Therapists in Louisville, KY

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Photo of Margaret Brooks Cox, Marriage & Family Therapist in Louisville, KY
Margaret Brooks Cox
Marriage & Family Therapist, MSSW, LMFT, CSW
Verified Verified
Louisville, KY 40220  (Online Only)
Daytime/online appts only. I work with individuals and adults in their healing journeys, combining clear goals, evidence-based methods for treatment and compassionate care. I am committed to helping my clients achieve their goals and experience the journey of healing within a safe and supportive environment. I lead with curiosity, care, and humility for all cultural/familial backgrounds, spiritual beliefs, and social experiences. I take delight in seeing and celebrating the unique gifts of each of my clients. Therefore, I work with my clients and families to create fluid and clear goals fit to individual needs to support healing.
Daytime/online appts only. I work with individuals and adults in their healing journeys, combining clear goals, evidence-based methods for treatment and compassionate care. I am committed to helping my clients achieve their goals and experience the journey of healing within a safe and supportive environment. I lead with curiosity, care, and humility for all cultural/familial backgrounds, spiritual beliefs, and social experiences. I take delight in seeing and celebrating the unique gifts of each of my clients. Therefore, I work with my clients and families to create fluid and clear goals fit to individual needs to support healing.
(502) 825-0235 View (502) 825-0235
Photo of Sarah Cunningham Allen, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Louisville, KY
Sarah Cunningham Allen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Louisville, KY 40222
I work with children, adolescents, families and adults to address a wide range of emotional, behavioral and interpersonal problems such as anxiety, depression, grief and loss, PTSD, trauma, and ADHD. I work with my clients to gain insight, break patterns and thrive. Please check out: www.lifesjourneyky.com/
I work with children, adolescents, families and adults to address a wide range of emotional, behavioral and interpersonal problems such as anxiety, depression, grief and loss, PTSD, trauma, and ADHD. I work with my clients to gain insight, break patterns and thrive. Please check out: www.lifesjourneyky.com/
(502) 305-3879 View (502) 305-3879
Photo of Misty Young, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Louisville, KY
Misty Young
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Louisville, KY 40291  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Life can be overwhelming due to multiple reasons that may leave you feeling that there is no clear path. You may have considered therapy or wondered if it would be helpful to you. You may have talked yourself out of reaching out for help before, however, searching for a therapist is a step forward. Everyone deserves a safe space where you can speak with someone who is objective. I enjoy providing such a space to individuals. I will listen and work with you to help identify goals, barriers, and practical solutions. Every individual is exactly that, an individual, and has their own story and circumstances.
Life can be overwhelming due to multiple reasons that may leave you feeling that there is no clear path. You may have considered therapy or wondered if it would be helpful to you. You may have talked yourself out of reaching out for help before, however, searching for a therapist is a step forward. Everyone deserves a safe space where you can speak with someone who is objective. I enjoy providing such a space to individuals. I will listen and work with you to help identify goals, barriers, and practical solutions. Every individual is exactly that, an individual, and has their own story and circumstances.
(502) 305-7644 View (502) 305-7644
Photo of Laketa Matlock, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor in Louisville, KY
Laketa Matlock
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Louisville, KY 40222
Not accepting new clients
I’m a Licensed Therapist with over a decade experience in helping people deal with various life challenges. I have a Master’s degree in Education in Mental Health Counseling, earned from Lindsey Wilson College. I specialize in Addiction Counseling and have spent much of my career helping Individuals and Families recover and heal from trauma associated with addiction and unhealthy cycles. I'm passionate about helping people who have the desire to live healthier but lack the ability to effectively cope with their struggles. I'm dedicated to helping these individuals understand their inner ability to improve their functioning.
I’m a Licensed Therapist with over a decade experience in helping people deal with various life challenges. I have a Master’s degree in Education in Mental Health Counseling, earned from Lindsey Wilson College. I specialize in Addiction Counseling and have spent much of my career helping Individuals and Families recover and heal from trauma associated with addiction and unhealthy cycles. I'm passionate about helping people who have the desire to live healthier but lack the ability to effectively cope with their struggles. I'm dedicated to helping these individuals understand their inner ability to improve their functioning.
