Therapists in Pittsburgh, PA

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Photo of Avia Benzion, Licensed Professional Counselor in Pittsburgh, PA
Avia Benzion
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15238  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Through 20 years of practice I have found that people usually seek therapy because they are experiencing something that is too difficult to bear without additional help and support. Life can seem unjust when bad things happen to good people, or when best efforts are not leading to desired outcomes. These challenges are opportunities for renewal and growth. Especially during a time of crisis or transition, the ability to safely connect and openly share thoughts and feelings, while receiving genuine emotional support, clarifying insights, and effective tools for coping can be truly life changing. This is the gift of therapy.
Through 20 years of practice I have found that people usually seek therapy because they are experiencing something that is too difficult to bear without additional help and support. Life can seem unjust when bad things happen to good people, or when best efforts are not leading to desired outcomes. These challenges are opportunities for renewal and growth. Especially during a time of crisis or transition, the ability to safely connect and openly share thoughts and feelings, while receiving genuine emotional support, clarifying insights, and effective tools for coping can be truly life changing. This is the gift of therapy.
(412) 385-0533 View (412) 385-0533
Photo of Sarah Rizzi, Pre-Licensed Professional in Pittsburgh, PA
Sarah Rizzi
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, ATR-P
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15221
I am pro-you in whatever way you show up–your gender identity, sexual orientation, justice system involvement, relationship style, body size and physical ability, race and ethnicity, and unique way of experiencing and interacting with the world are welcome and celebrated here! I am affirming of neurodiversity and dissociative identities, and I believe that you are the expert on yourself and your experiences. I love working with the LGBTQIA+ community, neurodivergent folks, dissociative systems, and people who have experienced trauma.
I am pro-you in whatever way you show up–your gender identity, sexual orientation, justice system involvement, relationship style, body size and physical ability, race and ethnicity, and unique way of experiencing and interacting with the world are welcome and celebrated here! I am affirming of neurodiversity and dissociative identities, and I believe that you are the expert on yourself and your experiences. I love working with the LGBTQIA+ community, neurodivergent folks, dissociative systems, and people who have experienced trauma.
(412) 376-4123 View (412) 376-4123
Photo of Jennifer L Newman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Pittsburgh, PA
Jennifer L Newman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Pittsburgh, PA 15228
"I am seeking. I am striving. I am in it with all my heart". - Vincent Van Gogh
"I am seeking. I am striving. I am in it with all my heart". - Vincent Van Gogh
(412) 259-3918 View (412) 259-3918
Photo of Kathleen Martinez, Licensed Professional Counselor in Pittsburgh, PA
Kathleen Martinez
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15203
My ideal client struggles with Anxiety, Depression, Eating Disorders, Trauma, and/or related conditions. They are motivated for change or at least open to the possibility of change. They are open to feedback and willing to lean into the therapeutic process. They do not need to have clear goals for the therapeutic process right away but are willing to work to identify these goals in the treatment process. They would want to improve their life in some way, or even just their relationship with themselves.
My ideal client struggles with Anxiety, Depression, Eating Disorders, Trauma, and/or related conditions. They are motivated for change or at least open to the possibility of change. They are open to feedback and willing to lean into the therapeutic process. They do not need to have clear goals for the therapeutic process right away but are willing to work to identify these goals in the treatment process. They would want to improve their life in some way, or even just their relationship with themselves.
(412) 754-7510 View (412) 754-7510
Photo of Brandi Caldwell, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Pittsburgh, PA
Brandi Caldwell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW , MBA
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15203
Do you desire treatment for mental health diagnoses, grief/loss, disabilities, or stress/anger management? Do you want or need guidance and are willing to explore yourselves more deeply? My ideal client would be motivated for change and open to new perspectives to create healthy progress in their lives. They would feel comfortable in their rapport with me and supported in their treatment. My diverse experience in healthcare has allowed me to develop strong therapeutic skills using various strategies fitting the client's needs.
