Therapists in Albany, CA

Photo of Mey Saephan, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist in Albany, CA
Mey Saephan, LMFT
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Albany, CA 94707
Waitlist for new clients
Has your love, joy, and excitement in your relationship slowly faded away? Does it seem that no matter what you say or do, things are just not getting better, and you feel further from resolving your conflicts and understanding your loved ones? There is a way back to enjoying your relationships again. I have been doing this work for over 24 years, and I know that if you have not left the relationship, there is still hope. Learn how to get rid of the unhealthy patterns and learn new skills to get unstuck so you can enrich your marriage, family, and many other relationships.
Has your love, joy, and excitement in your relationship slowly faded away? Does it seem that no matter what you say or do, things are just not getting better, and you feel further from resolving your conflicts and understanding your loved ones? There is a way back to enjoying your relationships again. I have been doing this work for over 24 years, and I know that if you have not left the relationship, there is still hope. Learn how to get rid of the unhealthy patterns and learn new skills to get unstuck so you can enrich your marriage, family, and many other relationships.
(510) 771-8506 View (510) 771-8506
Photo of Paul Oglesby, Marriage & Family Therapist in Albany, CA
Paul Oglesby
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Albany, CA 94706
If you are a parent who is feeling overwhelmed by the needs of a struggling child, confused and frustrated by family discord or at a loss as to how to communicate with your loved ones, I can help you restore the balance, calm and cooperation that have gone missing in your home. I have more than 20 years’ experience working with children and families who are grappling with problems such as divorce, adoption, major transitions, defiant behavior, ADHD, gender/sex/identity issues, grief/loss, learning challenges, drug and alcohol use/abuse, and more.
If you are a parent who is feeling overwhelmed by the needs of a struggling child, confused and frustrated by family discord or at a loss as to how to communicate with your loved ones, I can help you restore the balance, calm and cooperation that have gone missing in your home. I have more than 20 years’ experience working with children and families who are grappling with problems such as divorce, adoption, major transitions, defiant behavior, ADHD, gender/sex/identity issues, grief/loss, learning challenges, drug and alcohol use/abuse, and more.
(650) 492-6789 View (650) 492-6789
Photo of Cheryl Krauter, Marriage & Family Therapist in Albany, CA
Cheryl Krauter
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Albany, CA 94706
Working with performing artists, artists, creative people has inspired me for over 30 years. I welcome those who are looking to make choices that create depth and meaning in their lives. Each one of us has an individual path, each therapy relationship is unique. My work is relational and interactive. I listen deeply. I respect where you are. I am able to sit with you in sorrow and in laughter.
Working with performing artists, artists, creative people has inspired me for over 30 years. I welcome those who are looking to make choices that create depth and meaning in their lives. Each one of us has an individual path, each therapy relationship is unique. My work is relational and interactive. I listen deeply. I respect where you are. I am able to sit with you in sorrow and in laughter.
(510) 250-3820 View (510) 250-3820
Photo of Marc Miller, Psychologist in Albany, CA
Marc Miller
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Albany, CA 94707
Not accepting new clients
Are you having difficulty managing intense emotional states? Are anxiety, depression, hurt or anger barriers to connecting with partners or potential partners? Do you have a harsh inner critic? Using a therapeutic style that is supportive, interactive, and understanding, I have been providing psychological treatment to individuals for 30 years. Important areas of my practice include anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder.
Are you having difficulty managing intense emotional states? Are anxiety, depression, hurt or anger barriers to connecting with partners or potential partners? Do you have a harsh inner critic? Using a therapeutic style that is supportive, interactive, and understanding, I have been providing psychological treatment to individuals for 30 years. Important areas of my practice include anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder.
(510) 528-4441 View (510) 528-4441
Photo of Preschool Psychology, Psychologist in Albany, CA
Preschool Psychology
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Albany, CA 94706
