Therapists in Berkeley, CA

Photo of Kendra F. Dunlap, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Kendra F. Dunlap
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, MFT, PPSC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Berkeley, CA 94704  (Online Only)
Clients seeking my services are looking for a safe and supportive space where they can bring their authentic whole “self” and explore and discuss issues centered on intersectional oppressions, identity exploration, trauma exploration, managing anxiety and stress, depression reduction, relational and attachment struggles, managing imposter syndrome, improving self-esteem, increasing communications skills and learning to identify and set healthy boundaries.
Clients seeking my services are looking for a safe and supportive space where they can bring their authentic whole “self” and explore and discuss issues centered on intersectional oppressions, identity exploration, trauma exploration, managing anxiety and stress, depression reduction, relational and attachment struggles, managing imposter syndrome, improving self-esteem, increasing communications skills and learning to identify and set healthy boundaries.
(510) 944-1004 View (510) 944-1004
Photo of Sarah Cohen, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Sarah Cohen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, ORSCC, PPSC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Berkeley, CA 94704
I am a licensed clinical social worker with more than 20 years of experience. I work with individuals, couples and families using a strength-based, solution oriented approach. I am trained both psycho-dynamically and in family systems work. I utilize the Developmental Model for couples therapy. I work with adults, couples and families and with children and adolescents facing school issues, behavioral issues, grief and loss, trauma, life transitions, separation and step-parenting and family of origin issues. I will work with you to set achievable goals in therapy in order to promote positive individual and/or family change.
I am a licensed clinical social worker with more than 20 years of experience. I work with individuals, couples and families using a strength-based, solution oriented approach. I am trained both psycho-dynamically and in family systems work. I utilize the Developmental Model for couples therapy. I work with adults, couples and families and with children and adolescents facing school issues, behavioral issues, grief and loss, trauma, life transitions, separation and step-parenting and family of origin issues. I will work with you to set achievable goals in therapy in order to promote positive individual and/or family change.
(510) 878-3606 View (510) 878-3606
Photo of Daniel Smith, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Daniel Smith
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94703
I will endeavor to travel with you fearlessly, honestly and directly through the battles you are facing as a professionally-trained, impartial friend ... who you avoid eye contact with at the supermarket. I work mostly conversationally, but enjoy tangents into creative expression to bypass well-worn defensive structures of the overly-relied-on brain.
I will endeavor to travel with you fearlessly, honestly and directly through the battles you are facing as a professionally-trained, impartial friend ... who you avoid eye contact with at the supermarket. I work mostly conversationally, but enjoy tangents into creative expression to bypass well-worn defensive structures of the overly-relied-on brain.
(341) 895-4039 View (341) 895-4039
Photo of Jennifer Smee, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Jennifer Smee
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Berkeley, CA 94710
All life is a relationship. From our very first moments and onward, what happens in relationship teaches us about how to be in the world. We continually form certain core beliefs, ways of thinking, patterns of tension, and ways of moving our body that can be both healthy and limiting. Trauma, abuse, neglect, and other wounding contribute to how we form our relationship with the world and with ourselves. All of our past experiences have an impact on our present experience. Our day to day life can then be full of a sense of meaninglessness, emotional and physical pain, chronic anxiety, mistrust, or general unease.
All life is a relationship. From our very first moments and onward, what happens in relationship teaches us about how to be in the world. We continually form certain core beliefs, ways of thinking, patterns of tension, and ways of moving our body that can be both healthy and limiting. Trauma, abuse, neglect, and other wounding contribute to how we form our relationship with the world and with ourselves. All of our past experiences have an impact on our present experience. Our day to day life can then be full of a sense of meaninglessness, emotional and physical pain, chronic anxiety, mistrust, or general unease.
(415) 968-5381 View (415) 968-5381
Photo of Cyndi Lukk, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Cyndi Lukk
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, MA
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94703
Are you too stressed to even be in touch with yourself? Too worried and tense, having a hard time to relax? Are you avoiding people and their expectations (and judgments) because you're tired and feel you don't have much to give at the moment? Stress feels like having a super sensitive burglar alarm ringing loudly throughout the mind and body. It confuses our thoughts. We are unable to see facts or future clearly. Our creativity is blocked or showing up as destructive energy. The body is in fight (frustration and anger) or flight (anxiety and overload) or worse - feeling frozen (numb and depressed).
Are you too stressed to even be in touch with yourself? Too worried and tense, having a hard time to relax? Are you avoiding people and their expectations (and judgments) because you're tired and feel you don't have much to give at the moment? Stress feels like having a super sensitive burglar alarm ringing loudly throughout the mind and body. It confuses our thoughts. We are unable to see facts or future clearly. Our creativity is blocked or showing up as destructive energy. The body is in fight (frustration and anger) or flight (anxiety and overload) or worse - feeling frozen (numb and depressed).
