Therapists in Emeryville, CA

Photo of Shannon McHenry-Miller, Marriage & Family Therapist in Emeryville, CA
Shannon McHenry-Miller
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Emeryville, CA 94608  (Online Only)
I work with individuals to help gain insight into what is happening in order to move forward and achieve a more fulfilling and productive life. My goal is to help you understand yourself more and assist you with living a more free and conscious life. I use attachment theory to assist people in understanding how their past impacts their present. I specialize in treating addiction, trauma, codependency, relationship issues, and axis II disorders using a holistic trauma informed approach and dialectical behavioral techniques.
I work with individuals to help gain insight into what is happening in order to move forward and achieve a more fulfilling and productive life. My goal is to help you understand yourself more and assist you with living a more free and conscious life. I use attachment theory to assist people in understanding how their past impacts their present. I specialize in treating addiction, trauma, codependency, relationship issues, and axis II disorders using a holistic trauma informed approach and dialectical behavioral techniques.
(415) 707-7928 View (415) 707-7928
Photo of Maude Davis, Licensed Psychoanalyst in Emeryville, CA
Maude Davis
Licensed Psychoanalyst, MA, PhD(c), RDT
Verified Verified
Emeryville, CA 94608
Sometimes, when we hear the call of fate, we listen with an inner ear for quiet whispers of the soul. This call arrives in many forms. My consultation practice brings together Jungian analysis with expressive arts therapy. I offer a safe place for you to recognize your unique identity. In our work together, we will follow the varied threads of your story so you can weave and shape your own destiny. My approach uses verbal and non-verbal methods, encouraging spontaneity and the healing influence of the imagination. These sensorial processes lead to an aesthetic and spiritual understanding of soul.
Sometimes, when we hear the call of fate, we listen with an inner ear for quiet whispers of the soul. This call arrives in many forms. My consultation practice brings together Jungian analysis with expressive arts therapy. I offer a safe place for you to recognize your unique identity. In our work together, we will follow the varied threads of your story so you can weave and shape your own destiny. My approach uses verbal and non-verbal methods, encouraging spontaneity and the healing influence of the imagination. These sensorial processes lead to an aesthetic and spiritual understanding of soul.
(510) 306-7074 View (510) 306-7074
Photo of Heather Tegeler, Marriage & Family Therapist in Emeryville, CA
Heather Tegeler
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Emeryville, CA 94608  (Online Only)
With over a decade of experience in the mental health field, I have been honored to work with adult clients from all walks of life. My professional background includes working for hospitals, addiction treatment facilities, and inpatient and outpatient settings within the criminal justice system. I believe in developing a collaborative, warm, and strengths-based approach to treatment. My goal in therapy is to build upon your existing strengths while facilitating a safe and non-judgmental space to explore your feelings, thoughts, and behaviors.
With over a decade of experience in the mental health field, I have been honored to work with adult clients from all walks of life. My professional background includes working for hospitals, addiction treatment facilities, and inpatient and outpatient settings within the criminal justice system. I believe in developing a collaborative, warm, and strengths-based approach to treatment. My goal in therapy is to build upon your existing strengths while facilitating a safe and non-judgmental space to explore your feelings, thoughts, and behaviors.
(510) 369-1276 View (510) 369-1276
Photo of Alisa Vincent Psychotherapy, Marriage & Family Therapist in Emeryville, CA
Alisa Vincent Psychotherapy
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Emeryville, CA 94662  (Online Only)
I have a virtual private practice in California where I work with teens, and adults. I consider therapy a relationship we co-create specifically to suit your needs; one to help you feel safe, heard, and respected. I have a relational style, meaning you will receive feedback from me, and never feel like you're talking to a blank wall. We all share an intrinsic longing for hope, wholeness, empowerment, and meaning. It's my privilege to help clients nourish that longing into a drive; to help them gain a sense of mastery and direction in their own lives.
I have a virtual private practice in California where I work with teens, and adults. I consider therapy a relationship we co-create specifically to suit your needs; one to help you feel safe, heard, and respected. I have a relational style, meaning you will receive feedback from me, and never feel like you're talking to a blank wall. We all share an intrinsic longing for hope, wholeness, empowerment, and meaning. It's my privilege to help clients nourish that longing into a drive; to help them gain a sense of mastery and direction in their own lives.
