Therapists in Berkeley, CA

Photo of Megan MacMillan, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Megan MacMillan
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94707
I've been a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist since 1994. I work with adults who are facing a variety of challenges. As a therapist, I see my role as a helper in the process of exploring and expanding self awareness. This is necessary to increase one's range of choices in life that are more aligned with one's values and dreams. My work is informed by each client's personal history and culture; mindfulness techniques; and contemporary psychodynamic and relational theories. I work with adult individuals age 18 and older.
I've been a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist since 1994. I work with adults who are facing a variety of challenges. As a therapist, I see my role as a helper in the process of exploring and expanding self awareness. This is necessary to increase one's range of choices in life that are more aligned with one's values and dreams. My work is informed by each client's personal history and culture; mindfulness techniques; and contemporary psychodynamic and relational theories. I work with adult individuals age 18 and older.
(510) 289-8930 View (510) 289-8930
Photo of Nicki Koethner, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Nicki Koethner
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Berkeley, CA 94705
Are you anxious, depressed and tired? Are you feeling emotional for no reason? Feeling disoriented and lonely? Questioning everything in your life? I help people to deeply listen inside and let their choices be based on what is true for them. While pain and emotions are part of being human, suffering can be minimized by allowing what is inside of us to be expressed and find acceptance in our experiences. I support you to move through trauma, anxiety, anger and depression to empowerment. Stress-management is part of the work and looking at communication with ourselves and others to have fulfilling relationships.
Are you anxious, depressed and tired? Are you feeling emotional for no reason? Feeling disoriented and lonely? Questioning everything in your life? I help people to deeply listen inside and let their choices be based on what is true for them. While pain and emotions are part of being human, suffering can be minimized by allowing what is inside of us to be expressed and find acceptance in our experiences. I support you to move through trauma, anxiety, anger and depression to empowerment. Stress-management is part of the work and looking at communication with ourselves and others to have fulfilling relationships.
(510) 606-9884 View (510) 606-9884
Photo of Ben Ringler, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Ben Ringler
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Berkeley, CA 94710
With over 14 years of clinical experience, I help men and women, couples and families (especially adult siblings) address a variety forms of distress, from anxiety and depression, to addiction or just a general sense that something feels off in their lives in order to find more fulfillment and meaning. Whether I am working with an individual, couple or family, I am attuned to multiple forms of communication as a direct means for assessment, diagnosis and treatment for what ails each client, and what blocks them from their own joy and peace. I am interested in working with clients with a curiosity of their inner worlds.
With over 14 years of clinical experience, I help men and women, couples and families (especially adult siblings) address a variety forms of distress, from anxiety and depression, to addiction or just a general sense that something feels off in their lives in order to find more fulfillment and meaning. Whether I am working with an individual, couple or family, I am attuned to multiple forms of communication as a direct means for assessment, diagnosis and treatment for what ails each client, and what blocks them from their own joy and peace. I am interested in working with clients with a curiosity of their inner worlds.
(510) 369-1873 View (510) 369-1873
Photo of Tom Westin, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Tom Westin
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94705  (Online Only)
Psychotherapy is an opportunity for you to explore your experience in a space that is nonjudgmental, open, and supportive, and through this to discover more ease, as well as solutions to the challenges you are facing. It is a chance for you to look at thoughts, emotions, and conditioned responses to life and life events; untangle the knots of old beliefs and patterns that are no longer helpful; and take action to live a freer, more satisfying, and more authentic life. My approach is collaborative and experiential, and makes use of your already-existing strengths.
Psychotherapy is an opportunity for you to explore your experience in a space that is nonjudgmental, open, and supportive, and through this to discover more ease, as well as solutions to the challenges you are facing. It is a chance for you to look at thoughts, emotions, and conditioned responses to life and life events; untangle the knots of old beliefs and patterns that are no longer helpful; and take action to live a freer, more satisfying, and more authentic life. My approach is collaborative and experiential, and makes use of your already-existing strengths.