(510) 369-1934 View (510) 369-1934
Photo of Deborah Kory, Psychologist in Berkeley, CA
Deborah Kory
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Berkeley, CA 94708
There is a crisis of meaning and purpose in our society and far too few communities of support to guide us through the difficulties of modern life. I work with clients using psychodynamic, interpersonal and mindfulness-based approaches to help people move from lives of loneliness and alienation to lives of connection and purpose. Creating a safe and nurturing relationship with my clients is of primary importance in my work.
There is a crisis of meaning and purpose in our society and far too few communities of support to guide us through the difficulties of modern life. I work with clients using psychodynamic, interpersonal and mindfulness-based approaches to help people move from lives of loneliness and alienation to lives of connection and purpose. Creating a safe and nurturing relationship with my clients is of primary importance in my work.
(510) 253-0121 View (510) 253-0121
Photo of Sean Garrett, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Sean Garrett
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Berkeley, CA 94705  (Online Only)
It takes courage to accept and seek help and set out on your recovery journey. My focus in our work will be on meeting you where you are at and in creating a safe, non-judgmental space where we can collaborate and explore what can be helpful in addressing your needs, wants, and barriers to getting them met.
It takes courage to accept and seek help and set out on your recovery journey. My focus in our work will be on meeting you where you are at and in creating a safe, non-judgmental space where we can collaborate and explore what can be helpful in addressing your needs, wants, and barriers to getting them met.
(341) 888-7174 View (341) 888-7174
Photo of Jo Burrows, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Jo Burrows
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Berkeley, CA 94709
Life is increasingly busy and complex. Compassionate Brain Life Coaching (CPLC), helps you to press the pause button, slow down and remember and or newly discover who you are. Science tells us that our brains at rest are actually programmed to be happy. But it sure doesn't always feel that way. CBLC equips you with the cognitive and mindfulness tools to counter the self-critic and manage difficult times. I will help you identify, name and validate the places you go under stress, with a view to exploring what works and creating newly, including moving from surviving to thriving.
Life is increasingly busy and complex. Compassionate Brain Life Coaching (CPLC), helps you to press the pause button, slow down and remember and or newly discover who you are. Science tells us that our brains at rest are actually programmed to be happy. But it sure doesn't always feel that way. CBLC equips you with the cognitive and mindfulness tools to counter the self-critic and manage difficult times. I will help you identify, name and validate the places you go under stress, with a view to exploring what works and creating newly, including moving from surviving to thriving.
(510) 306-7232 View (510) 306-7232
Photo of Nikki N Sachs, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Nikki N Sachs
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94702  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
I believe the therapeutic process is collaborative: You share your experience, I listen, respond, and together we find the way towards your goals and healing. Perhaps you have clear ideas about what you want to work on, or you might have a sense that life isn't going well, but you don't know why.  You may have experienced troubling events in the past or in the present; perhaps a family member, friend or boss has encouraged you to seek help.  I have more than 50 years of experience as a psychotherapist in the Bay Area. I welcome your call.
I believe the therapeutic process is collaborative: You share your experience, I listen, respond, and together we find the way towards your goals and healing. Perhaps you have clear ideas about what you want to work on, or you might have a sense that life isn't going well, but you don't know why.  You may have experienced troubling events in the past or in the present; perhaps a family member, friend or boss has encouraged you to seek help.  I have more than 50 years of experience as a psychotherapist in the Bay Area. I welcome your call.
(510) 606-9965 View (510) 606-9965
Photo of Leann Ravenel, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor in Berkeley, CA
Leann Ravenel
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, MA, LMHC, LCPC, LPCC, NBCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Berkeley, CA 94705
I am a warm, caring, authentic and dynamic therapist. The foundation of my work is based on connection and the idea that when people are aware of their needs, wishes, and feelings they can make choices that bring them satisfaction and fulfillment. It is important to me that my clients feel comfortable expressing themselves and my hope is they will find my practice to be one in which they will be able to freely discuss their thoughts, feelings, and goals.
I am a warm, caring, authentic and dynamic therapist. The foundation of my work is based on connection and the idea that when people are aware of their needs, wishes, and feelings they can make choices that bring them satisfaction and fulfillment. It is important to me that my clients feel comfortable expressing themselves and my hope is they will find my practice to be one in which they will be able to freely discuss their thoughts, feelings, and goals.
(415) 843-4010 View (415) 843-4010
Photo of Dr. Fernando Castrillon, Licensed Psychologist, Psychologist in Berkeley, CA
Dr. Fernando Castrillon, Licensed Psychologist
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Berkeley, CA 94709
Waitlist for new clients
As a psychoanalyst and clinical psychologist, I work with a variety of issues ranging from depression, sadness and anxiety to more severe issues such as schizophrenia and personality disorders. I work best with those clients who are interested in making lasting changes in their inner lives and circumstances. In my practice, I provide you with a place to speak freely, so that through this singular experience of speaking you can articulate your desire and assume responsibility for your life.
