Therapists in Berkeley, CA

Photo of Samantha Elisabetta Tomarchio, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Samantha Elisabetta Tomarchio
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, AASECT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Berkeley, CA 94704
Seeking to deepen your intimacy in relationships with romantic and/or non-romantic partners? Desiring a fuller sexual expression & pleasure in your experience? Have you desired to enliven your sex life? Or, perhaps you are desiring restorative healing, justice, & repair from childhood sexual abuse / have had non-consensual, sexual experiences; either being the victim or the transgressor and require integral support. I can help you. I facilitate individuals and couples heal and recover from personal, collective, and intergenerational trauma to come back into authentic, embodied connection through intimacy from the inside out.
Seeking to deepen your intimacy in relationships with romantic and/or non-romantic partners? Desiring a fuller sexual expression & pleasure in your experience? Have you desired to enliven your sex life? Or, perhaps you are desiring restorative healing, justice, & repair from childhood sexual abuse / have had non-consensual, sexual experiences; either being the victim or the transgressor and require integral support. I can help you. I facilitate individuals and couples heal and recover from personal, collective, and intergenerational trauma to come back into authentic, embodied connection through intimacy from the inside out.
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Photo of Bridges Therapy Group of CA, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Bridges Therapy Group of CA
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, LCSW, AMFT
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94704  (Online Only)
At Bridges Therapy Group of California, we’re dedicated to matching you with the perfect therapist for you and ensuring that your insurance will truly pay for your sessions. We are contracted, in-network providers with all the insurers listed below. We verify your benefits before you start so there are no surprises to you.
At Bridges Therapy Group of California, we’re dedicated to matching you with the perfect therapist for you and ensuring that your insurance will truly pay for your sessions. We are contracted, in-network providers with all the insurers listed below. We verify your benefits before you start so there are no surprises to you.
(510) 694-7984 View (510) 694-7984
Photo of Willa Walter, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Willa Walter
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Berkeley, CA 94705
I have been working or volunteering with adolescents and adults for the past 25 years. In my most recent position as group psychotherapist/treatment coordinator in an adolescent partial hospitalization program, I have provided individual, group, and family therapy for teens struggling with an array of mental health challenges. These include depression, anxiety, chronic suicidal ideation, self-harming behaviors, PTSD, family strain, and self-esteem issues. My work with adults has centered around many of the issues mentioned above, as well as life transitions, marital conflict, loss, and parenting.
I have been working or volunteering with adolescents and adults for the past 25 years. In my most recent position as group psychotherapist/treatment coordinator in an adolescent partial hospitalization program, I have provided individual, group, and family therapy for teens struggling with an array of mental health challenges. These include depression, anxiety, chronic suicidal ideation, self-harming behaviors, PTSD, family strain, and self-esteem issues. My work with adults has centered around many of the issues mentioned above, as well as life transitions, marital conflict, loss, and parenting.
(341) 999-7961 View (341) 999-7961
Photo of Olina Rule, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Olina Rule
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MD, LMFT
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94707  (Online Only)
Are you tired of the same repetitive arguments and disconnection in your relationship? It's time to break free from the frustration and find a new level of understanding and harmony. No one wants to be unhappy in their relationships, and that's where I come in. Through effective communication skills and proven techniques, I can help you navigate conflicts, strengthen your bond, and become a better partner. Whether you're facing the aftermath of divorce, seeking to improve your parenting skills, or looking for guidance in the dating world, I'm here to provide the support and expertise you need.
Are you tired of the same repetitive arguments and disconnection in your relationship? It's time to break free from the frustration and find a new level of understanding and harmony. No one wants to be unhappy in their relationships, and that's where I come in. Through effective communication skills and proven techniques, I can help you navigate conflicts, strengthen your bond, and become a better partner. Whether you're facing the aftermath of divorce, seeking to improve your parenting skills, or looking for guidance in the dating world, I'm here to provide the support and expertise you need.
