Therapists in Reno, NV

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Photo of Wayne McAuliffe, Marriage & Family Therapist in Reno, NV
Wayne McAuliffe
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, MSc
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Reno, NV 89521
I use a collaborative narrative approach to therapy through therapeutic conversations to help people rediscover hope in the midst of the problem saturated stories of their current experiences. I help people rediscover hope in the midst of grief, anxiety, depression, relationship struggles, marriage, divorce, and other life adjustments. I am trained to help couples rediscover and maintain healthy relationships. My clients include families, blended families, and extended families as well as adolescents and individuals, specializing in work-related stress, grief and loss, and effects of substance abuse on families.
I use a collaborative narrative approach to therapy through therapeutic conversations to help people rediscover hope in the midst of the problem saturated stories of their current experiences. I help people rediscover hope in the midst of grief, anxiety, depression, relationship struggles, marriage, divorce, and other life adjustments. I am trained to help couples rediscover and maintain healthy relationships. My clients include families, blended families, and extended families as well as adolescents and individuals, specializing in work-related stress, grief and loss, and effects of substance abuse on families.
(775) 297-4016 View (775) 297-4016
Photo of Jamie Harney, Marriage & Family Therapist Intern in Reno, NV
Jamie Harney
Marriage & Family Therapist Intern, MFT-I
Verified Verified
Reno, NV 89501
I often work with clients who struggle with anxiety, trauma, grief and loss, and life transitions. My goal is to have clients leave therapy feeling authentic, self-assured, and able to create meaning from their experiences. As a clinical intern, I conducted out-patient individual, family, and couples counseling. I have worked with families with children as young as 5 years old through a Child Parent Psychotherapy approach and thoroughly enjoy working with teens. I strive to meet clients where they are at in whatever they are facing and walk alongside them.
I often work with clients who struggle with anxiety, trauma, grief and loss, and life transitions. My goal is to have clients leave therapy feeling authentic, self-assured, and able to create meaning from their experiences. As a clinical intern, I conducted out-patient individual, family, and couples counseling. I have worked with families with children as young as 5 years old through a Child Parent Psychotherapy approach and thoroughly enjoy working with teens. I strive to meet clients where they are at in whatever they are facing and walk alongside them.
(775) 402-2377 x01 View (775) 402-2377 x01
Photo of Lindsay Funston, LPC Intern in Reno, NV
Lindsay Funston
LPC Intern, MA
Verified Verified
Reno, NV 89502
Waitlist for new clients
I believe that counseling is an ongoing process of self-acceptance and personal growth. Counseling can be beneficial for situational challenges, mental health struggles, and personal exploration. I provide an environment free from judgment, biases, or agendas; while also cultivating a trusting environment to help clients feel supported and understood. I believe that the client and counselor work together to create client goals and change; change is best nourished when a client is given compassion, grace, and understanding. I also provide client-centered play therapy for children (ages 2 and up) to assist with processing emotions.
I believe that counseling is an ongoing process of self-acceptance and personal growth. Counseling can be beneficial for situational challenges, mental health struggles, and personal exploration. I provide an environment free from judgment, biases, or agendas; while also cultivating a trusting environment to help clients feel supported and understood. I believe that the client and counselor work together to create client goals and change; change is best nourished when a client is given compassion, grace, and understanding. I also provide client-centered play therapy for children (ages 2 and up) to assist with processing emotions.
(775) 522-4902 View (775) 522-4902
Photo of Danielle Ellis, Marriage & Family Therapist in Reno, NV
Danielle Ellis
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Reno, NV 89512  (Online Only)
In our lives, we find ourselves caught in the whirlwind of expectations, deadlines, and the relentless pursuit of success. We are the Burnout Generation, a cohort not defined by our failures but by the resilience forged in the fires of overwhelming demands. In a world that constantly asks for more, we have shouldered burdens that previous generations might not comprehend. The pressure to excel and to meet societal standards has become our daily battle. How are we supposed to know what healthy looks like or what the process is to achieve this?