(510) 421-0320 View (510) 421-0320
Photo of Melanie Reyes, Marriage & Family Therapist in Emeryville, CA
Melanie Reyes
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Emeryville, CA 94608  (Online Only)
Perhaps you are visiting today to obtain answers to confusion, peace in the torment, clarity from the chaos, healing from the pain. Maybe you just want someone to understand your pain. You might be feeling overwhelmed, exhausted, or hopeless. Whatever your reasoning may be I am dedicated to helping you achieve hope and healing. Thank you for taking the first step to work toward your personal healing journey. I am passionate about understanding, accepting, and empathizing with my clients. I approach therapy holistically, which encompasses spirit, body, and mind.
Perhaps you are visiting today to obtain answers to confusion, peace in the torment, clarity from the chaos, healing from the pain. Maybe you just want someone to understand your pain. You might be feeling overwhelmed, exhausted, or hopeless. Whatever your reasoning may be I am dedicated to helping you achieve hope and healing. Thank you for taking the first step to work toward your personal healing journey. I am passionate about understanding, accepting, and empathizing with my clients. I approach therapy holistically, which encompasses spirit, body, and mind.
(310) 744-6232 View (310) 744-6232
Photo of Lisa Martin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Emeryville, CA
Lisa Martin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Emeryville, CA 94608  (Online Only)
My professional career started in 2004 and I continue to love helping people progress to their goals. I have a holistic approach to health and wellness. Therapeutically speaking, my primary modalities include Cognitive Behavioral, Solutions Focused, and Strengths-based therapies; however, I believe every person and circumstance should be individualized based on the client's wants and needs. I like to meet people where they are and draw off of their strengths to guide them in improving their circumstances and overall quality of life.
My professional career started in 2004 and I continue to love helping people progress to their goals. I have a holistic approach to health and wellness. Therapeutically speaking, my primary modalities include Cognitive Behavioral, Solutions Focused, and Strengths-based therapies; however, I believe every person and circumstance should be individualized based on the client's wants and needs. I like to meet people where they are and draw off of their strengths to guide them in improving their circumstances and overall quality of life.
(415) 969-5753 View (415) 969-5753
Photo of Channing Richmond, Marriage & Family Therapist in Emeryville, CA
Channing Richmond
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Emeryville, CA 94608  (Online Only)
I am seeking to support clients being seen in a world that does not always validate one's existence. I hope to be a helpful guide in the journey of life to help clients notice the innate wisdom that already exists within themselves.
I am seeking to support clients being seen in a world that does not always validate one's existence. I hope to be a helpful guide in the journey of life to help clients notice the innate wisdom that already exists within themselves.
(510) 602-2946 View (510) 602-2946
Photo of Gabrielle Dillard, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Emeryville, CA
Gabrielle Dillard
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Emeryville, CA 94608  (Online Only)
I utilize an eclectic approach to incorporate a combination of evidence-based practices. I understand we all learn in different way, and our journeys are all unique. My treatment approach includes providing a client centered, trauma-informed, strength based therapeutic style. I will work with you to determine which therapy models are best for you in our work together. I take a whole person approach with an emphasis on the mind and body connection to mental health.
I utilize an eclectic approach to incorporate a combination of evidence-based practices. I understand we all learn in different way, and our journeys are all unique. My treatment approach includes providing a client centered, trauma-informed, strength based therapeutic style. I will work with you to determine which therapy models are best for you in our work together. I take a whole person approach with an emphasis on the mind and body connection to mental health.
(310) 361-9071 View (310) 361-9071
Photo of Valerie V Veza, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Emeryville, CA
Valerie V Veza
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CHT
Verified Verified
Emeryville, CA 94608  (Online Only)