If your child is experiencing tantrums or aggression, feels anxious, angry, or sad, has a low tolerance for frustration, or has poor relationships with other children or adults, I can help. I am a therapist specialized in working with young children and their families. I work with parents to help them understand their child's behavior and know how to respond during difficult parenting moments. I work with children to help them build social skills, understand and regulate their emotions, and overcome traumatic experiences (ex.death, illness) or difficult life transitions (ex. birth of a new sibling, divorce, school expulsion).
If your child is experiencing tantrums or aggression, feels anxious, angry, or sad, has a low tolerance for frustration, or has poor relationships with other children or adults, I can help. I am a therapist specialized in working with young children and their families. I work with parents to help them understand their child's behavior and know how to respond during difficult parenting moments. I work with children to help them build social skills, understand and regulate their emotions, and overcome traumatic experiences (ex.death, illness) or difficult life transitions (ex. birth of a new sibling, divorce, school expulsion).
(510) 282-5710 View (510) 282-5710
Photo of Jack Fahy, PhD, Psychologist in Albany, CA
Jack Fahy, PhD
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Albany, CA 94706
If you are seeking a deeper understanding of why you or your child struggles with focusing or learning, then I can help clarify what is getting in the way of reaching one's full potential. You may wonder if there is a name for the difficulty (e.g., is it dyslexia? ADHD?) or you may be unsure if having such a name would be helpful. More importantly, you are wanting a better sense of the strengths and weaknesses that you or you child have and what strategies and interventions would be most helpful.
If you are seeking a deeper understanding of why you or your child struggles with focusing or learning, then I can help clarify what is getting in the way of reaching one's full potential. You may wonder if there is a name for the difficulty (e.g., is it dyslexia? ADHD?) or you may be unsure if having such a name would be helpful. More importantly, you are wanting a better sense of the strengths and weaknesses that you or you child have and what strategies and interventions would be most helpful.
(415) 655-0174 View (415) 655-0174
Photo of Renata Wu, Marriage & Family Therapist in Albany, CA
Renata Wu
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Albany, CA 94706
I strongly believe in people's resiliency and motivation to live a full life despite difficult experiences. I'm dedicated to helping my clients achieve desirable and lasting change. We will look closely at what holds you back and what feels painful in your life. Whether it is a cycle of difficult emotions, unwanted behaviors, or relational difficulties, I believe it is crucial to discover the meaning in these experiences. Through our work together we will develop new tools to transform your life and make it more satisfying.
I strongly believe in people's resiliency and motivation to live a full life despite difficult experiences. I'm dedicated to helping my clients achieve desirable and lasting change. We will look closely at what holds you back and what feels painful in your life. Whether it is a cycle of difficult emotions, unwanted behaviors, or relational difficulties, I believe it is crucial to discover the meaning in these experiences. Through our work together we will develop new tools to transform your life and make it more satisfying.
(510) 413-8875 View (510) 413-8875
Photo of Nancy Kaplan, Psychologist in Albany, CA
Nancy Kaplan
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Albany, CA 94707
I am a highly trained and experienced psychotherapist. For over 25 years, I have worked with individuals and couples who are suffering from a wide range of problems including depression, anxiety, loneliness, low self-esteem, trauma, communication breakdowns, parenting concerns, and relationship and work stress. Choosing a therapist and beginning psychotherapy can be a challenging process. It is important to feel safe with the person you work with in order to talk about your emotions and what is on your mind openly and fully. As your therapist, I will work with you in a warm, attentive and empathetic way.
I am a highly trained and experienced psychotherapist. For over 25 years, I have worked with individuals and couples who are suffering from a wide range of problems including depression, anxiety, loneliness, low self-esteem, trauma, communication breakdowns, parenting concerns, and relationship and work stress. Choosing a therapist and beginning psychotherapy can be a challenging process. It is important to feel safe with the person you work with in order to talk about your emotions and what is on your mind openly and fully. As your therapist, I will work with you in a warm, attentive and empathetic way.
(925) 528-0181 View (925) 528-0181
Photo of Kristian Kemtrup, Marriage & Family Therapist in Albany, CA
Kristian Kemtrup
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Albany, CA 94706