In our lives, we find ourselves caught in the whirlwind of expectations, deadlines, and the relentless pursuit of success. We are the Burnout Generation, a cohort not defined by our failures but by the resilience forged in the fires of overwhelming demands. In a world that constantly asks for more, we have shouldered burdens that previous generations might not comprehend. The pressure to excel and to meet societal standards has become our daily battle. How are we supposed to know what healthy looks like or what the process is to achieve this?
(775) 526-4652 View (775) 526-4652
Photo of Heather Kaminsky, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Reno, NV
Heather Kaminsky
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Reno, NV 89511
Welcome and thank you for considering me in your therapeutic journey! Getting started and taking steps toward growth and change is a real challenge, and one that has led you to this website. Others described me throughout my life as as lighthearted, approachable, and a person who lends a "good ear." I'm hopeful that I am able to use these skills in my clinical work to help as many people from our community one person and one skill at a time.
Welcome and thank you for considering me in your therapeutic journey! Getting started and taking steps toward growth and change is a real challenge, and one that has led you to this website. Others described me throughout my life as as lighthearted, approachable, and a person who lends a "good ear." I'm hopeful that I am able to use these skills in my clinical work to help as many people from our community one person and one skill at a time.
(775) 535-7637 View (775) 535-7637
Photo of Frank Flores, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor in Reno, NV
Frank Flores
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, CPC, LADC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Reno, NV 89502
Life can be stressful and unpredictable. I seek to provide counseling to individuals, couples, and families who are looking for support in their times of need. We each have stories that our minds create in order to make sense of things. These stories speak to our identities, abilities, competencies, actions, relationships, achievements, fears and failures. I wish to hear the life narratives that my clients are struggling with and assist them in constructing new positive stories about themselves and the struggles they are facing.
Life can be stressful and unpredictable. I seek to provide counseling to individuals, couples, and families who are looking for support in their times of need. We each have stories that our minds create in order to make sense of things. These stories speak to our identities, abilities, competencies, actions, relationships, achievements, fears and failures. I wish to hear the life narratives that my clients are struggling with and assist them in constructing new positive stories about themselves and the struggles they are facing.
(775) 581-4390 View (775) 581-4390
Photo of Sierra Vice, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Reno, NV
Sierra Vice
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Reno, NV 89503
Not accepting new clients
Although I specialize in the treatment of depression, anxiety, and suicidality, I do not see the individual that walks into my office as a diagnosis or set of problems. Alternatively, I seek to empower individuals to identify their own strengths, problem-solve ways to overcome obstacles, and begin moving in the direction of their values. I do this by providing a compassionate, culturally-sensitive space to process hardship and begin to rebuild a sense of self-compassion and identity.
Although I specialize in the treatment of depression, anxiety, and suicidality, I do not see the individual that walks into my office as a diagnosis or set of problems. Alternatively, I seek to empower individuals to identify their own strengths, problem-solve ways to overcome obstacles, and begin moving in the direction of their values. I do this by providing a compassionate, culturally-sensitive space to process hardship and begin to rebuild a sense of self-compassion and identity.
(775) 415-7039 View (775) 415-7039
Photo of Emerald Psychotherapy in Reno, NV
Emerald Psychotherapy
LPCC
Verified Verified
Reno, NV 89503  (Online Only)
I, (MaryEllen Ruffing), offer an individualized and collaborative therapeutic process. This process generates clarity, direction, and empowerment for transformative healing to those facing obstacles or challenges with life transitions. I have experience with individuals, couples, and groups addressing anxiety, depression, grief and loss, PTSD, trauma, addictions, and relational dynamics. Therapy can bring about a sense of peace, restoration, and control in the stressful environments many face today. I support with online/tele-therapy at this time. Call for a free initial consultation.
I, (MaryEllen Ruffing), offer an individualized and collaborative therapeutic process. This process generates clarity, direction, and empowerment for transformative healing to those facing obstacles or challenges with life transitions. I have experience with individuals, couples, and groups addressing anxiety, depression, grief and loss, PTSD, trauma, addictions, and relational dynamics. Therapy can bring about a sense of peace, restoration, and control in the stressful environments many face today. I support with online/tele-therapy at this time. Call for a free initial consultation.