My intention is to create a comfortable, safe space for clients to explore, heal and grow. I have years of experience helping individuals in crisis due to a wide variety of life's challenges and traumas. I help those of you who suffer from physical pain, anxiety, depression, emotional crisis, stress, trauma, PTSD and many other common symptoms . My approach is tailoring my experience and skills in a compassionate, honest and direct manner, to facilitate your experience to balance, self-acceptance and wholeness.
My intention is to create a comfortable, safe space for clients to explore, heal and grow. I have years of experience helping individuals in crisis due to a wide variety of life's challenges and traumas. I help those of you who suffer from physical pain, anxiety, depression, emotional crisis, stress, trauma, PTSD and many other common symptoms . My approach is tailoring my experience and skills in a compassionate, honest and direct manner, to facilitate your experience to balance, self-acceptance and wholeness.
(510) 878-4260 View (510) 878-4260
Photo of Armand Volkas, Marriage & Family Therapist in Emeryville, CA
Armand Volkas
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFA, MFT, RDT, BCT
Verified Verified
12 Endorsed
Emeryville, CA 94608
I believe that a supportive therapeutic relationship can be the springboard from which many life issues can be addressed and healed. I am warm and gentle, yet firm when appropriate. I am encouraging, nurturing and have a deep capacity for empathy. I am committed to your growth and the changes you want to make in your life. Issues I treat include anxiety, depression, trauma recovery, and relationships. I treat children, adolescents, adults, couples, and families. I have special expertise in working with personal and collective trauma, deepening intimacy in couples, cross-cultural relationships, grief and mourning and healing friendships.
I believe that a supportive therapeutic relationship can be the springboard from which many life issues can be addressed and healed. I am warm and gentle, yet firm when appropriate. I am encouraging, nurturing and have a deep capacity for empathy. I am committed to your growth and the changes you want to make in your life. Issues I treat include anxiety, depression, trauma recovery, and relationships. I treat children, adolescents, adults, couples, and families. I have special expertise in working with personal and collective trauma, deepening intimacy in couples, cross-cultural relationships, grief and mourning and healing friendships.
(510) 595-5500 x11 View (510) 595-5500 x11
Photo of Jody Ann Sollazzo, Counselor in Emeryville, CA
Jody Ann Sollazzo
Counselor, LPCC, MA
Verified Verified
Emeryville, CA 94608  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
I enjoy working with motivated people who feel stuck. Often they are in a transition or a loss. The loss can be great or small. (ex. death, break-up, job, disability/health, identity change, end-of-friendship) People who desire connection who often feel alone (even if they are close with others.) People who want to either strengthen or change their relationships whether it's in work, family, romantic, or platonic. Flawed perfectionists and people with imposter syndrome are always welcome!
I enjoy working with motivated people who feel stuck. Often they are in a transition or a loss. The loss can be great or small. (ex. death, break-up, job, disability/health, identity change, end-of-friendship) People who desire connection who often feel alone (even if they are close with others.) People who want to either strengthen or change their relationships whether it's in work, family, romantic, or platonic. Flawed perfectionists and people with imposter syndrome are always welcome!
(341) 766-0917 View (341) 766-0917
Photo of Tralee Johnson, Marriage & Family Therapist in Emeryville, CA
Tralee Johnson
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, PPS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Emeryville, CA 94608  (Online Only)
Transitions can make us feel anxious, depressed, or confused. Having someone to talk about the process of change reduces the stress. Maybe the decisions are around relationships, college, or work. Maybe you need a new direction, a change in your life, or a new life purpose but you're unsure where or how to move forward. With counseling, you can feel more confident about making helpful choices for yourself, and with reduced anxiety, depression, and confusion.
Transitions can make us feel anxious, depressed, or confused. Having someone to talk about the process of change reduces the stress. Maybe the decisions are around relationships, college, or work. Maybe you need a new direction, a change in your life, or a new life purpose but you're unsure where or how to move forward. With counseling, you can feel more confident about making helpful choices for yourself, and with reduced anxiety, depression, and confusion.
(415) 289-5955 View (415) 289-5955
Photo of Ashley Coyle, Marriage & Family Therapist in Emeryville, CA
Ashley Coyle
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Emeryville, CA 94608