(502) 427-6949 View (502) 427-6949
Photo of Destination Station , Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Louisville, KY
Destination Station
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Louisville, KY 40205  (Online Only)
Feeling Stressed, Anxious, Worried, Or Confused? Are you struggling to Cope in your day to day routine? Do you find yourself feeling as though you are existing rather than truly living? Honor your needs. Its okay to seek help and more than anything it's Courageous to do so! Congratulations for taking such a Huge step in your Journey and Pursuit of Wellness!
Feeling Stressed, Anxious, Worried, Or Confused? Are you struggling to Cope in your day to day routine? Do you find yourself feeling as though you are existing rather than truly living? Honor your needs. Its okay to seek help and more than anything it's Courageous to do so! Congratulations for taking such a Huge step in your Journey and Pursuit of Wellness!
(502) 427-6310 View (502) 427-6310
Photo of Katie DeShields, Psychologist in Louisville, KY
Katie DeShields
Psychologist, PsyD, CCATP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Louisville, KY 40223
Feeling stressed? Overwhelmed? Experiencing major life changes? Some enter therapy with goals in mind while others feel "stuck" and look for self-understanding. I believe external factors (stressful events, life experiences) and internal factors (how we think, feel, and react) impact how we relate to others and evaluate ourselves. These factors can create patterns in our lives that we want to change.
Feeling stressed? Overwhelmed? Experiencing major life changes? Some enter therapy with goals in mind while others feel "stuck" and look for self-understanding. I believe external factors (stressful events, life experiences) and internal factors (how we think, feel, and react) impact how we relate to others and evaluate ourselves. These factors can create patterns in our lives that we want to change.
(502) 771-4619 View (502) 771-4619
Photo of Heather Hudson, Counselor in Louisville, KY
Heather Hudson
Counselor, LPCC, LMHC
Verified Verified
Louisville, KY 40241  (Online Only)
Limited daytime appointments now available! When we hurt or feel overwhelmed, we might feel stuck with no way out and our personal well-being and relationships might suffer. If you are feeling overwhelmed or experiencing an emotional hurt that just doesn’t subside, a trained mental health professional such as myself, can help you discover new perspectives and new solutions. I believe each person is an expert on themselves and doing the best they can in the moment. As your therapist, I can assist you in finding the skills & qualities already within yourself that will help you reach the internal peace & goals that you've envisioned.
Limited daytime appointments now available! When we hurt or feel overwhelmed, we might feel stuck with no way out and our personal well-being and relationships might suffer. If you are feeling overwhelmed or experiencing an emotional hurt that just doesn’t subside, a trained mental health professional such as myself, can help you discover new perspectives and new solutions. I believe each person is an expert on themselves and doing the best they can in the moment. As your therapist, I can assist you in finding the skills & qualities already within yourself that will help you reach the internal peace & goals that you've envisioned.
(502) 443-8786 View (502) 443-8786
Photo of Angie Olson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Louisville, KY
Angie Olson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Louisville, KY 40258  (Online Only)
In times of emotional distress and on particularly challenging days, it can feel like everything turns into an overwhelming burden. In response, I employ evidence-based modalities tailored to address a spectrum of issues including family dynamics, trauma, grief and loss, parenting challenges, depression, and anxiety. My practice is LGBT-friendly, emphasizing a supportive and inclusive environment. I aim to lighten the load of emotional distress, guiding clients through their difficulties with empathy and resilience, fostering a path to healing and personal growth.
In times of emotional distress and on particularly challenging days, it can feel like everything turns into an overwhelming burden. In response, I employ evidence-based modalities tailored to address a spectrum of issues including family dynamics, trauma, grief and loss, parenting challenges, depression, and anxiety. My practice is LGBT-friendly, emphasizing a supportive and inclusive environment. I aim to lighten the load of emotional distress, guiding clients through their difficulties with empathy and resilience, fostering a path to healing and personal growth.
(502) 467-6790 View (502) 467-6790
