Therapists in Oakland, CA
Dr. Jayn Rajandran PsyD / Jayn.Org
Marriage & Family Therapist, PsyD, PCC, LMFT, IO, CGE, DTS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94618
Concierge therapy offered in Palo Alto, Rockridge & SF locations. You decide on the day, time, location, in-person or online. This modality is for busy professionals/students who want to graduate psychotherapy fast. Sessions are fun and focused. Most clients can graduate from therapy within 3-6 months for life transition problems. For severe trauma and mental health cases, it can a little longer. Specializing in teens, couples and individuals struggling with trauma, abuse, substances abuse, depression, anxiety, grief, suicide, trust, abandonment, severe mental health and anger.
Concierge therapy offered in Palo Alto, Rockridge & SF locations. You decide on the day, time, location, in-person or online. This modality is for busy professionals/students who want to graduate psychotherapy fast. Sessions are fun and focused. Most clients can graduate from therapy within 3-6 months for life transition problems. For severe trauma and mental health cases, it can a little longer. Specializing in teens, couples and individuals struggling with trauma, abuse, substances abuse, depression, anxiety, grief, suicide, trust, abandonment, severe mental health and anger.
Zoe Davis
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, MA, MS, LPCC, LMHC, CMHIMP
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94605
I work with adults who may be struggling to find nourishment on multiple levels: emotionally, psychologically, physically, and relationship-wise. I attend to the individual in front of me, knowing that your unique health and family history, stresses, environment, level of support, social inequities, and culture all influence your relationship with self and your feeling of nourishment. I meet you where you are, and help to guide you where you want to be more of the time. I work with you to create a healthier relationship with your whole self, including through relationships, creativity, nutrition, movement, and contribution.
I work with adults who may be struggling to find nourishment on multiple levels: emotionally, psychologically, physically, and relationship-wise. I attend to the individual in front of me, knowing that your unique health and family history, stresses, environment, level of support, social inequities, and culture all influence your relationship with self and your feeling of nourishment. I meet you where you are, and help to guide you where you want to be more of the time. I work with you to create a healthier relationship with your whole self, including through relationships, creativity, nutrition, movement, and contribution.
Eric Burns
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94612 (Online Only)
Your mental health is very important. Whether you are struggling with a new problem or one that has been ongoing, an emotional problem or a biochemical one, or even relationship challenges, getting support can make a world of difference. Establishing a safe environment to talk and building a trusting relationship is essential in building a therapeutic relationship. I provide a warm and caring environment for you to trust and share intimate thoughts and feelings, including at times, conflicting thoughts, anxious feelings, depressed mood, and traumatic events.
Your mental health is very important. Whether you are struggling with a new problem or one that has been ongoing, an emotional problem or a biochemical one, or even relationship challenges, getting support can make a world of difference. Establishing a safe environment to talk and building a trusting relationship is essential in building a therapeutic relationship. I provide a warm and caring environment for you to trust and share intimate thoughts and feelings, including at times, conflicting thoughts, anxious feelings, depressed mood, and traumatic events.
Sherna Perez
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94610
Reaching out for help is hard. The stress of life can be overwhelming and sometimes worries, sadness, and feelings of burnout can get the best of us. We can feel stuck when efforts to improve relationships or change old habits have stalled. Whatever brings you here, we are glad you found us and, most importantly, we can help! We know that a strong therapeutic relationship is the most important factor for change and growth. . We meet you where you are with unconditional positive regard, with the firm belief that everyone needs to feel connected, safe, and heard.
Reaching out for help is hard. The stress of life can be overwhelming and sometimes worries, sadness, and feelings of burnout can get the best of us. We can feel stuck when efforts to improve relationships or change old habits have stalled. Whatever brings you here, we are glad you found us and, most importantly, we can help! We know that a strong therapeutic relationship is the most important factor for change and growth. . We meet you where you are with unconditional positive regard, with the firm belief that everyone needs to feel connected, safe, and heard.
Daniela Sawicki Rivera
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94610
All too often many of us fall through the cracks in the systems we navigate, become othered and undervalued by society, and end up in a never ending race where we feel as though we are constantly catching up or at the precipice of falling behind - sometimes all at once! We carry this with us while we are held to the same standards as those who do not face the same barriers. This is where therapy can enter your life.
All too often many of us fall through the cracks in the systems we navigate, become othered and undervalued by society, and end up in a never ending race where we feel as though we are constantly catching up or at the precipice of falling behind - sometimes all at once! We carry this with us while we are held to the same standards as those who do not face the same barriers. This is where therapy can enter your life.