(925) 392-3361 View (925) 392-3361
Photo of Shauna Reiff, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Shauna Reiff
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, MFT
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94705
Dissatisfied with your relationship to a partner, boss, or yourself? Do things feel out of control? Finding a good fit with a therapist can play a vital role in getting more of what you want in life. I see myself as someone who guides and facilitates a committed, compassionate and confidential space where we can clarify what is most important to you, and discover the blocks that get in the way of having the life that you want. In my practice I help individuals and couples find their own way to lasting changes.
Dissatisfied with your relationship to a partner, boss, or yourself? Do things feel out of control? Finding a good fit with a therapist can play a vital role in getting more of what you want in life. I see myself as someone who guides and facilitates a committed, compassionate and confidential space where we can clarify what is most important to you, and discover the blocks that get in the way of having the life that you want. In my practice I help individuals and couples find their own way to lasting changes.
(510) 986-4368 View (510) 986-4368
Photo of Monica Z. Nowakowski, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Monica Z. Nowakowski
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Berkeley, CA 94705
With compassion and humor I provide a safe place for adults to get help with personal situations such as relationship/work stress, break-ups, retirement, chronic/ life-threatening illness and disability, depression, anxiety, dementia, care-giving of people of all ages, and "coming out". Life transitions have a common thread - loss, grief, and opportunity. Even joyful experiences can be difficult. You may feel stuck, out-of-control or have worrisome regrets and anxiety. You may feel "at a loss", you can't just "shake it off", or feel "it's taking a toll" on you.
With compassion and humor I provide a safe place for adults to get help with personal situations such as relationship/work stress, break-ups, retirement, chronic/ life-threatening illness and disability, depression, anxiety, dementia, care-giving of people of all ages, and "coming out". Life transitions have a common thread - loss, grief, and opportunity. Even joyful experiences can be difficult. You may feel stuck, out-of-control or have worrisome regrets and anxiety. You may feel "at a loss", you can't just "shake it off", or feel "it's taking a toll" on you.
(510) 662-6114 View (510) 662-6114
Photo of Lisa Tust, Psychologist in Berkeley, CA
Lisa Tust
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94704  (Online Only)
Are you worried, unhappy, frustrated, unmotivated, failing to live up to your potential? Are you experiencing a transition that leads you to question your beliefs or direction? Are you struggling with the adjustments and losses associated with COVID? For over 20 years I have collaborated with clients to identify, understand and address the barriers to more fulfilling relationships, work, academics, play, creativity and life. My focus is on an in-depth and compassionate understanding of each individual's unique strengths and difficulties, the factors that influence each person beyond their awareness and an individualized approach.
Are you worried, unhappy, frustrated, unmotivated, failing to live up to your potential? Are you experiencing a transition that leads you to question your beliefs or direction? Are you struggling with the adjustments and losses associated with COVID? For over 20 years I have collaborated with clients to identify, understand and address the barriers to more fulfilling relationships, work, academics, play, creativity and life. My focus is on an in-depth and compassionate understanding of each individual's unique strengths and difficulties, the factors that influence each person beyond their awareness and an individualized approach.
(415) 417-0610 View (415) 417-0610
Photo of Hannah Klempner, Psychologist in Berkeley, CA
Hannah Klempner
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94704
I provide individual therapy for adults who are seeking to heal prior family wounds and traumas, improve their current relationships and quality of life, and are seeking support during times of transition - especially to parenthood. My personal belief is that there are three things that cause an immense amount of suffering for most people; 1) our inability to effectively identify, feel, and communicate our emotions, 2) our difficulty with tolerating uncertainty, and 3) our tendency to get stuck in patterns of rigidity. My work tends to be emotion-focused, helping clients to live more freely and flexibly.
