit has an astounding capacity for resilience against seemingly unbeatable odds and that the solutions we seek are already within us. I meet the client where they are and help build upon their existing skills to create a life they are excited about”.   Marcus’ background includes working with youth in residential housing settings, high schools, youth programs, unhoused families in crisis, BIPOC, and LGBTQ+ communities.
Marcus utilizes a strengths-based and client-centered approach to therapy.  “I believe the human spirit has an astounding capacity for resilience against seemingly unbeatable odds and that the solutions we seek are already within us. I meet the client where they are and help build upon their existing skills to create a life they are excited about”.   Marcus’ background includes working with youth in residential housing settings, high schools, youth programs, unhoused families in crisis, BIPOC, and LGBTQ+ communities.
(510) 327-3222 View (510) 327-3222
Photo of Raquelle A Smartt, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Raquelle A Smartt
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, MA
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94702  (Online Only)
Many of us are fumbling through life figuring out things along the way. You may have learned that the test of life is often given before the lesson, but what if there was another way? At Manifest Realities Happiness Coaching, I will provide you with the skills and strategies we all were never taught, but could definitely all use to create the fulfilling lives we want. Within the needs of Belonging & Love, Esteem, and Self-Actualization (from Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs), clients will be given assessments, skills training, and lifework to choose their realities.
Many of us are fumbling through life figuring out things along the way. You may have learned that the test of life is often given before the lesson, but what if there was another way? At Manifest Realities Happiness Coaching, I will provide you with the skills and strategies we all were never taught, but could definitely all use to create the fulfilling lives we want. Within the needs of Belonging & Love, Esteem, and Self-Actualization (from Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs), clients will be given assessments, skills training, and lifework to choose their realities.
(510) 313-1524 View (510) 313-1524
Photo of Caroline Vetter, Psychologist in Berkeley, CA
Caroline Vetter
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94704
I have found that my style and approach are a good fit for individual adults, especially women, who are struggling with low self-confidence, stress, anxiety, perfectionism, a harsh internal critic and work life balance. I work to help my clients not only address their current symptoms, but also understand where those symptoms are stemming from for enduring, long term change. My approach to therapy varies based on the needs of each client I work with. I am collaborative, relational and empathic. I most frequently use Relational Psychodynamic Therapy, a Feminist and Narrative perspective, Acceptance & Commitment Therapy & Mindfulness.
I have found that my style and approach are a good fit for individual adults, especially women, who are struggling with low self-confidence, stress, anxiety, perfectionism, a harsh internal critic and work life balance. I work to help my clients not only address their current symptoms, but also understand where those symptoms are stemming from for enduring, long term change. My approach to therapy varies based on the needs of each client I work with. I am collaborative, relational and empathic. I most frequently use Relational Psychodynamic Therapy, a Feminist and Narrative perspective, Acceptance & Commitment Therapy & Mindfulness.
(415) 324-6755 View (415) 324-6755
Photo of Adriana Portillo, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Adriana Portillo
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, LPCC, SEP
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Berkeley, CA 94705  (Online Only)
Therapy at its core is about self-discovery. I collaborate with men, women and couples that want to overcome the obstacles towards a more fulfilling life, through a process of self-knowledge. My approach is eclectic, incorporating different theories and techniques to support your process: psychodynamic, relational, somatic, mindfulness-based and CBT. Through our work together, I hope to inspire curiosity and a space of warmth genuine respect. I also believe in being active in supporting you to make changes in your life, not just focusing on deep issues but also on the practical matters when needed.
Therapy at its core is about self-discovery. I collaborate with men, women and couples that want to overcome the obstacles towards a more fulfilling life, through a process of self-knowledge. My approach is eclectic, incorporating different theories and techniques to support your process: psychodynamic, relational, somatic, mindfulness-based and CBT. Through our work together, I hope to inspire curiosity and a space of warmth genuine respect. I also believe in being active in supporting you to make changes in your life, not just focusing on deep issues but also on the practical matters when needed.
(415) 413-4879 View (415) 413-4879
Photo of Larry Santiago, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Larry Santiago
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94703
I have a particular expertise in working with clients who have diverse cultural backgrounds (e.g. ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation.) I also have a deep association working with artistic/creative type individuals and can address particular issues that arise being an artist confined to a conventional/mainstream worldview.
I have a particular expertise in working with clients who have diverse cultural backgrounds (e.g. ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation.) I also have a deep association working with artistic/creative type individuals and can address particular issues that arise being an artist confined to a conventional/mainstream worldview.
(925) 247-3396 View (925) 247-3396
Photo of Tiana Brawley, Associate Clinical Social Worker in Berkeley, CA
Tiana Brawley
Associate Clinical Social Worker, MSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Berkeley, CA 94704