As a psychoanalyst and clinical psychologist, I work with a variety of issues ranging from depression, sadness and anxiety to more severe issues such as schizophrenia and personality disorders. I work best with those clients who are interested in making lasting changes in their inner lives and circumstances. In my practice, I provide you with a place to speak freely, so that through this singular experience of speaking you can articulate your desire and assume responsibility for your life.
(510) 228-4075 View (510) 228-4075
Photo of Josh Kirsch, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Josh Kirsch
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Berkeley, CA 94702  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Up all night tossing and turning? Worried and preoccupied with sleep? Worried your lack of sleep might be harming you? This is another area we can work on. I know your time is valuable so I will work with you to provide the right amount of support, so you can maintain these changes on your own. Not sure if you are drinking too much? Maybe your partner thinks so, but you are not so sure. Has your cannabis use increased since COVID? I can help you to evaluate your concerns and experiment with change. I can also help with anxiety, depression, and life transitions.
Up all night tossing and turning? Worried and preoccupied with sleep? Worried your lack of sleep might be harming you? This is another area we can work on. I know your time is valuable so I will work with you to provide the right amount of support, so you can maintain these changes on your own. Not sure if you are drinking too much? Maybe your partner thinks so, but you are not so sure. Has your cannabis use increased since COVID? I can help you to evaluate your concerns and experiment with change. I can also help with anxiety, depression, and life transitions.
(510) 650-0337 View (510) 650-0337
Datewise
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94705
I help singles over forty develop the capacity to find, create & maintain the best romantic relationship of their life. I work with people who want the self-awareness and skills for satisfying long-term intimacy, want to understand past patterns, heal old wounds, quickly assess who's a good match, & create a foundation for new relationship that's healthy and supports their deepest needs. I've taught graduate level Human Sexuality, & offer expertise w/ all elements of relationship satisfaction. As a writer I also help re: online profiles, to attract the best match. You'll get weekly tasks to accelerate progress toward your goals.
I help singles over forty develop the capacity to find, create & maintain the best romantic relationship of their life. I work with people who want the self-awareness and skills for satisfying long-term intimacy, want to understand past patterns, heal old wounds, quickly assess who's a good match, & create a foundation for new relationship that's healthy and supports their deepest needs. I've taught graduate level Human Sexuality, & offer expertise w/ all elements of relationship satisfaction. As a writer I also help re: online profiles, to attract the best match. You'll get weekly tasks to accelerate progress toward your goals.
(510) 344-2490 View (510) 344-2490
Photo of L. Darlene Pratt, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
L. Darlene Pratt
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94702
Your choice to work with a therapist can be an enriching experience. You are bringing your unique challenges and/or quests into a collaborative relationship. I can assist you whether your desired changes are explicit or are awaiting discovery in a process of exploration. I have extensive experience in Relational Therapy, Individual Therapy, Anger Management, Sex Addiction, Depression and Trauma. Perhaps a Life-Style Coach or a Transpersonal guide is what you seek at this life cycle stage--I can help and change can come.
Your choice to work with a therapist can be an enriching experience. You are bringing your unique challenges and/or quests into a collaborative relationship. I can assist you whether your desired changes are explicit or are awaiting discovery in a process of exploration. I have extensive experience in Relational Therapy, Individual Therapy, Anger Management, Sex Addiction, Depression and Trauma. Perhaps a Life-Style Coach or a Transpersonal guide is what you seek at this life cycle stage--I can help and change can come.
(510) 401-3700 View (510) 401-3700
Photo of Nicki Koethner, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Nicki Koethner
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Berkeley, CA 94705
Are you anxious, depressed and tired? Are you feeling emotional for no reason? Feeling disoriented and lonely? Questioning everything in your life? I help people to deeply listen inside and let their choices be based on what is true for them. While pain and emotions are part of being human, suffering can be minimized by allowing what is inside of us to be expressed and find acceptance in our experiences. I support you to move through trauma, anxiety, anger and depression to empowerment. Stress-management is part of the work and looking at communication with ourselves and others to have fulfilling relationships.
Are you anxious, depressed and tired? Are you feeling emotional for no reason? Feeling disoriented and lonely? Questioning everything in your life? I help people to deeply listen inside and let their choices be based on what is true for them. While pain and emotions are part of being human, suffering can be minimized by allowing what is inside of us to be expressed and find acceptance in our experiences. I support you to move through trauma, anxiety, anger and depression to empowerment. Stress-management is part of the work and looking at communication with ourselves and others to have fulfilling relationships.
(510) 606-9884 View (510) 606-9884
Photo of Travis L Rios, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Berkeley, CA
Travis L Rios
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94704
In my practice I am focused on helping you find meaning and resolution for your adverse or challenging life experiences. My goal is for you to feel better connected to the Big Picture of our common reality: humanity as one people, one community, spinning together on this planet we call Earth, in which all of our actions affect both ourselves and each other.