My name is Ashley Coyle, LMFT 127698. My approach to therapy is client-centered, strengths-based, and trauma-informed. My focus is on how the systems we are a part of impact our lives and well-being. I work with all kinds of clients from many different backgrounds and identities. I love the diversity of my clients. I have worked with individuals, couples, and families. I have treated clients with depression, anxiety, trauma, substance use, phase of life challenges, personality disorders, bipolar disorder, and others.
My name is Ashley Coyle, LMFT 127698. My approach to therapy is client-centered, strengths-based, and trauma-informed. My focus is on how the systems we are a part of impact our lives and well-being. I work with all kinds of clients from many different backgrounds and identities. I love the diversity of my clients. I have worked with individuals, couples, and families. I have treated clients with depression, anxiety, trauma, substance use, phase of life challenges, personality disorders, bipolar disorder, and others.
(510) 588-1498 View (510) 588-1498
Photo of Kurt Vaillancourt, Marriage & Family Therapist in Emeryville, CA
Kurt Vaillancourt
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Emeryville, CA 94608  (Online Only)
For nearly 20 years, I have worked with adults, families, and couples both individually and in group settings. Some of the areas I have provided treatment for include substance use/abuse, depression, anxiety, grief/loss, and adjustment disorders due to life transitions. I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist (LMFT) in the state of California and obtained a Doctorate Degree in Clinical Psychology (Psy.D.) in 2005.
For nearly 20 years, I have worked with adults, families, and couples both individually and in group settings. Some of the areas I have provided treatment for include substance use/abuse, depression, anxiety, grief/loss, and adjustment disorders due to life transitions. I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist (LMFT) in the state of California and obtained a Doctorate Degree in Clinical Psychology (Psy.D.) in 2005.
(408) 340-9952 View (408) 340-9952
Photo of Dr. Heather Martarella, Psychologist in Emeryville, CA
Dr. Heather Martarella
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Emeryville, CA 94608
Feeling Overwhelmed by Emotional Distress? Is pain, illness, or lack of sleep taking a toll on your emotional well-being? You’re not alone, and it’s okay to seek help. I specialize in helping individuals navigate the complex emotions that develop from chronic pain, illness, and sleep difficulties. With over 20 years of clinical experience, I understand the impact these conditions can have on your life - and I’m here to offer the information and support you need.
Feeling Overwhelmed by Emotional Distress? Is pain, illness, or lack of sleep taking a toll on your emotional well-being? You’re not alone, and it’s okay to seek help. I specialize in helping individuals navigate the complex emotions that develop from chronic pain, illness, and sleep difficulties. With over 20 years of clinical experience, I understand the impact these conditions can have on your life - and I’m here to offer the information and support you need.
(510) 892-3227 View (510) 892-3227
Photo of John Hal Brownson, Marriage & Family Therapist in Emeryville, CA
John Hal Brownson
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
Emeryville, CA 94608  (Online Only)
Anxiety. It's part of the human experience, but too much of it, experienced for too long, wears us down, affecting both our mental and physical health. If you are isolating, cutting yourself off from friends and the world; if you spend too much of your time trying to mute your anxiety with drugs, TV, the internet; if you lie awake counting catastrophes and replaying the day's missteps, I can help. Take a couple of long, slow, deep breaths, and call me. Let's talk.
Anxiety. It's part of the human experience, but too much of it, experienced for too long, wears us down, affecting both our mental and physical health. If you are isolating, cutting yourself off from friends and the world; if you spend too much of your time trying to mute your anxiety with drugs, TV, the internet; if you lie awake counting catastrophes and replaying the day's missteps, I can help. Take a couple of long, slow, deep breaths, and call me. Let's talk.
(510) 757-9657 View (510) 757-9657
Photo of Maria Culcasi, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Emeryville, CA
Maria Culcasi
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Emeryville, CA 94608  (Online Only)
A little bit of stress is a good thing. It gets us out of bed in the morning and motivates us to work towards our goals. But too little or too much stress are problems that interfere with our ability to be the best possible versions of ourselves and can prevent our minds from being at ease to deal with life’s daily tasks or pursuing opportunities. Often too much stress can lead to anxiety and depression. Through CBT and other modalities, we will discuss your thoughts and emotions as well as ways to help your motivation and any barrier that may be getting in the way of leading the life you would like.