I see people as having rich, complex human emotions that are not well described with overly simple and often stigmatizing diagnostic labels like depression or generalized anxiety. Each person is entirely unique, with their own history, strengths, and challenges. In therapy, I will work with you to better understand yourself. When we can understand why you might be feeling or thinking or acting in a way that is not best for you, we can work together to change it in a way that is tailored to your needs and your circumstances.
I see people as having rich, complex human emotions that are not well described with overly simple and often stigmatizing diagnostic labels like depression or generalized anxiety. Each person is entirely unique, with their own history, strengths, and challenges. In therapy, I will work with you to better understand yourself. When we can understand why you might be feeling or thinking or acting in a way that is not best for you, we can work together to change it in a way that is tailored to your needs and your circumstances.
(415) 968-4238 View (415) 968-4238
Photo of Heidi Aronson, Marriage & Family Therapist in Albany, CA
Heidi Aronson
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Albany, CA 94706
We’ll make use of my professional training, life experience, imagination and intellect to gain perspectives on your relationships, your past, and your present. We’ll experiment with ways for you to manage difficult emotions, feel compassion toward yourself and others, and live with integrity and purpose.
We’ll make use of my professional training, life experience, imagination and intellect to gain perspectives on your relationships, your past, and your present. We’ll experiment with ways for you to manage difficult emotions, feel compassion toward yourself and others, and live with integrity and purpose.
(510) 947-8868 View (510) 947-8868
Photo of Sarah Liebman, Marriage & Family Therapist in Albany, CA
Sarah Liebman
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
Albany, CA 94706  (Online Only)
People come to therapy because they want something in their lives to be different. We hear that we can only change ourselves, yet even if we "know" the why or how or who of it, we can't always budge "it" on our own. My job is to help navigate the terrain, to make sense of the landscape, and to be with you as you reencounter your obstacles to living and loving your life.
People come to therapy because they want something in their lives to be different. We hear that we can only change ourselves, yet even if we "know" the why or how or who of it, we can't always budge "it" on our own. My job is to help navigate the terrain, to make sense of the landscape, and to be with you as you reencounter your obstacles to living and loving your life.
(510) 491-9003 View (510) 491-9003
Photo of Deborah Joy, Marriage & Family Therapist in Albany, CA
Deborah Joy
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD
Verified Verified
Albany, CA 94706
I have been working for over 30 years helping a wide range of people create lasting, meaningful changes in their lives. My INDIVIDUAL THERAPY is personally tailored to each client. I use a solution focused approach for short-term issues and an in-depth model for longer term problems. In COUPLES THERAPY I work to create positive connections of closeness and depth, fostering intimacy and trust. In my DOMESTIC VIOLENCE, ABUSE AND ANGER THERAPY my goal is to establish abuse free relationships based on trust, cooperation and mutual support. Through my THERAPY FOR HABIT CHANGE unwanted problematic patterns are transformed.
I have been working for over 30 years helping a wide range of people create lasting, meaningful changes in their lives. My INDIVIDUAL THERAPY is personally tailored to each client. I use a solution focused approach for short-term issues and an in-depth model for longer term problems. In COUPLES THERAPY I work to create positive connections of closeness and depth, fostering intimacy and trust. In my DOMESTIC VIOLENCE, ABUSE AND ANGER THERAPY my goal is to establish abuse free relationships based on trust, cooperation and mutual support. Through my THERAPY FOR HABIT CHANGE unwanted problematic patterns are transformed.
(510) 292-4185 View (510) 292-4185
Matthew D Blagys
Psychologist, Ph, D
Verified Verified
Albany, CA 94706
I am a Harvard trained psychologist with over 15 years experience in the mental health field. I specialize in working with individuals and families who are feeling stuck in their lives. Many of my clients report feeling overwhelmed with feelings of depression, hopelessness, anger, or low self-esteem. They may have experienced relationship or career conflicts, personal loss, trauma, or be in the middle of important life transitions. I also have advanced post-doctoral training in working with individuals who engage in potentially harmful behaviors and young adults struggling to develop their life path.
I am a Harvard trained psychologist with over 15 years experience in the mental health field. I specialize in working with individuals and families who are feeling stuck in their lives. Many of my clients report feeling overwhelmed with feelings of depression, hopelessness, anger, or low self-esteem. They may have experienced relationship or career conflicts, personal loss, trauma, or be in the middle of important life transitions. I also have advanced post-doctoral training in working with individuals who engage in potentially harmful behaviors and young adults struggling to develop their life path.