(415) 843-2058 View (415) 843-2058
Photo of Aida Curtis, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Aida Curtis
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Berkeley, CA 94710
I support individuals who may have experienced confusing and distressing familial relationships either in childhood or adulthood. This may manifest as painful interpersonal dynamics later in life, and can create complex feelings about "home." I specialize in trauma work for adults, children and adolescents. Our work together can facilitate transformation and create new possibilities. It would be an honor to support you.
I support individuals who may have experienced confusing and distressing familial relationships either in childhood or adulthood. This may manifest as painful interpersonal dynamics later in life, and can create complex feelings about "home." I specialize in trauma work for adults, children and adolescents. Our work together can facilitate transformation and create new possibilities. It would be an honor to support you.
(415) 223-9508 View (415) 223-9508
Photo of Cathy Rader, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Cathy Rader
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94704  (Online Only)
Becoming licensed as a Marriage and Family Therapist in 1996, I have spent these past 25 years plus listening and collaborating with clients on a road to optimal mental and emotional fitness, achieving genuine joy each day. The statement I hear most is "I am always glad to see you and feel so much better after each time we meet!". If we've collectively learned one thing from the past three years, it's how much better we are working together than isolating and trying to do everything on our own. I so look forward to meeting you soon!
Becoming licensed as a Marriage and Family Therapist in 1996, I have spent these past 25 years plus listening and collaborating with clients on a road to optimal mental and emotional fitness, achieving genuine joy each day. The statement I hear most is "I am always glad to see you and feel so much better after each time we meet!". If we've collectively learned one thing from the past three years, it's how much better we are working together than isolating and trying to do everything on our own. I so look forward to meeting you soon!
(415) 992-3849 View (415) 992-3849
Photo of Maelinda Nicole Turner, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Maelinda Nicole Turner
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MDiv
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94705  (Online Only)
I am about the soft life. Soft life is a life of self-care where you make yourself a priority. It is a life that emphasizes reduced stress, dispelling false narratives and good boundaries. You are worthy and it is your time to breath. I provide individual therapy for a range of issues including stress, grief, multi-cultural issues, anxiety, and depression.
I am about the soft life. Soft life is a life of self-care where you make yourself a priority. It is a life that emphasizes reduced stress, dispelling false narratives and good boundaries. You are worthy and it is your time to breath. I provide individual therapy for a range of issues including stress, grief, multi-cultural issues, anxiety, and depression.
(341) 895-5587 View (341) 895-5587
Photo of Izzy Nance, MFT, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Izzy Nance, MFT
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94706
I love seeing folks at a turning point in their lives, who want to heal painful beliefs or repeating relational patterns, to find direction and self-love. With modalities of Gestalt awareness, Jungian imaginal discovery, Existential inquiry, psychoeducation and caring exploration, we dive into what wants to be seen. I see clients recover from dysfunctional family systems, addiction, and codependency. We heal past wounds and build self-support for increased choicefulness. I reference 12-step models, having over 20 years experience with them. I respect recovering individuals who often have readiness to do deep therapeutic work.
I love seeing folks at a turning point in their lives, who want to heal painful beliefs or repeating relational patterns, to find direction and self-love. With modalities of Gestalt awareness, Jungian imaginal discovery, Existential inquiry, psychoeducation and caring exploration, we dive into what wants to be seen. I see clients recover from dysfunctional family systems, addiction, and codependency. We heal past wounds and build self-support for increased choicefulness. I reference 12-step models, having over 20 years experience with them. I respect recovering individuals who often have readiness to do deep therapeutic work.
(510) 650-1874 View (510) 650-1874
Photo of Jessica Osmond, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Jessica Osmond
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Berkeley, CA 94704
Welcome! I am a licensed therapist with 13 years of experience providing mental health services to adults and adolescents. My style is compassionate, trauma-informed, and grounded in principles of anti-oppression and harm reduction. Whether you are struggling with new symptoms or a previous diagnosis has become more difficult to manage, I offer a warm and welcoming environment in which to explore ways to improve your life.