A little bit of stress is a good thing. It gets us out of bed in the morning and motivates us to work towards our goals. But too little or too much stress are problems that interfere with our ability to be the best possible versions of ourselves and can prevent our minds from being at ease to deal with life’s daily tasks or pursuing opportunities. Often too much stress can lead to anxiety and depression. Through CBT and other modalities, we will discuss your thoughts and emotions as well as ways to help your motivation and any barrier that may be getting in the way of leading the life you would like.
(415) 569-7757 View (415) 569-7757
Photo of Cecily Kaballo, Psychologist in Emeryville, CA
Cecily Kaballo
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Emeryville, CA 94608  (Online Only)
I recognize and honor that everyone is unique and processes at their own pace. I am warm and collaborative, and I emphasize building a strong therapeutic alliance and identifying a client’s short- and long-term goals. I provide an eclectic range of evidence-based approaches that can be tailored for each individual.
I recognize and honor that everyone is unique and processes at their own pace. I am warm and collaborative, and I emphasize building a strong therapeutic alliance and identifying a client’s short- and long-term goals. I provide an eclectic range of evidence-based approaches that can be tailored for each individual.
(510) 369-1246 View (510) 369-1246
Photo of Maegan Willan, Marriage & Family Therapist in Emeryville, CA
Maegan Willan
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
Emeryville, CA 94608
Whatever you have lived through--healing is possible. I provide therapy for people living outside of the mainstream, whether because of values and ideals or personal identity. Therapy with me doesn't require that you or I believe there is anything wrong with you. Instead it is a place where both of us work collaboratively and creatively to develop an environment where you can take more and more risks to be yourself. It is a place to keep growing. It is a place to get real about what matters to you and what challenges you. Keywords: radical, queer, artists, activists, social justice, progressive
Whatever you have lived through--healing is possible. I provide therapy for people living outside of the mainstream, whether because of values and ideals or personal identity. Therapy with me doesn't require that you or I believe there is anything wrong with you. Instead it is a place where both of us work collaboratively and creatively to develop an environment where you can take more and more risks to be yourself. It is a place to keep growing. It is a place to get real about what matters to you and what challenges you. Keywords: radical, queer, artists, activists, social justice, progressive
(510) 248-4807 View (510) 248-4807
Barbara Jean A Douglass
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, PhD
Verified Verified
Emeryville, CA 94608  (Online Only)
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker and PhD with 15 years experience working with adults, children and youth. My goal is to help you in your path towards feeling better, and experiencing an improved sense of confidence, self-esteem and functioning in your life. My approach is one of respect, warmth, and attention to the dignity of every person. I utilize a humanistic and person-centered perspective, and maintain a psychodynamic framework for understanding my clients' emotional and therapeutic needs, to help you learn coping skills, and help you explore your options towards recovering a stronger sense of self, identity, spirituality, and balance.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker and PhD with 15 years experience working with adults, children and youth. My goal is to help you in your path towards feeling better, and experiencing an improved sense of confidence, self-esteem and functioning in your life. My approach is one of respect, warmth, and attention to the dignity of every person. I utilize a humanistic and person-centered perspective, and maintain a psychodynamic framework for understanding my clients' emotional and therapeutic needs, to help you learn coping skills, and help you explore your options towards recovering a stronger sense of self, identity, spirituality, and balance.
(510) 949-3983 View (510) 949-3983

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Emeryville, CA

100+

Average cost per session

$190

Therapists in Emeryville, CA who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
87% Depression
73% Relationship Issues
71% Trauma and PTSD
70% Grief
60% Self Esteem
58% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

77% Aetna
55% Anthem | Elevance
52% MHN | Health Net

How Therapists in Emeryville, CA see their clients

58% In Person and Online
42% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
20% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Emeryville?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.