(510) 254-5160 View (510) 254-5160
Photo of Blair Kilpatrick, Psychologist in Albany, CA
Blair Kilpatrick
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Albany, CA 94706
After many years as a psychologist I know one thing for certain: the foundation of therapy is a relationship built on trust, openness, and mutual respect. I see myself as a guide and partner in the change process. I have experience treating the full range of adult problems and have always worked with a culturally diverse population. I have particular interest in creativity, women's issues, and adult development throughout the life cycle. I have specialized training in addictions, codependence, and eating disorders. My therapeutic orientation is broadly psychodynamic, along with EMDR and mindfulness-based approaches.
After many years as a psychologist I know one thing for certain: the foundation of therapy is a relationship built on trust, openness, and mutual respect. I see myself as a guide and partner in the change process. I have experience treating the full range of adult problems and have always worked with a culturally diverse population. I have particular interest in creativity, women's issues, and adult development throughout the life cycle. I have specialized training in addictions, codependence, and eating disorders. My therapeutic orientation is broadly psychodynamic, along with EMDR and mindfulness-based approaches.
(925) 308-5160 View (925) 308-5160
Photo of Amy Hartman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Albany, CA
Amy Hartman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Albany, CA 94706
Have anxious thoughts become overwhelming and led you to doubt yourself and your decisions? Maybe it’s tough to get out of a bed in the morning, or you keep pushing and striving, but have difficulty accessing a sense of fulfillment and peace? Maybe you feel like you’re always giving to and pleasing others, but don’t ever feel nourished and “filled up” yourself? Therapy is a great way to get support in navigating the daily challenges of life, but also the bigger and more long-term struggles.
Have anxious thoughts become overwhelming and led you to doubt yourself and your decisions? Maybe it’s tough to get out of a bed in the morning, or you keep pushing and striving, but have difficulty accessing a sense of fulfillment and peace? Maybe you feel like you’re always giving to and pleasing others, but don’t ever feel nourished and “filled up” yourself? Therapy is a great way to get support in navigating the daily challenges of life, but also the bigger and more long-term struggles.
(510) 288-7882 View (510) 288-7882
Photo of Jason Hsu, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Albany, CA
Jason Hsu
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Albany, CA 94706
I'm Jason Hsu, an LCSW with a deep commitment to helping individuals navigate life's challenges. Having personally experienced the challenges and transformative power of therapy, I am driven to destigmatize conversations about mental health within Asian-American communities. My dedication to this work remains unwavering, and I look forward to accompanying you on your journey toward greater well-being and fulfillment. My therapeutic style is characterized by warmth, enthusiasm, and, when appropriate, humor. I maintain a client-led approach to goal setting, allowing objectives to shift and evolve as insights develop.
I'm Jason Hsu, an LCSW with a deep commitment to helping individuals navigate life's challenges. Having personally experienced the challenges and transformative power of therapy, I am driven to destigmatize conversations about mental health within Asian-American communities. My dedication to this work remains unwavering, and I look forward to accompanying you on your journey toward greater well-being and fulfillment. My therapeutic style is characterized by warmth, enthusiasm, and, when appropriate, humor. I maintain a client-led approach to goal setting, allowing objectives to shift and evolve as insights develop.
(510) 694-4603 View (510) 694-4603
Photo of Margaret Dodson, Psychologist in Albany, CA
Margaret Dodson
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Albany, CA 94706
"Are you worrying that you are stuck in old patterns of thinking and behaving regarding yourself and others that make you unhappy, depressed, anxious, or irritable? Are you trying to connect and communicate with a partner, friends, or co-workers, but find youself misunderstood, angry, or lonely? Are you longing to be happier yet unable to figure out how to change? I have helped hundreds of people with similar concerns to experience more joy and success in their lives. Together we can examine your concerns from new perspectives and overcome the obstacles preventing you from achieving your innermost goals.