I provide individual therapy for adults who are seeking to heal prior family wounds and traumas, improve their current relationships and quality of life, and are seeking support during times of transition - especially to parenthood. My personal belief is that there are three things that cause an immense amount of suffering for most people; 1) our inability to effectively identify, feel, and communicate our emotions, 2) our difficulty with tolerating uncertainty, and 3) our tendency to get stuck in patterns of rigidity. My work tends to be emotion-focused, helping clients to live more freely and flexibly.
(341) 999-5868 View (341) 999-5868
Photo of Deborah Kory, Psychologist in Berkeley, CA
Deborah Kory
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Berkeley, CA 94708
There is a crisis of meaning and purpose in our society and far too few communities of support to guide us through the difficulties of modern life. I work with clients using psychodynamic, interpersonal and mindfulness-based approaches to help people move from lives of loneliness and alienation to lives of connection and purpose. Creating a safe and nurturing relationship with my clients is of primary importance in my work.
There is a crisis of meaning and purpose in our society and far too few communities of support to guide us through the difficulties of modern life. I work with clients using psychodynamic, interpersonal and mindfulness-based approaches to help people move from lives of loneliness and alienation to lives of connection and purpose. Creating a safe and nurturing relationship with my clients is of primary importance in my work.
(510) 253-0121 View (510) 253-0121
Photo of David Thanos Heliotis, Licensed Professional Counselor in Berkeley, CA
David Thanos Heliotis
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94703
I believe great therapy is all about us finding a strong connection together. As your therapist, it’s my goal to co-create an environment where we can be direct and real with one another, and where we can use concrete tools—like mindfulness and body awareness—to talk about what’s happening between us. Like two musicians playing a duet, therapy works best when we’re deeply in sync. I’m really responding to you, and you’re going to feel that.
I believe great therapy is all about us finding a strong connection together. As your therapist, it’s my goal to co-create an environment where we can be direct and real with one another, and where we can use concrete tools—like mindfulness and body awareness—to talk about what’s happening between us. Like two musicians playing a duet, therapy works best when we’re deeply in sync. I’m really responding to you, and you’re going to feel that.
(510) 907-6504 View (510) 907-6504
Photo of Yi Zhao Martins, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Yi Zhao Martins
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, MA, MLI
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Berkeley, CA 94702  (Online Only)
You met someone; you fell in love…is it time to build a family together? What about all the fights you have been having recently? Now you are a mother/father, juggling childcare, professional development, housework… what about US? What about ME? How to teach our kids when we don’t even agree? Things are not working out; Shall we give it one last try before separating? My partner wants to open up the relationship/marriage. What does it even mean?
You met someone; you fell in love…is it time to build a family together? What about all the fights you have been having recently? Now you are a mother/father, juggling childcare, professional development, housework… what about US? What about ME? How to teach our kids when we don’t even agree? Things are not working out; Shall we give it one last try before separating? My partner wants to open up the relationship/marriage. What does it even mean?
(510) 650-1171 View (510) 650-1171
Photo of Kathleen Wonacott, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Kathleen Wonacott
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94704
I believe that deep down, everyone has the answer they are looking for; it’s about working with the right person to help you uncover it. I specialize in helping people navigate parenthood/postpartum, depression and anxiety. I also enjoy working with people coping with ADHD, trauma, folks who are longing for a stronger sense of self, and can help develop stronger boundaries and reduce people pleasing behaviors.
I believe that deep down, everyone has the answer they are looking for; it’s about working with the right person to help you uncover it. I specialize in helping people navigate parenthood/postpartum, depression and anxiety. I also enjoy working with people coping with ADHD, trauma, folks who are longing for a stronger sense of self, and can help develop stronger boundaries and reduce people pleasing behaviors.
(510) 519-3037 View (510) 519-3037
Photo of Mary C Walsh, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Mary C Walsh
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MTS, LMFT, DMin
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94710