Welcome! I am a licensed therapist with 13 years of experience providing mental health services to adults and adolescents. My style is compassionate, trauma-informed, and grounded in principles of anti-oppression and harm reduction. Whether you are struggling with new symptoms or a previous diagnosis has become more difficult to manage, I offer a warm and welcoming environment in which to explore ways to improve your life.
(510) 369-4786 View (510) 369-4786
Photo of Charis Stiles, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Charis Stiles
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94705  (Online Only)
Now accepting new clients virtually throughout CA. I specialize in therapy focused on self acceptance for queer LGTQIA+ folks, folks in larger bodies, and folks with neurodivergence. This includes building a kind inner parent voice (also called self compassion), learning to externalize shame, healing disordered eating and body disconnection, and healing codependency in order to get better connected to yourself. I work from a fat liberation and social justice lens, and I love using humor and directness in sessions.
Now accepting new clients virtually throughout CA. I specialize in therapy focused on self acceptance for queer LGTQIA+ folks, folks in larger bodies, and folks with neurodivergence. This includes building a kind inner parent voice (also called self compassion), learning to externalize shame, healing disordered eating and body disconnection, and healing codependency in order to get better connected to yourself. I work from a fat liberation and social justice lens, and I love using humor and directness in sessions.
(341) 895-6097 View (341) 895-6097
Photo of Paul Rubin, Pre-Licensed Professional in Berkeley, CA
Paul Rubin
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, AMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Berkeley, CA 94704
When seeking help for anxiety or other mental health related issues, having an attentive, engaging, and grounding presence can be the first step towards healing. I have experienced it as a therapist and as a client. It is my intention to provide this presence for those I serve. Clients who come to me are seeking a trusted person to help with anxiety that comes in many forms, such as depression, inflation, or panic. This can cause people to feel lost and wanting guidance. Additionally, I have found that people want to be more in touch with themselves in a calmer manner to find their own inner guidance to live life more fully.
When seeking help for anxiety or other mental health related issues, having an attentive, engaging, and grounding presence can be the first step towards healing. I have experienced it as a therapist and as a client. It is my intention to provide this presence for those I serve. Clients who come to me are seeking a trusted person to help with anxiety that comes in many forms, such as depression, inflation, or panic. This can cause people to feel lost and wanting guidance. Additionally, I have found that people want to be more in touch with themselves in a calmer manner to find their own inner guidance to live life more fully.
(510) 662-6970 View (510) 662-6970
Photo of Samuel Arthur Malkemus in Berkeley, CA
Samuel Arthur Malkemus
PhD, MA
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94702  (Online Only)
As a holistic counselor I aim to create a safe space of acceptance, healing, and awakening. My focus involves helping you to gain awareness and clarity in relation to your life situation, and helping you to access your own inner wisdom and innate capacity for healing. My goal is to help you to fully flourish and reconnect to the life-force within. I bring my experience working with clients from a diverse range of backgrounds, facilitating groups both in the bay area and internationally, and teaching as a professor of clinical psychology and consciousness studies at John F. Kennedy University.
As a holistic counselor I aim to create a safe space of acceptance, healing, and awakening. My focus involves helping you to gain awareness and clarity in relation to your life situation, and helping you to access your own inner wisdom and innate capacity for healing. My goal is to help you to fully flourish and reconnect to the life-force within. I bring my experience working with clients from a diverse range of backgrounds, facilitating groups both in the bay area and internationally, and teaching as a professor of clinical psychology and consciousness studies at John F. Kennedy University.
(707) 505-9526 View (707) 505-9526
Photo of Randi Valerie Specterman, Psychologist in Berkeley, CA
Randi Valerie Specterman
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94709
I have been a licensed Psychologist for over 25 years working with individuals, couples and families. My practice is informed by Mindfulness-Based principles and practices and am trained in Psycho-dynamic and Depth Psychology, including MB-CBT. I also use Somatic methods to complement our discussions and inquiry. Most importantly I seek to offer a safe, open and welcoming space for you to explore your sense of self, your life history and the challenges you may be facing at this time. I have found this to be the basis for discovering your own capacity to make meaningful change and to promote growth and well-being in your life.