"Are you worrying that you are stuck in old patterns of thinking and behaving regarding yourself and others that make you unhappy, depressed, anxious, or irritable? Are you trying to connect and communicate with a partner, friends, or co-workers, but find youself misunderstood, angry, or lonely? Are you longing to be happier yet unable to figure out how to change? I have helped hundreds of people with similar concerns to experience more joy and success in their lives. Together we can examine your concerns from new perspectives and overcome the obstacles preventing you from achieving your innermost goals.
(510) 470-7318 View (510) 470-7318
Photo of Zoé Newman, Marriage & Family Therapist in Albany, CA
Zoé Newman
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Albany, CA 94706  (Online Only)
I offer a compassionate, safe space in which to explore and work with the feelings, fear, anxieties and uncertainty of these challenging times. I also offer support and tools with which you can begin to change negative patterns, heal early wounding, learn to support yourself with self-acceptance, and open to new possibilities.
I offer a compassionate, safe space in which to explore and work with the feelings, fear, anxieties and uncertainty of these challenging times. I also offer support and tools with which you can begin to change negative patterns, heal early wounding, learn to support yourself with self-acceptance, and open to new possibilities.
(510) 878-3053 View (510) 878-3053
Photo of Michele Rae Bachmeier, Marriage & Family Therapist in Albany, CA
Michele Rae Bachmeier
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
Albany, CA 94706
My approach consists of assisting people in identifying and exploring the stressors, issues, or losses that are causing pain, in order to begin to address them. I have a warm, direct communication style and will support you in developing a practice of self-care and self-reflection, while also implementing practical solutions, and coping skills. Building a healthy curiosity about your behavior, thoughts, and feelings will be encouraged in order to achieve a better understanding of the conscious and unconscious influences that perpetuate difficulties and conflicts. Deepening a self-understanding strengthens an ability to build healthier, more satisfying relationships with others and with yourself.
My approach consists of assisting people in identifying and exploring the stressors, issues, or losses that are causing pain, in order to begin to address them. I have a warm, direct communication style and will support you in developing a practice of self-care and self-reflection, while also implementing practical solutions, and coping skills. Building a healthy curiosity about your behavior, thoughts, and feelings will be encouraged in order to achieve a better understanding of the conscious and unconscious influences that perpetuate difficulties and conflicts. Deepening a self-understanding strengthens an ability to build healthier, more satisfying relationships with others and with yourself.
(510) 573-7878 View (510) 573-7878
Photo of Annie Dutka, Psychologist in Albany, CA
Annie Dutka
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Albany, CA 94706
Many of us struggle to feel at home in our bodies and minds. Our inner voice can be harsh and unkind; sometimes, we can hardly hear it over the noise of anxious thoughts. Painful experiences may intrude upon our sense of safety, as well as the hopes we have for the future. Therapy offers you the time to slow down and the space to be heard. During our first session, I will follow your lead, actively listening with the aim of understanding what’s bringing you here. Throughout our work together, I endeavor to create a nonjudgmental space for all the different parts of you, including those parts you feel are closed off.
Many of us struggle to feel at home in our bodies and minds. Our inner voice can be harsh and unkind; sometimes, we can hardly hear it over the noise of anxious thoughts. Painful experiences may intrude upon our sense of safety, as well as the hopes we have for the future. Therapy offers you the time to slow down and the space to be heard. During our first session, I will follow your lead, actively listening with the aim of understanding what’s bringing you here. Throughout our work together, I endeavor to create a nonjudgmental space for all the different parts of you, including those parts you feel are closed off.
(510) 906-8428 View (510) 906-8428

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Albany, CA

200+

Average cost per session

$190

Therapists in Albany, CA who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
87% Depression
86% Relationship Issues
78% Grief
73% Self Esteem
72% Trauma and PTSD
61% Family Conflict

Average years in practice

18 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

37% Other
31% Aetna
29% Medicare

How Therapists in Albany, CA see their clients

78% In Person and Online
22% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
21% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Albany?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.