(775) 256-9892 View (775) 256-9892
Photo of Shannon Morrow, Marriage & Family Therapist in Reno, NV
Shannon Morrow
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Reno, NV 89501
Shannon Morrow is in his 11th year of practicing psychotherapy. His master's degree is from UNR, and he completed Nevada licensure in 2018. Shannon's approach strives for awareness, acceptance and gratitude. He promotes balance while providing grace and wisdom.
Shannon Morrow is in his 11th year of practicing psychotherapy. His master's degree is from UNR, and he completed Nevada licensure in 2018. Shannon's approach strives for awareness, acceptance and gratitude. He promotes balance while providing grace and wisdom.
(775) 243-5614 View (775) 243-5614
Photo of Holly Flammer in Reno, NV
Holly Flammer
MA, PhD, (c), QMHA
Verified Verified
Reno, NV 89509
I am taking clients in person in Reno, and online nationwide. I specialize in: attachment and adult relationships, reframing pathology and mental illness diagnosis, addiction issues, sexual trauma and sexual dysfunction, shadow and dream work, psychedelic integration and narrative therapies and lastly self actualization and living and creating the life of your dreams! Reach out today to chat! Holly Flammer, QMHA (Qualified Mental Health Associate-Medicaid), MA (Masters in Transpersonal Psychology), Ph.D. (c), (Ph.D. candidate in Jungian Depth Psychology and Integrative Healing Methods).
I am taking clients in person in Reno, and online nationwide. I specialize in: attachment and adult relationships, reframing pathology and mental illness diagnosis, addiction issues, sexual trauma and sexual dysfunction, shadow and dream work, psychedelic integration and narrative therapies and lastly self actualization and living and creating the life of your dreams! Reach out today to chat! Holly Flammer, QMHA (Qualified Mental Health Associate-Medicaid), MA (Masters in Transpersonal Psychology), Ph.D. (c), (Ph.D. candidate in Jungian Depth Psychology and Integrative Healing Methods).
(775) 522-7324 View (775) 522-7324
Photo of Allie Metoyer, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Reno, NV
Allie Metoyer
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Reno, NV 89509  (Online Only)
Life can feel like a juggling act and it’s a lot sometimes. From relationships, employment, children, school, finances, and everything else in between, life can be stressful! This can lead to feelings of confusion, irritability, depression, anxiety and many more difficult emotions. With everything in life, stress can be a significant factor that is stopping you from achieving the life you want. Stress can impact our entire health: mind, body and spirit. Life is happening and lets work on getting you back on track, working on your goals and creating the life you want.
Life can feel like a juggling act and it’s a lot sometimes. From relationships, employment, children, school, finances, and everything else in between, life can be stressful! This can lead to feelings of confusion, irritability, depression, anxiety and many more difficult emotions. With everything in life, stress can be a significant factor that is stopping you from achieving the life you want. Stress can impact our entire health: mind, body and spirit. Life is happening and lets work on getting you back on track, working on your goals and creating the life you want.
(775) 522-7527 View (775) 522-7527
Photo of Kesa Sovulewski, Counselor in Reno, NV
Kesa Sovulewski
Counselor, MA, LCPC, LCADC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Reno, NV 89503
Not accepting new clients
Good therapy has the power to turn our deepest struggles into opportunities for lifelong growth and happiness. The therapeutic relationship offers a safe and trusting space that is all one’s own; a unique place to express and notice feelings more clearly and to respond with more equanimity and mindfulness. In time, this ability will lead to a greater sense of wellbeing, gratitude and self-love.
Good therapy has the power to turn our deepest struggles into opportunities for lifelong growth and happiness. The therapeutic relationship offers a safe and trusting space that is all one’s own; a unique place to express and notice feelings more clearly and to respond with more equanimity and mindfulness. In time, this ability will lead to a greater sense of wellbeing, gratitude and self-love.