Therapy can be a safe space to process life's major transitions and what feels out of your control. I am an Associate Clinical Social Worker, and my goal is to provide a safe space to process, speak and share your truth, and encourage holistic growth. I believe healing begins from the inside out! I specialize in working with: Black, Indigenous, POC, LGBTQ+, Queer, and marginalized/spectrum identities. As a Black Therapist, I aim to fill the gap in representation and cultural barriers in mental health.
Therapy can be a safe space to process life's major transitions and what feels out of your control. I am an Associate Clinical Social Worker, and my goal is to provide a safe space to process, speak and share your truth, and encourage holistic growth. I believe healing begins from the inside out! I specialize in working with: Black, Indigenous, POC, LGBTQ+, Queer, and marginalized/spectrum identities. As a Black Therapist, I aim to fill the gap in representation and cultural barriers in mental health.
(341) 444-2302 x506 View (341) 444-2302 x506
Photo of Steve Kanofsky, Psychologist in Berkeley, CA
Steve Kanofsky
Psychologist, PhD, MFT
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94705
I work best with clients who are looking for a safe and caring therapy relationship in order to pursue goals that have previously seemed too difficult to achieve alone. These goals typically range from wanting to experience life more fully, including a fuller range of emotions, to having more rewarding relationships and more fulfilling work lives. I have been practicing psychotherapy for 33 years, have been teaching it for almost as long, and feel comfortable assisting with a very wide range of issues, including depression, anxiety, parenting challenges and other relationship and family conflicts.
I work best with clients who are looking for a safe and caring therapy relationship in order to pursue goals that have previously seemed too difficult to achieve alone. These goals typically range from wanting to experience life more fully, including a fuller range of emotions, to having more rewarding relationships and more fulfilling work lives. I have been practicing psychotherapy for 33 years, have been teaching it for almost as long, and feel comfortable assisting with a very wide range of issues, including depression, anxiety, parenting challenges and other relationship and family conflicts.
(925) 350-8269 View (925) 350-8269
Photo of Travis L Rios, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Berkeley, CA
Travis L Rios
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94704
In my practice I am focused on helping you find meaning and resolution for your adverse or challenging life experiences. My goal is for you to feel better connected to the Big Picture of our common reality: humanity as one people, one community, spinning together on this planet we call Earth, in which all of our actions affect both ourselves and each other.
In my practice I am focused on helping you find meaning and resolution for your adverse or challenging life experiences. My goal is for you to feel better connected to the Big Picture of our common reality: humanity as one people, one community, spinning together on this planet we call Earth, in which all of our actions affect both ourselves and each other.
(510) 991-5235 View (510) 991-5235
Photo of Rachel F Kaplan, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Rachel F Kaplan
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94703
You will feel it when you sit with me, this is my life's calling. I was lucky enough to walk the path of healing from an early age because of a devastating life trauma. This brought me to my deep understanding of the healing process. I am committed to accompanying you and catalyzing your journey to health, self-love, ease in relationship and empowerment in the world. My ideal client is going through change, loss, or questioning, needs support and desires a deeper connection to themselves, and satisfaction from their life. Check out my podcast The Healing Feeling Shit Show, a free course in emotional healing to sense how I work.
You will feel it when you sit with me, this is my life's calling. I was lucky enough to walk the path of healing from an early age because of a devastating life trauma. This brought me to my deep understanding of the healing process. I am committed to accompanying you and catalyzing your journey to health, self-love, ease in relationship and empowerment in the world. My ideal client is going through change, loss, or questioning, needs support and desires a deeper connection to themselves, and satisfaction from their life. Check out my podcast The Healing Feeling Shit Show, a free course in emotional healing to sense how I work.
(415) 702-3703 View (415) 702-3703
Photo of Adam Rochmes, Psychologist in Berkeley, CA
Adam Rochmes
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94704
I am a clinical psychologist practicing in Berkeley, California. I specialize in adult counseling and psychotherapy, working collaboratively to guide clients in achieving greater psychological freedom and self-mastery through mindfulness and understanding. I earned degrees from Harvard and UC Berkeley & have practiced for over 45 years.
I am a clinical psychologist practicing in Berkeley, California. I specialize in adult counseling and psychotherapy, working collaboratively to guide clients in achieving greater psychological freedom and self-mastery through mindfulness and understanding. I earned degrees from Harvard and UC Berkeley & have practiced for over 45 years.
(510) 671-8119 View (510) 671-8119

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Berkeley, CA

1,000+

Average cost per session

$190

Therapists in Berkeley, CA who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
89% Depression
85% Relationship Issues
76% Self Esteem
75% Trauma and PTSD
73% Grief
66% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

13 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

50% Aetna
39% Cigna and Evernorth
38% Other

How Therapists in Berkeley, CA see their clients

65% In Person and Online
35% Online Only

Gender breakdown

76% Female
22% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Berkeley?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.