Do you desire treatment for mental health diagnoses, grief/loss, disabilities, or stress/anger management? Do you want or need guidance and are willing to explore yourselves more deeply? My ideal client would be motivated for change and open to new perspectives to create healthy progress in their lives. They would feel comfortable in their rapport with me and supported in their treatment. My diverse experience in healthcare has allowed me to develop strong therapeutic skills using various strategies fitting the client's needs.
(412) 538-6536 View (412) 538-6536
Photo of Kristen Laemmer, LPC Intern in Pittsburgh, PA
Kristen Laemmer
LPC Intern, BA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Pittsburgh, PA 15206
Welcome! Are you feeling stuck, overwhelmed, or seeking positive change? My ideal client is someone navigating life's twists and turns, aiming for growth and happiness. You might be dealing with stress, anxiety, or relationship challenges. Let's collaborate to create a safe space for exploration and find practical solutions. Your goals matter, and I'm here to help you rediscover your strengths, build resilience, and foster a more fulfilling life. Together, we'll embark on a journey towards well-being and empowerment.
Welcome! Are you feeling stuck, overwhelmed, or seeking positive change? My ideal client is someone navigating life's twists and turns, aiming for growth and happiness. You might be dealing with stress, anxiety, or relationship challenges. Let's collaborate to create a safe space for exploration and find practical solutions. Your goals matter, and I'm here to help you rediscover your strengths, build resilience, and foster a more fulfilling life. Together, we'll embark on a journey towards well-being and empowerment.
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Photo of Leah Herman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Pittsburgh, PA
Leah Herman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSW
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15241
There are many reasons clients decide to work with a therapist. Developing healthy life habits, working on overcoming challenges, exploring patterns and behaviors, expanding communication skills are some preferred goals. An ideal client has both curiosity and the courage to gain perspective and insight into how they relate to themselves and others. I work with children, teens, and adults and welcome the opportunity to explore life’s challenges alongside you. I recognize the courage it takes to explore history and patterns, and it is my goal to create a space of hope and connection within the therapeutic relationship.
There are many reasons clients decide to work with a therapist. Developing healthy life habits, working on overcoming challenges, exploring patterns and behaviors, expanding communication skills are some preferred goals. An ideal client has both curiosity and the courage to gain perspective and insight into how they relate to themselves and others. I work with children, teens, and adults and welcome the opportunity to explore life’s challenges alongside you. I recognize the courage it takes to explore history and patterns, and it is my goal to create a space of hope and connection within the therapeutic relationship.
(412) 906-4526 View (412) 906-4526
Photo of Katerina Istomin, Psychologist in Pittsburgh, PA
Katerina Istomin
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15237
Not accepting new clients
Therapy offers us an opportunity to be seen and understood as we are in the present moment. Turning inward lets us examine and explore our values, needs, and relationships with others. I work from a collaborative, warm, and open approach to therapy, highlighting the therapeutic relationship to build self-awareness, meaning, and cognitive flexibility. I believe that building insight and awareness into what motivates our behaviors leads to long lasting change. My areas of specialization include those in STEM and other professionals, University students, relationship counseling, and Mindfulness based psychotherapy.
Therapy offers us an opportunity to be seen and understood as we are in the present moment. Turning inward lets us examine and explore our values, needs, and relationships with others. I work from a collaborative, warm, and open approach to therapy, highlighting the therapeutic relationship to build self-awareness, meaning, and cognitive flexibility. I believe that building insight and awareness into what motivates our behaviors leads to long lasting change. My areas of specialization include those in STEM and other professionals, University students, relationship counseling, and Mindfulness based psychotherapy.
(412) 307-8868 View (412) 307-8868
Photo of Bethany Kregiel, Licensed Professional Counselor in Pittsburgh, PA
Bethany Kregiel
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LMHC
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15206
Waitlist for new clients