Photo of Rich Carbuccia, Counselor in Louisville, KY
Rich Carbuccia
Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Louisville, KY 40207
Waitlist for new clients
Tired of feeling powerless and out of control in your life? Maybe your feeling like your past wounding or traumas are keeping you from reaching the future you really want. If so, don’t give up. If you’re ready for change, you’re already headed in the right direction.
Tired of feeling powerless and out of control in your life? Maybe your feeling like your past wounding or traumas are keeping you from reaching the future you really want. If so, don’t give up. If you’re ready for change, you’re already headed in the right direction.
(859) 349-1247 View (859) 349-1247
Photo of Demetria T January, Counselor in Louisville, KY
Demetria T January
Counselor, MEd, LPCC, NCC
Verified Verified
Louisville, KY 40245  (Online Only)
Demetria specializes in depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, and trauma disorders. She works with ages 12 and up. My ideal client is ready to evolve. We will talk, laugh, and uncover some challenging topics. It is my goal to assist you with challenging yourself to evolve into your ideal, healed version of yourself. Let's chat!
Demetria specializes in depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, and trauma disorders. She works with ages 12 and up. My ideal client is ready to evolve. We will talk, laugh, and uncover some challenging topics. It is my goal to assist you with challenging yourself to evolve into your ideal, healed version of yourself. Let's chat!
(502) 289-6336 View (502) 289-6336
Photo of Adam P Higgason, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor in Louisville, KY
Adam P Higgason
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC-S
Verified Verified
Louisville, KY 40272  (Online Only)
Since 2007, I have been working with individuals, couples and families to improve their understanding of personal barriers, appraise resources and empower change. I leverage my clinical training and professional insights to increase applications of logic-based decision-making. If you have reached an impasse, complicated by the confusion of your feelings and the challenge of your circumstances, I would like the opportunity to help you.
Since 2007, I have been working with individuals, couples and families to improve their understanding of personal barriers, appraise resources and empower change. I leverage my clinical training and professional insights to increase applications of logic-based decision-making. If you have reached an impasse, complicated by the confusion of your feelings and the challenge of your circumstances, I would like the opportunity to help you.
(502) 334-0403 View (502) 334-0403
Photo of Julie Hansen, Marriage & Family Therapist in Louisville, KY
Julie Hansen
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Louisville, KY 40217
Searching for answers, solutions and help indicates that you are already making positive choices and are engaged in the healing process. Choosing to begin therapy is a gift to yourself and to your relationships. It is an opportunity to heighten self-awareness, create more positive connections and live a more healthy and satisfying life.
Searching for answers, solutions and help indicates that you are already making positive choices and are engaged in the healing process. Choosing to begin therapy is a gift to yourself and to your relationships. It is an opportunity to heighten self-awareness, create more positive connections and live a more healthy and satisfying life.
(502) 309-2567 View (502) 309-2567
Photo of Dr. Natalie F. Berry, Psychologist in Louisville, KY
Dr. Natalie F. Berry
Psychologist, PsyD, HSP
Verified Verified
Louisville, KY 40205  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Making the decision to go to therapy can be a difficult one. It is time-consuming, you have to work to find the right fit with the right therapist, and you are certainly in a vulnerable place when you start such a process. But the reason you are here is that you also know that with this challenge comes the possibility of improved health, happiness and wellbeing. The reason I’m here is to utilize my expertise and professional training to help you get there. It is an honor and a privilege to be able to work with so many strong, resilient and inspiring people who have made a commitment to improve their lives.
Making the decision to go to therapy can be a difficult one. It is time-consuming, you have to work to find the right fit with the right therapist, and you are certainly in a vulnerable place when you start such a process. But the reason you are here is that you also know that with this challenge comes the possibility of improved health, happiness and wellbeing. The reason I’m here is to utilize my expertise and professional training to help you get there. It is an honor and a privilege to be able to work with so many strong, resilient and inspiring people who have made a commitment to improve their lives.
(502) 586-3488 View (502) 586-3488
Photo of Rachael Renshaw- Millennial Therapist, Counselor in Louisville, KY