(775) 402-2374 View (775) 402-2374
Photo of Dannielle Adler, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Reno, NV
Dannielle Adler
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CA, NV
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Reno, NV 89503
Not accepting new clients
I believe our relationship with ourself impacts all other relationships in our life, hence making it the most important one to focus on. I work with adults and teens who are experiencing stress, intense anxiety, depression, and grief. I believe therapy can transform someone's life through the process of exploring current or past events and stressors. Together, we can uncover beliefs, thoughts, and traumas, as we work to empower you towards self-acceptance and healing.
I believe our relationship with ourself impacts all other relationships in our life, hence making it the most important one to focus on. I work with adults and teens who are experiencing stress, intense anxiety, depression, and grief. I believe therapy can transform someone's life through the process of exploring current or past events and stressors. Together, we can uncover beliefs, thoughts, and traumas, as we work to empower you towards self-acceptance and healing.
(775) 256-5851 View (775) 256-5851
Photo of Little Almond, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Reno, NV
Little Almond
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Reno, NV 89511
You realize you need help, but you’re not sure you or your kid is the sit-on-a-couch-and-talk-about-it type? Are you looking for results, change, and relief? Something different? Something worthwhile? If you’re struggling with explosive behaviors, arguments, aggression, extreme fears, attachment challenges, birth or medical trauma, nightmares, or flashbacks, I can help. The pain of depression, anxiety, loss, trauma, or social and academic pressure can be unbearable. If you have no idea how you found yourself here or know exactly what this is the result of, I'm confident that we can uncover strengths and come out the other side.
You realize you need help, but you’re not sure you or your kid is the sit-on-a-couch-and-talk-about-it type? Are you looking for results, change, and relief? Something different? Something worthwhile? If you’re struggling with explosive behaviors, arguments, aggression, extreme fears, attachment challenges, birth or medical trauma, nightmares, or flashbacks, I can help. The pain of depression, anxiety, loss, trauma, or social and academic pressure can be unbearable. If you have no idea how you found yourself here or know exactly what this is the result of, I'm confident that we can uncover strengths and come out the other side.
(775) 587-1421 View (775) 587-1421
Photo of Inner Journeys Therapy, Marriage & Family Therapist in Reno, NV
Inner Journeys Therapy
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, MFT
Verified Verified
Reno, NV 89511
We are all on a journey in life.Family, work, relationships, marriage, kids...need I say more? There are times in life when we feel stressed beyond repair, helpless, maybe even hopeless. During these difficult times it can be hard to ask for help. If you make the first step, I'll come along side of you and aid in your your journey towards health, balance, and happiness. I assist individuals, couples, families, and children through difficult situations with understanding, acceptance, and with genuine caring. I will collaborate with you to help guide your journey, as we work together to find health and wellness.
We are all on a journey in life.Family, work, relationships, marriage, kids...need I say more? There are times in life when we feel stressed beyond repair, helpless, maybe even hopeless. During these difficult times it can be hard to ask for help. If you make the first step, I'll come along side of you and aid in your your journey towards health, balance, and happiness. I assist individuals, couples, families, and children through difficult situations with understanding, acceptance, and with genuine caring. I will collaborate with you to help guide your journey, as we work together to find health and wellness.
(775) 319-4550 View (775) 319-4550
Photo of Tamara Listinsky, Counselor in Reno, NV
Tamara Listinsky
Counselor, MA, CPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Reno, NV 89502
If you're struggling with negative emotions, hopeless thoughts & feel lack of connection to others I'd like to help. In therapy we'll explore, identify and work to overcome the emotional pain and source of overwhelming feelings that lead you to search for hope today. I use client centered, emotional, solution focused skills to help gain self-awareness and abilities to overcome challenges while learning tools that build resilience and strength for a better life, at your pace. Explore relationship patterns, and understand how past/present experiences or unconscious processes impact your child, you or family life in the present.
If you're struggling with negative emotions, hopeless thoughts & feel lack of connection to others I'd like to help. In therapy we'll explore, identify and work to overcome the emotional pain and source of overwhelming feelings that lead you to search for hope today. I use client centered, emotional, solution focused skills to help gain self-awareness and abilities to overcome challenges while learning tools that build resilience and strength for a better life, at your pace. Explore relationship patterns, and understand how past/present experiences or unconscious processes impact your child, you or family life in the present.