In my practice I am focused on helping you find meaning and resolution for your adverse or challenging life experiences. My goal is for you to feel better connected to the Big Picture of our common reality: humanity as one people, one community, spinning together on this planet we call Earth, in which all of our actions affect both ourselves and each other.
(510) 991-5235 View (510) 991-5235
Photo of Phebe Fletcher in Berkeley, CA
Phebe Fletcher
MA
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94709
I love working with clients who want to be free of ingrained patterns that aren't working, whether from sub-optimal parenting or other experiences. Often these patterns are held in place through painful and threatening feelings stemming from conditioning or our natural dependency on challenged parents. I resource and support clients' present lives, which may mean touching in to what happened to connect to a source of reactivity. Clients who enjoy working with me want more aliveness and freedom, more flow and resilience. They want encouragement & new challenges, and will attend to their experience, unfolding the paths forward.
I love working with clients who want to be free of ingrained patterns that aren't working, whether from sub-optimal parenting or other experiences. Often these patterns are held in place through painful and threatening feelings stemming from conditioning or our natural dependency on challenged parents. I resource and support clients' present lives, which may mean touching in to what happened to connect to a source of reactivity. Clients who enjoy working with me want more aliveness and freedom, more flow and resilience. They want encouragement & new challenges, and will attend to their experience, unfolding the paths forward.
(341) 766-0944 View (341) 766-0944
Photo of Sheila Addison, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Sheila Addison
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, LMFT
Verified Verified
16 Endorsed
Berkeley, CA 94705  (Online Only)
Building relationships to last a lifetime! I work with * Individuals from all walks of life * Couples of all kinds - married, co-habitating, dating, divorced * Families of all sorts * Gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender people and their partners and families * People who are part of the kink community, or who participate in BDSM in their personal lives * People in open, non-monogamous, polyamorous, or other non-traditional relationships * Cross-cultural couples and families * Genderqueer folks * Current or former workers in the sex industry * People with body image and self-acceptance issues * People with all kinds of mental and physical health problems
Building relationships to last a lifetime! I work with * Individuals from all walks of life * Couples of all kinds - married, co-habitating, dating, divorced * Families of all sorts * Gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender people and their partners and families * People who are part of the kink community, or who participate in BDSM in their personal lives * People in open, non-monogamous, polyamorous, or other non-traditional relationships * Cross-cultural couples and families * Genderqueer folks * Current or former workers in the sex industry * People with body image and self-acceptance issues * People with all kinds of mental and physical health problems
(510) 403-1458 View (510) 403-1458
Photo of Srini Katragadda, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Srini Katragadda
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Berkeley, CA 94704
I work with couples and individuals struggling with a variety of relationship and communication issues. I have successfully treated clients with depression, anxiety, phobias, and low self-esteem. Clients that are looking for more aliveness in themselves and their relationships will be served well by what I offer.
I work with couples and individuals struggling with a variety of relationship and communication issues. I have successfully treated clients with depression, anxiety, phobias, and low self-esteem. Clients that are looking for more aliveness in themselves and their relationships will be served well by what I offer.
(415) 799-9541 View (415) 799-9541
Photo of Ben Ringler, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Ben Ringler
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Berkeley, CA 94710
With over 14 years of clinical experience, I help men and women, couples and families (especially adult siblings) address a variety forms of distress, from anxiety and depression, to addiction or just a general sense that something feels off in their lives in order to find more fulfillment and meaning. Whether I am working with an individual, couple or family, I am attuned to multiple forms of communication as a direct means for assessment, diagnosis and treatment for what ails each client, and what blocks them from their own joy and peace. I am interested in working with clients with a curiosity of their inner worlds.
With over 14 years of clinical experience, I help men and women, couples and families (especially adult siblings) address a variety forms of distress, from anxiety and depression, to addiction or just a general sense that something feels off in their lives in order to find more fulfillment and meaning. Whether I am working with an individual, couple or family, I am attuned to multiple forms of communication as a direct means for assessment, diagnosis and treatment for what ails each client, and what blocks them from their own joy and peace. I am interested in working with clients with a curiosity of their inner worlds.
(510) 369-1873 View (510) 369-1873

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Berkeley, CA

1,000+

Average cost per session

$190

Therapists in Berkeley, CA who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
89% Depression
85% Relationship Issues
76% Self Esteem
75% Trauma and PTSD
73% Grief
66% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

13 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

50% Aetna
39% Cigna and Evernorth
38% Other

How Therapists in Berkeley, CA see their clients

64% In Person and Online
36% Online Only

Gender breakdown

76% Female
22% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Berkeley?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.