I have been a licensed Psychologist for over 25 years working with individuals, couples and families. My practice is informed by Mindfulness-Based principles and practices and am trained in Psycho-dynamic and Depth Psychology, including MB-CBT. I also use Somatic methods to complement our discussions and inquiry. Most importantly I seek to offer a safe, open and welcoming space for you to explore your sense of self, your life history and the challenges you may be facing at this time. I have found this to be the basis for discovering your own capacity to make meaningful change and to promote growth and well-being in your life.
(607) 218-5499 View (607) 218-5499
Photo of Lauren Bloom, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Lauren Bloom
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, MSSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94705
My approach is friendly and collaborative; working with you to explore reactions, emotional patterns, and thought processes. I encourage honest exchange at your own pace while providing tangible techniques to take into your life. I incorporate mindfulness practices from my training as a yoga teacher. My professional background includes two decades of experience in the conflict resolution field with a focus on assisting individuals and teams who have workplace and academic concerns. I work with people from a variety of backgrounds including executives, university faculty, medical professionals, engineers, and people who work in tech and startups.
My approach is friendly and collaborative; working with you to explore reactions, emotional patterns, and thought processes. I encourage honest exchange at your own pace while providing tangible techniques to take into your life. I incorporate mindfulness practices from my training as a yoga teacher. My professional background includes two decades of experience in the conflict resolution field with a focus on assisting individuals and teams who have workplace and academic concerns. I work with people from a variety of backgrounds including executives, university faculty, medical professionals, engineers, and people who work in tech and startups.
(510) 662-0322 View (510) 662-0322
Photo of Nathan Michael, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Nathan Michael
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Berkeley, CA 94705
Life can be hard. Sometimes we feel stuck. It may be that recent events, difficult feelings or relationship challenges are making it clear that some things are not working. It could be that stress, worry or confusion have felt overwhelming and lead to unhelpful patterns with yourself and the others you care most about. Within the frameworks of relational psychodynamic and somatic psychotherapy I offer a warm, supportive presence so you can explore whats difficult, hone your strengths and become more fully yourself.
Life can be hard. Sometimes we feel stuck. It may be that recent events, difficult feelings or relationship challenges are making it clear that some things are not working. It could be that stress, worry or confusion have felt overwhelming and lead to unhelpful patterns with yourself and the others you care most about. Within the frameworks of relational psychodynamic and somatic psychotherapy I offer a warm, supportive presence so you can explore whats difficult, hone your strengths and become more fully yourself.
(415) 792-1901 View (415) 792-1901
Photo of Johanna M Murphy, Psychologist in Berkeley, CA
Johanna M Murphy
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Berkeley, CA 94705
I believe in taking a developmental approach to understanding the root causes of your difficulties (understanding patterns over time) and then addressing the problem within the given context of your life. I facilitate a deep inquiry into what has blocked the healing process and help people to recognize how to create the life they desire. I believe in the innate resilience of all people to heal if given the space and time. All of my training and clinical experience inform my work and allow me to use an integrative style that is adapted to the individual needs of each client.
I believe in taking a developmental approach to understanding the root causes of your difficulties (understanding patterns over time) and then addressing the problem within the given context of your life. I facilitate a deep inquiry into what has blocked the healing process and help people to recognize how to create the life they desire. I believe in the innate resilience of all people to heal if given the space and time. All of my training and clinical experience inform my work and allow me to use an integrative style that is adapted to the individual needs of each client.
(510) 344-2602 View (510) 344-2602
Photo of Rain Sussman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Rain Sussman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Berkeley, CA 94704
The combination of strong anxiety and strong intellect poses special challenges for those caught in the crosshairs. I help individuals with active, analytical minds to work through anxiety-related problems such as panic, worry, avoidance, and compulsive thoughts or habits. My approach is warm, practical, and evidence-based, grounded in both mindfulness and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT).