I work with individuals who struggle with OCD, eating disorders, or both. I can empower clients who are looking to change patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that lead to life dissatisfaction. I am interested in working with people who need help breaking the cycle of obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors. Additionally, I work well with individuals who are looking to heal their relationship with food, exercise, and their body.
I work with individuals who struggle with OCD, eating disorders, or both. I can empower clients who are looking to change patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that lead to life dissatisfaction. I am interested in working with people who need help breaking the cycle of obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors. Additionally, I work well with individuals who are looking to heal their relationship with food, exercise, and their body.
(412) 516-3197 View (412) 516-3197
Photo of Francisco Leopoldo Betancourt III, Licensed Professional Counselor in Pittsburgh, PA
Francisco Leopoldo Leopoldo Betancourt III
Licensed Professional Counselor, MSCP, CAADC, CCTP, C-DBT, NCC
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Pittsburgh, PA 15239
Perhaps you are going through a lot right now. The situation(s) are complicated and you just want to make some sense of it all. Maybe you know what you need to do, but some support can help. Our work together can be aimed at whatever we think is going to help get you to the next step or phase of wellness. If you want to feel better, you have already taken a great first step.
Perhaps you are going through a lot right now. The situation(s) are complicated and you just want to make some sense of it all. Maybe you know what you need to do, but some support can help. Our work together can be aimed at whatever we think is going to help get you to the next step or phase of wellness. If you want to feel better, you have already taken a great first step.
(412) 998-8603 View (412) 998-8603
Photo of Nancy Fair in Pittsburgh, PA
Nancy Fair
PhD
Not Verified Not Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15206
I have been working as a therapist in the trauma field for more than 28 years and believe it is the most rewarding work a therapist can do. My approach to this work comes from an existential/phenomenological perspective, and is informed by feminist and attachment theories. My philosophy is best expressed by the question, "What happened to you?" rather than "What's wrong with you?" My therapeutic stance is one of compassionate interest, and my personal style is to be direct without being abrasive. I am happy to discuss my approach by phone, at no charge, to interested individuals.
I have been working as a therapist in the trauma field for more than 28 years and believe it is the most rewarding work a therapist can do. My approach to this work comes from an existential/phenomenological perspective, and is informed by feminist and attachment theories. My philosophy is best expressed by the question, "What happened to you?" rather than "What's wrong with you?" My therapeutic stance is one of compassionate interest, and my personal style is to be direct without being abrasive. I am happy to discuss my approach by phone, at no charge, to interested individuals.
(412) 203-4352 View (412) 203-4352
Photo of Tanja Soto, Licensed Professional Counselor in Pittsburgh, PA
Tanja Soto
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, BCBA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Pittsburgh, PA 15222  (Online Only)
You may be someone who's feeling overwhelmed by anxiety, navigating the challenges of Autism Spectrum Disorder, or seeking support for Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Your needs are unique, and you want a therapist who truly understands and supports you on your journey to emotional well-being. Your goal is to find practical solutions and guidance to lead a happier, more fulfilling life. Together, we'll work to achieve the positive changes you desire.
You may be someone who's feeling overwhelmed by anxiety, navigating the challenges of Autism Spectrum Disorder, or seeking support for Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Your needs are unique, and you want a therapist who truly understands and supports you on your journey to emotional well-being. Your goal is to find practical solutions and guidance to lead a happier, more fulfilling life. Together, we'll work to achieve the positive changes you desire.
(412) 923-0211 View (412) 923-0211
Photo of Scanlon Counseling & Consulting, LLC, Licensed Professional Counselor in Pittsburgh, PA
Scanlon Counseling & Consulting, LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Pittsburgh, PA 15234
"I prefer to think of my patients and myself as fellow travelers, a term that abolishes distinctions between 'them' (the afflicted) and 'us' (the healers). ... We are all in this together, and there is no therapist and no person immune to the inherent tragedies of existence." (Borrowed from Dr. Irvin Yalom). My practice makes possible the important work of self-evolution & growth in part due to my eclectic approach & focus on the unique matters of every individual. My lived experiences have greatly influenced my desire to partner with my fellow travelers as we do our 'work' and to do so intentionally and mindfully.