(775) 204-2294 View (775) 204-2294
Photo of Camilla Jorst, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Reno, NV
Camilla Jorst
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Reno, NV 89503
Hi! I’m Camilla. Reaching out for support can sometimes be challenging - I’m here to help! I take pride in providing my clients with a safe and nonjudgmental environment that allows vulnerability and encourages exploration of personal goals. I strive to provide a supportive, dynamic, and empowering space to help my clients work through their personal life challenges.
Hi! I’m Camilla. Reaching out for support can sometimes be challenging - I’m here to help! I take pride in providing my clients with a safe and nonjudgmental environment that allows vulnerability and encourages exploration of personal goals. I strive to provide a supportive, dynamic, and empowering space to help my clients work through their personal life challenges.
(775) 452-4954 View (775) 452-4954
Photo of Natalie Best, Licensed Professional Counselor in Reno, NV
Natalie Best
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, CPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Reno, NV 89519
Life is challenging. Finding out who we are in this world is both rewarding and painful. A comfortable and safe space, along with support and someone who listens can make all the difference on the journey of self-discovery. Sometimes being able to just sit, take a breath, take a moment or cry it out can help us continue moving forward. I work with LGBTQIA+, trans community, individuals struggling with identity concerns, anxiety, trauma, depression, relationship issues, personal growth, and more.
Life is challenging. Finding out who we are in this world is both rewarding and painful. A comfortable and safe space, along with support and someone who listens can make all the difference on the journey of self-discovery. Sometimes being able to just sit, take a breath, take a moment or cry it out can help us continue moving forward. I work with LGBTQIA+, trans community, individuals struggling with identity concerns, anxiety, trauma, depression, relationship issues, personal growth, and more.
(775) 252-9502 x4 View (775) 252-9502 x4
Photo of Kimberly Brookman, Marriage & Family Therapist in Reno, NV
Kimberly Brookman
Marriage & Family Therapist, MPH, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Reno, NV 89502
I believe the human spirit is very resilient and capable of continued growth and development throughout our lives. However, at times, each of us can feel overwhelmed by life's challenges. Strategies that worked previously are no longer providing results, leaving us feeling frustrated, lost, or despondent. During these times, there is benefit in seeking outside, objective counsel to help overcome the current challenge and assist one in returning to a healthy, productive life.
I believe the human spirit is very resilient and capable of continued growth and development throughout our lives. However, at times, each of us can feel overwhelmed by life's challenges. Strategies that worked previously are no longer providing results, leaving us feeling frustrated, lost, or despondent. During these times, there is benefit in seeking outside, objective counsel to help overcome the current challenge and assist one in returning to a healthy, productive life.
(775) 318-5745 View (775) 318-5745
Photo of Michelle D Varady, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Reno, NV
Michelle D Varady
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Reno, NV 89511
Are you looking for a therapist you can relate with, I offer the best of both worlds both professional and personal experience. My goal is to help you learn how to help yourself. I will assist you in working through your life’s challenges so you can achieve personal growth, improved relationships, and healing from past traumas. Therapy is all about you so your sessions will be tailored to your needs wants and desires. My focus is to provide you with an opportunity to grow and become the best version of yourself.
Are you looking for a therapist you can relate with, I offer the best of both worlds both professional and personal experience. My goal is to help you learn how to help yourself. I will assist you in working through your life’s challenges so you can achieve personal growth, improved relationships, and healing from past traumas. Therapy is all about you so your sessions will be tailored to your needs wants and desires. My focus is to provide you with an opportunity to grow and become the best version of yourself.
(775) 628-5971 View (775) 628-5971

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Reno, NV

500+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Reno, NV who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
86% Depression
75% Trauma and PTSD
75% Self Esteem
74% Relationship Issues
67% Coping Skills
67% Stress

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

67% Aetna
62% BlueCross and BlueShield
62% Hometown Health

How Therapists in Reno, NV see their clients

71% In Person and Online
29% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
18% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Reno?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.