Rachael Renshaw- Millennial Therapist
Counselor, BA, MEd, LPCC-S
Verified Verified
Louisville, KY 40207
What part of your life is the source of feelings of depression, anxiety, perfectionism, shame, or relational issues? It can be difficult to develop self awareness in which we can distinguish the root cause of poor quality of life. I specialize in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy which is geared towards aiding clients in developing a self awareness of unhealthy thinking habits and behaviors and teaching thought stopping, mindfulness techniques, and replacement thoughts. I also utilize Dialectical Behavioral and Brief Solution Focused strategies, which aid clients in the most time efficient manner possible.
What part of your life is the source of feelings of depression, anxiety, perfectionism, shame, or relational issues? It can be difficult to develop self awareness in which we can distinguish the root cause of poor quality of life. I specialize in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy which is geared towards aiding clients in developing a self awareness of unhealthy thinking habits and behaviors and teaching thought stopping, mindfulness techniques, and replacement thoughts. I also utilize Dialectical Behavioral and Brief Solution Focused strategies, which aid clients in the most time efficient manner possible.
(859) 353-6796 View (859) 353-6796
Photo of Alante' J Gaines, Counselor in Louisville, KY
Alante' J Gaines
Counselor, MA, LPCA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Louisville, KY 40218
Hello! My name is Alante’ Gaines, born and raised in the west end of Louisville, Ky. I am a mom, a wife, a friend, a motivator, survivor, and thriver! God directed my path and led me to the University of the Cumberlands where I received my Masters in Clinical Mental Health Counseling. Through my life & educational journey, I learned self-awareness, the immense depths of empathy, and most importantly how to be transparent and unbiased. I work with adults, adolescents, teens and families. In session, I support individual struggling with anxiety, depression, trauma, postpartum depression and more. Whoever you are, you are safe with me.
Hello! My name is Alante’ Gaines, born and raised in the west end of Louisville, Ky. I am a mom, a wife, a friend, a motivator, survivor, and thriver! God directed my path and led me to the University of the Cumberlands where I received my Masters in Clinical Mental Health Counseling. Through my life & educational journey, I learned self-awareness, the immense depths of empathy, and most importantly how to be transparent and unbiased. I work with adults, adolescents, teens and families. In session, I support individual struggling with anxiety, depression, trauma, postpartum depression and more. Whoever you are, you are safe with me.
(502) 747-9164 View (502) 747-9164
Photo of Gina Underwood, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Louisville, KY
Gina Underwood
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Louisville, KY 40205
Are you feeling overwhelmed? As a Certified Cognitive Behavioral Therapist, I have strategies to help. No one early in life says, "I hope to feel out of control, stressed, anxious, and have difficulty sleeping when I'm an adult." Yet, so many intelligent, well-intentioned, hard-working individuals find themselves experiencing these kinds of challenges at times. I treat adults who are facing such obstacles and I am fiercely on your side as we collaborate to build resilience and find moments of peacefulness. Would you like to talk by phone or email to determine whether we are a good match to collaborate?
Are you feeling overwhelmed? As a Certified Cognitive Behavioral Therapist, I have strategies to help. No one early in life says, "I hope to feel out of control, stressed, anxious, and have difficulty sleeping when I'm an adult." Yet, so many intelligent, well-intentioned, hard-working individuals find themselves experiencing these kinds of challenges at times. I treat adults who are facing such obstacles and I am fiercely on your side as we collaborate to build resilience and find moments of peacefulness. Would you like to talk by phone or email to determine whether we are a good match to collaborate?
(502) 306-0829 View (502) 306-0829
Photo of Elizabeth J. Huss, Counselor in Louisville, KY
Elizabeth J. Huss
Counselor, M Ed, LPCC, IMHP
Verified Verified
Louisville, KY 40204  (Online Only)
Welcome! I am glad you are here and I respect your courage to engage in this process. Throughout my fifteen years of practice as a counselor and art therapist, I have been privileged to work alongside adolescents and adults in their healing journeys. My aim is to create a safe and nurturing environment that helps empower you to navigate life's difficulties. In our work together, we will lean on your innate strengths to increase resilience, compassion and self-awareness. I enjoy helping my clients develop strategies for coping with symptoms of ADHD, processing trauma, moving through grief and managing anger, depression and anxiety.