"I prefer to think of my patients and myself as fellow travelers, a term that abolishes distinctions between 'them' (the afflicted) and 'us' (the healers). ... We are all in this together, and there is no therapist and no person immune to the inherent tragedies of existence." (Borrowed from Dr. Irvin Yalom). My practice makes possible the important work of self-evolution & growth in part due to my eclectic approach & focus on the unique matters of every individual. My lived experiences have greatly influenced my desire to partner with my fellow travelers as we do our 'work' and to do so intentionally and mindfully.
(412) 330-1676 View (412) 330-1676
Photo of April Condemi, Licensed Professional Counselor in Pittsburgh, PA
April Condemi
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, CFRC, CCTP
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15228
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor and have worked with a variety of concerns and specialize with working with first responders. I have seen individuals in various setting and throughout the lifespan. I have a focus on working with those suffering from trauma related symptoms, work, and life related stressors first responders may experience.
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor and have worked with a variety of concerns and specialize with working with first responders. I have seen individuals in various setting and throughout the lifespan. I have a focus on working with those suffering from trauma related symptoms, work, and life related stressors first responders may experience.
(412) 365-4701 View (412) 365-4701
Photo of Elijah Jackson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Pittsburgh, PA
Elijah Jackson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15203
Are you trying to learn more about yourself and how you can best navigate your world? Are you exploring all parts of your identity and what makes you "you"? I have focused primarily on identity-related challenges, including Gender/Sexuality exploration, Race/Ethnic identity concerns, Religious/Cultural trauma, and Sex/Intimacy issues. I also have experience helping clients navigate issues related to depression, anxiety, and ADHD/Neurodivergent disorders. I'm here to be a collaborative and warm therapist who isn't going to throw a therapy book at them but instead wants someone who sees them as human beings walking through life.
Are you trying to learn more about yourself and how you can best navigate your world? Are you exploring all parts of your identity and what makes you "you"? I have focused primarily on identity-related challenges, including Gender/Sexuality exploration, Race/Ethnic identity concerns, Religious/Cultural trauma, and Sex/Intimacy issues. I also have experience helping clients navigate issues related to depression, anxiety, and ADHD/Neurodivergent disorders. I'm here to be a collaborative and warm therapist who isn't going to throw a therapy book at them but instead wants someone who sees them as human beings walking through life.
(412) 301-9936 View (412) 301-9936
Photo of Erika Salazar, Licensed Professional Counselor in Pittsburgh, PA
Erika Salazar
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LPCC, MA, NCC
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15232
I believe that the most key aspect of a successful treatment is the therapeutic relationship. There must be a level of trust and comfort shared if goals are to be met. In order to help you decide if I am a good fit for you, I’ll tell you a bit about me. I have been counseling for the last four years, with experience in substance use treatment and mental health treatment. I have worked with adults, children, and teens. I particularly have worked with many issues involving: Anxiety, Depression, Trauma, ADHD, and emotional regulation issues.
I believe that the most key aspect of a successful treatment is the therapeutic relationship. There must be a level of trust and comfort shared if goals are to be met. In order to help you decide if I am a good fit for you, I’ll tell you a bit about me. I have been counseling for the last four years, with experience in substance use treatment and mental health treatment. I have worked with adults, children, and teens. I particularly have worked with many issues involving: Anxiety, Depression, Trauma, ADHD, and emotional regulation issues.
(412) 981-2678 View (412) 981-2678
Photo of Graciela Yue Yang Gimpel, Pre-Licensed Professional in Pittsburgh, PA
Graciela Yue Yang Gimpel
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Pittsburgh, PA 15228