I offer therapy for individuals, couples and families wanting to improve communication and develop more satisfying relationships. I have special experience in trauma and addiction. As a long-time practitioner, my approach has evolved to integrate contemporary psychology with mind/body techniques and research-based interventions. My goal is to provide a safe place, a compassionate presence, intelligent diagnosis, and concrete strategies to help my clients tap into and strengthen their own natural inner resources.
I offer therapy for individuals, couples and families wanting to improve communication and develop more satisfying relationships. I have special experience in trauma and addiction. As a long-time practitioner, my approach has evolved to integrate contemporary psychology with mind/body techniques and research-based interventions. My goal is to provide a safe place, a compassionate presence, intelligent diagnosis, and concrete strategies to help my clients tap into and strengthen their own natural inner resources.
(510) 417-3441 View (510) 417-3441
Photo of Sarah Cohen, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Sarah Cohen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, ORSCC, PPSC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Berkeley, CA 94704
I am a licensed clinical social worker with more than 20 years of experience. I work with individuals, couples and families using a strength-based, solution oriented approach. I am trained both psycho-dynamically and in family systems work. I utilize the Developmental Model for couples therapy. I work with adults, couples and families and with children and adolescents facing school issues, behavioral issues, grief and loss, trauma, life transitions, separation and step-parenting and family of origin issues. I will work with you to set achievable goals in therapy in order to promote positive individual and/or family change.
I am a licensed clinical social worker with more than 20 years of experience. I work with individuals, couples and families using a strength-based, solution oriented approach. I am trained both psycho-dynamically and in family systems work. I utilize the Developmental Model for couples therapy. I work with adults, couples and families and with children and adolescents facing school issues, behavioral issues, grief and loss, trauma, life transitions, separation and step-parenting and family of origin issues. I will work with you to set achievable goals in therapy in order to promote positive individual and/or family change.
(510) 878-3606 View (510) 878-3606
Photo of Nili Askari, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Nili Askari
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94704  (Online Only)
My approach to therapy is focusing on the present and working alongside clients to obtain the goals they have in order to implement a balance between emotional, social, and physical dimensions to improve their quality of life and well-being.
My approach to therapy is focusing on the present and working alongside clients to obtain the goals they have in order to implement a balance between emotional, social, and physical dimensions to improve their quality of life and well-being.
(415) 763-6702 View (415) 763-6702
Photo of Sequoia Giordano, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Sequoia Giordano
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94704  (Online Only)
My work with my clients is largely oriented toward Somatic (of the body) Mindfulness as a tool to help manage the distress often experienced with trauma and mood-related struggles. I approach my work from the perspective that increased self-awareness and Mindfulness coupled with the refinement of coping skills can assist us in finding more fulfillment and ease when managing our life stressors. I put particular emphasis on self-esteem and self-reliance to empower my clients to access their own sense of safety, stability, and ability.
My work with my clients is largely oriented toward Somatic (of the body) Mindfulness as a tool to help manage the distress often experienced with trauma and mood-related struggles. I approach my work from the perspective that increased self-awareness and Mindfulness coupled with the refinement of coping skills can assist us in finding more fulfillment and ease when managing our life stressors. I put particular emphasis on self-esteem and self-reliance to empower my clients to access their own sense of safety, stability, and ability.
(341) 600-5188 View (341) 600-5188
Photo of Cameron Butcher, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Cameron Butcher
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94704  (Online Only)
Therapy is a sacred process that has the potential to heal and catalyze growth. The most important ingredient in this process is the alliance between the participants sharing the therapeutic space. This relationship serves as the foundation from which change may spring, and attendance to this relationship is integral to the way I engage in therapy. My approach honors this alliance while maintaining space to creatively develop practical treatment goals that align with your values and needs. I hope that clients leave treatment with tangible and actionable tools that they can employ outside of the session in service of their wellness.