Welcome! I am glad you are here and I respect your courage to engage in this process. Throughout my fifteen years of practice as a counselor and art therapist, I have been privileged to work alongside adolescents and adults in their healing journeys. My aim is to create a safe and nurturing environment that helps empower you to navigate life's difficulties. In our work together, we will lean on your innate strengths to increase resilience, compassion and self-awareness. I enjoy helping my clients develop strategies for coping with symptoms of ADHD, processing trauma, moving through grief and managing anger, depression and anxiety.
(502) 503-5340 View (502) 503-5340
Photo of Laura Milbourne in Louisville, KY
Laura Milbourne
MS, MA
Verified Verified
Louisville, KY 40223
If you are looking for a Christian counselor who is professionally trained, experienced and committed to a biblical counseling approach, I am likely an ideal fit for you! I am professionally trained and experienced as a counselor with over a decade of experience in the mental health and counseling field. I am a committed Christian and use a biblical and Christ-centered approach to counseling. The unique approach to counseling that I offer has helped my counselees to experience significant life-transformation and freedom. I would love for you to experience that life-transformation and freedom as well!
If you are looking for a Christian counselor who is professionally trained, experienced and committed to a biblical counseling approach, I am likely an ideal fit for you! I am professionally trained and experienced as a counselor with over a decade of experience in the mental health and counseling field. I am a committed Christian and use a biblical and Christ-centered approach to counseling. The unique approach to counseling that I offer has helped my counselees to experience significant life-transformation and freedom. I would love for you to experience that life-transformation and freedom as well!
(502) 837-9380 View (502) 837-9380
Photo of Ann Brian, Psychologist in Louisville, KY
Ann Brian
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Louisville, KY 40222
Not accepting new clients
The most important aspect of therapy is the relationship between the therapist and the client. Having a good fit with a therapist creates comfort and safety. It is an incredible privilege to be a therapist and to be trusted with another’s private thoughts and feelings. I work with adults who struggle with anxiety, work stress, parenting, navigating relationships, and a host of life’s difficulties. My goal is to be a partner with those who recognize the need for help and want to make changes. I try to find those areas where people feel “stuck” and support them in taking risks to become “unstuck.”
The most important aspect of therapy is the relationship between the therapist and the client. Having a good fit with a therapist creates comfort and safety. It is an incredible privilege to be a therapist and to be trusted with another’s private thoughts and feelings. I work with adults who struggle with anxiety, work stress, parenting, navigating relationships, and a host of life’s difficulties. My goal is to be a partner with those who recognize the need for help and want to make changes. I try to find those areas where people feel “stuck” and support them in taking risks to become “unstuck.”
(502) 251-9906 View (502) 251-9906
Photo of Frances Poyntz, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Louisville, KY
Frances Poyntz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSSW, CSW
Verified Verified
Louisville, KY 40217  (Online Only)
I have knowledge and experience working in various aspects of the social work field, including Child Protective Services, Therapeutic Foster Care, Residential Treatment Facilities, and Medicaid. My social work and case management backgrounds, have given me the tools to with children, adolescents, and adults who are dealing with depression, anxiety, and traumatic experiences.
I have knowledge and experience working in various aspects of the social work field, including Child Protective Services, Therapeutic Foster Care, Residential Treatment Facilities, and Medicaid. My social work and case management backgrounds, have given me the tools to with children, adolescents, and adults who are dealing with depression, anxiety, and traumatic experiences.
(502) 215-3422 View (502) 215-3422

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Louisville, KY

1,000+

Average cost per session

$120

Therapists in Louisville, KY who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
86% Depression
71% Self Esteem
70% Trauma and PTSD
68% Coping Skills
59% Relationship Issues
58% Grief

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

72% Aetna
71% Humana
69% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Louisville, KY see their clients

68% In Person and Online
32% Online Only

Gender breakdown

82% Female
17% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Louisville?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.