Collaborative and flexible is what I would describe my therapeutic approach. Therapy work with me isn't just talking about your feelings. Our work will include various options for you to choose from such as creating art, writing, watching a video, playing games, etc. Your options are limitless in my therapy sessions. My goal is to be training wheels on your bike and support and guide you until you are able to "ride" by yourself. I hope to provide a safe and authentic space for my clients to explore and process their emotions and thoughts, express themselves, and heal from past experiences.
Collaborative and flexible is what I would describe my therapeutic approach. Therapy work with me isn't just talking about your feelings. Our work will include various options for you to choose from such as creating art, writing, watching a video, playing games, etc. Your options are limitless in my therapy sessions. My goal is to be training wheels on your bike and support and guide you until you are able to "ride" by yourself. I hope to provide a safe and authentic space for my clients to explore and process their emotions and thoughts, express themselves, and heal from past experiences.
(412) 990-2091 View (412) 990-2091
Photo of Marcus Flournoy, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Pittsburgh, PA
Marcus Flournoy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15206
I was brought up in the helping tradition of the community where I was taught to give back to others. I have twenty years of experience in the mental health and drug and alcohol field. I have worked with individuals from all walks of life: socially, culturally, racially, economically, gender wise, and different sexual orientations and religions. I have conducted assessments, evaluations, individual therapy, family therapy and couple's therapy. I have treated individuals with a variety of conditions such as trauma, stress, depression including bipolar, anxiety, anger management problems, psychosis and addiction.
I was brought up in the helping tradition of the community where I was taught to give back to others. I have twenty years of experience in the mental health and drug and alcohol field. I have worked with individuals from all walks of life: socially, culturally, racially, economically, gender wise, and different sexual orientations and religions. I have conducted assessments, evaluations, individual therapy, family therapy and couple's therapy. I have treated individuals with a variety of conditions such as trauma, stress, depression including bipolar, anxiety, anger management problems, psychosis and addiction.
(878) 220-3027 View (878) 220-3027
Photo of Kindbridge Behavioral Health, Counselor in Pittsburgh, PA
Kindbridge Behavioral Health
Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15219  (Online Only)
Experience working in multiple settings, including private practice and community healthcare. I look to help clients struggling with gambling addiction, drug and alcohol addiction, and other mental health disorders.
Experience working in multiple settings, including private practice and community healthcare. I look to help clients struggling with gambling addiction, drug and alcohol addiction, and other mental health disorders.
(702) 766-9125 View (702) 766-9125
Photo of Katelyn Kelsch, Pre-Licensed Professional in Pittsburgh, PA
Katelyn Kelsch
Pre-Licensed Professional, MSEd
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Pittsburgh, PA 15238
Katelyn is a pre-doctoral intern at The Psychology Loft and is completing her doctorate at Duquesne University’s PsyD in School Psychology program. She holds a master’s degree in Child Psychology and has completed various field placements throughout her doctorate training, providing her with hands-on experiences in working closely with children, their families, and multidisciplinary service teams. Katelyn aspires to foster a safe and nurturing environment for children and adolescents to thrive emotionally, socially, and academically through the use of evidence-based assessment, intervention, and ongoing support.
Katelyn is a pre-doctoral intern at The Psychology Loft and is completing her doctorate at Duquesne University’s PsyD in School Psychology program. She holds a master’s degree in Child Psychology and has completed various field placements throughout her doctorate training, providing her with hands-on experiences in working closely with children, their families, and multidisciplinary service teams. Katelyn aspires to foster a safe and nurturing environment for children and adolescents to thrive emotionally, socially, and academically through the use of evidence-based assessment, intervention, and ongoing support.
(412) 775-2951 View (412) 775-2951

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Pittsburgh, PA

2,000+

Average cost per session

$125

Therapists in Pittsburgh, PA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
88% Depression
77% Self Esteem
71% Relationship Issues
69% Trauma and PTSD
69% Coping Skills
66% Stress

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

81% Highmark
74% Aetna
68% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Pittsburgh, PA see their clients

60% In Person and Online
40% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
19% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Pittsburgh?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.