The combination of strong anxiety and strong intellect poses special challenges for those caught in the crosshairs. I help individuals with active, analytical minds to work through anxiety-related problems such as panic, worry, avoidance, and compulsive thoughts or habits. My approach is warm, practical, and evidence-based, grounded in both mindfulness and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT).
(510) 649-1909 View (510) 649-1909
Photo of Ethan Schwartz, Psychologist in Berkeley, CA
Ethan Schwartz
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94705
My work involves collaborating with individuals and couples on their own personal recipes for life satisfaction and what their lives will look like when the "problem" is no longer a problem. I try to carefully separate the "problem" from the person, who is often doing the best he or she can, so we can identify strengths, resiliencies, and resources that allow clients to construct a life worth living and a relationship worth celebrating. This does not mean ignoring difficult issues or painful areas, but it is important to know at the outset how we will know therapy has been successful.
My work involves collaborating with individuals and couples on their own personal recipes for life satisfaction and what their lives will look like when the "problem" is no longer a problem. I try to carefully separate the "problem" from the person, who is often doing the best he or she can, so we can identify strengths, resiliencies, and resources that allow clients to construct a life worth living and a relationship worth celebrating. This does not mean ignoring difficult issues or painful areas, but it is important to know at the outset how we will know therapy has been successful.
(510) 878-6472 View (510) 878-6472
Photo of Madeline Girard, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Madeline Girard
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94705
It is my passion to support and walk alongside others as they explore the depths of their being- that which makes them truly unique. As a clinician, my holistic therapeutic approach is informed by the wisdom and strength that I derive from the body, nature, creative expression and deep inquiry. I am also relational in my orientation- bringing warmth, openness, curiosity, patience, and flexibility to my clients in order to support their dynamic needs as they emerge in the present. I see every individual as autonomous and worthy of respect, compassion and care.
It is my passion to support and walk alongside others as they explore the depths of their being- that which makes them truly unique. As a clinician, my holistic therapeutic approach is informed by the wisdom and strength that I derive from the body, nature, creative expression and deep inquiry. I am also relational in my orientation- bringing warmth, openness, curiosity, patience, and flexibility to my clients in order to support their dynamic needs as they emerge in the present. I see every individual as autonomous and worthy of respect, compassion and care.
(341) 888-6467 View (341) 888-6467
Photo of Jaclyn Neddenriep, Psychologist in Berkeley, CA
Jaclyn Neddenriep
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94704  (Online Only)
Many of us don’t seek help or try to make changes until something becomes so uncomfortable that we can’t bear to stay the same. My goal is to help you make positive and lasting changes that ultimately result in decreased distress and help you live a more meaningful and present-focused life. I take a nonjudgmental and holistic approach by helping you to address problem areas that have caused you distress. I do this by providing a supportive and safe environment for you to explore what is inhibiting you from living aligned with your values and collaborating with you on how to identify flexible approaches to meeting your goals.
Many of us don’t seek help or try to make changes until something becomes so uncomfortable that we can’t bear to stay the same. My goal is to help you make positive and lasting changes that ultimately result in decreased distress and help you live a more meaningful and present-focused life. I take a nonjudgmental and holistic approach by helping you to address problem areas that have caused you distress. I do this by providing a supportive and safe environment for you to explore what is inhibiting you from living aligned with your values and collaborating with you on how to identify flexible approaches to meeting your goals.
(415) 941-0351 View (415) 941-0351

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Berkeley, CA

1,000+

Average cost per session

$190

Therapists in Berkeley, CA who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
89% Depression
85% Relationship Issues
76% Trauma and PTSD
76% Self Esteem
72% Grief
66% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

13 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

50% Aetna
38% Cigna and Evernorth
38% Other

How Therapists in Berkeley, CA see their clients

64% In Person and Online
36% Online Only

Gender breakdown

76% Female
22% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Berkeley?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.