Therapy is a sacred process that has the potential to heal and catalyze growth. The most important ingredient in this process is the alliance between the participants sharing the therapeutic space. This relationship serves as the foundation from which change may spring, and attendance to this relationship is integral to the way I engage in therapy. My approach honors this alliance while maintaining space to creatively develop practical treatment goals that align with your values and needs. I hope that clients leave treatment with tangible and actionable tools that they can employ outside of the session in service of their wellness.
(341) 888-7971 View (341) 888-7971
Photo of Susan Wilde, Psychologist in Berkeley, CA
Susan Wilde
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Berkeley, CA 94704
I am bilingual in Spanish, and offer therapy for individual adults, couples, families, teens, and children 6 and older. My specialties include trauma, interpersonal violence (IPV), and loss, especially for human beings who have experienced displacement and/migration. I offer services for expecting and new mothers to aid in the transitions and attachment issues that arise. Also I am interested in bridging periods in human development. I embrace a culturally humble stance, and am LBGT welcoming.
I am bilingual in Spanish, and offer therapy for individual adults, couples, families, teens, and children 6 and older. My specialties include trauma, interpersonal violence (IPV), and loss, especially for human beings who have experienced displacement and/migration. I offer services for expecting and new mothers to aid in the transitions and attachment issues that arise. Also I am interested in bridging periods in human development. I embrace a culturally humble stance, and am LBGT welcoming.
(510) 401-3958 View (510) 401-3958
Photo of Jon Platania, Psychologist in Berkeley, CA
Jon Platania
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94709
Life will present us now and then with the unexpected.  This clearly is a time of major change for all of us. Not all of this is new nor is it novel. Even in the most normal of times we often do experience unwelcome events, the loss of a loved one, disability, addiction, economic insecurity, loneliness. To live is perhaps also to suffer. But we need not suffer alone. You will find me to be a compassionate, capable psychotherapist. Working together, I can help you to live a happier, more contented and fulfilling life. So then, where are you now? Where would you like to go from here? Would you like to create a new narrative? 
Life will present us now and then with the unexpected.  This clearly is a time of major change for all of us. Not all of this is new nor is it novel. Even in the most normal of times we often do experience unwelcome events, the loss of a loved one, disability, addiction, economic insecurity, loneliness. To live is perhaps also to suffer. But we need not suffer alone. You will find me to be a compassionate, capable psychotherapist. Working together, I can help you to live a happier, more contented and fulfilling life. So then, where are you now? Where would you like to go from here? Would you like to create a new narrative? 
(510) 937-3920 View (510) 937-3920
Photo of Tim Holtzman, Counselor in Berkeley, CA
Tim Holtzman
Counselor, LPCC, MS
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Berkeley, CA 94704  (Online Only)
Have you previously undergone therapy, but didn’t achieve the results you wanted? Are you a pragmatic person who values a therapeutic approach that establishes well-defined objectives and delivers tangible outcomes? Internal Family Systems (IFS) therapy is a potent form of therapy that empowers you the client to directly transform emotions and behaviors that no longer serve you. The greatest advantage of IFS therapy is its establishment of clear, measurable goals right from the start. Which allows you to observe the progress you make.
Have you previously undergone therapy, but didn’t achieve the results you wanted? Are you a pragmatic person who values a therapeutic approach that establishes well-defined objectives and delivers tangible outcomes? Internal Family Systems (IFS) therapy is a potent form of therapy that empowers you the client to directly transform emotions and behaviors that no longer serve you. The greatest advantage of IFS therapy is its establishment of clear, measurable goals right from the start. Which allows you to observe the progress you make.
(510) 851-8367 View (510) 851-8367

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Berkeley, CA

1,000+

Average cost per session

$190

Therapists in Berkeley, CA who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
89% Depression
85% Relationship Issues
76% Self Esteem
75% Trauma and PTSD
73% Grief
66% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

13 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

50% Aetna
39% Cigna and Evernorth
38% Other

How Therapists in Berkeley, CA see their clients

65% In Person and Online
35% Online Only

Gender breakdown

76% Female
22% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Berkeley?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.