Nekolas Milton
Psychological Associate, PsyD
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94612 (Online Only)
Hello my name is Dr. Nekolas “Neko” Milton, I am a Registered Psychological Associate. I have experience working with children, adolescents, and adults. I operate from a client-centered, humanistic approach, focusing on aspects of existentialism, mindfulness, family-systems, multiculturalism, and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, while keeping careful consideration of cultural concerns and practices. I have experience working with anxiety, depression, trauma-related diagnoses, and incorporate evidenced-based practices to address maladaptive patterns and behaviors.
Hello my name is Dr. Nekolas “Neko” Milton, I am a Registered Psychological Associate. I have experience working with children, adolescents, and adults. I operate from a client-centered, humanistic approach, focusing on aspects of existentialism, mindfulness, family-systems, multiculturalism, and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, while keeping careful consideration of cultural concerns and practices. I have experience working with anxiety, depression, trauma-related diagnoses, and incorporate evidenced-based practices to address maladaptive patterns and behaviors.
Sara Rabinovitch
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94612 (Online Only)
Welcome! It is so nice to meet you. I work best with clients who are motivated to change and looking for a short-term and skills-based approach. You can expect sharp clinical precision, collaboration, deep human kindness, realness, and radical open-mindedness. I am a licensed clinical psychologist and professor at USC Keck School of Medicine. I am also a certified Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction (MBSR) teacher with 15+ years of formal mindfulness training. I specialize in research-supported Cognitive Behavioral and Mindfulness-Based therapies.
Welcome! It is so nice to meet you. I work best with clients who are motivated to change and looking for a short-term and skills-based approach. You can expect sharp clinical precision, collaboration, deep human kindness, realness, and radical open-mindedness. I am a licensed clinical psychologist and professor at USC Keck School of Medicine. I am also a certified Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction (MBSR) teacher with 15+ years of formal mindfulness training. I specialize in research-supported Cognitive Behavioral and Mindfulness-Based therapies.
Elizabeth Kearney
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94612 (Online Only)
Are you feeling tired and worn out? I want to help. Sometimes the struggles of life can feel overwhelming. My goal as your therapist is to give you a safe space to process your experiences and guidance to move forward in a healthier way. You are not alone. Let me walk this journey called life alongside you. My goal as your therapist is to help you work through anything that is blocking you from being your best self. I will work with you to free yourself of habits and hangups that are not serving you so you can be happy! I would love to hear your story and be a part of your journey. Do not hesitate to put yourself first today.
Are you feeling tired and worn out? I want to help. Sometimes the struggles of life can feel overwhelming. My goal as your therapist is to give you a safe space to process your experiences and guidance to move forward in a healthier way. You are not alone. Let me walk this journey called life alongside you. My goal as your therapist is to help you work through anything that is blocking you from being your best self. I will work with you to free yourself of habits and hangups that are not serving you so you can be happy! I would love to hear your story and be a part of your journey. Do not hesitate to put yourself first today.
The Marsh Clinics®
Psychologist, LMFT, CADC-II, NCAC 1
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94610
The Marsh Clinics® (TMC) offer psychotherapy for everyone, but especially for those who are underserved and have been marginalized. Our aim is to reduce the level of stigma around mental health and offer telehealth therapy for an entry point, but also face to face therapy. We are dedicated to transforming individuals, transforming communities.
The Marsh Clinics® (TMC) offer psychotherapy for everyone, but especially for those who are underserved and have been marginalized. Our aim is to reduce the level of stigma around mental health and offer telehealth therapy for an entry point, but also face to face therapy. We are dedicated to transforming individuals, transforming communities.
Stephanie Lemus
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94609
In a world that often seems overwhelming with so many competing priorities, you might find yourself struggling to understand what's important, what you need or how to feel more free. Perhaps you feel stuck in a life or confused about what to do. You might often get blocked because you don't know where to begin. I'm here to help. I offer a compassionate, safe, and often humor-filled space where your journey of discovery and healing can start.
In a world that often seems overwhelming with so many competing priorities, you might find yourself struggling to understand what's important, what you need or how to feel more free. Perhaps you feel stuck in a life or confused about what to do. You might often get blocked because you don't know where to begin. I'm here to help. I offer a compassionate, safe, and often humor-filled space where your journey of discovery and healing can start.
Ellie Ehrenhaft
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94618
I offer therapy services to help you understand challenges you are facing, learn ways to actualize your full potential, and overcome barriers that get in the way of living a happy and fulfilling life. I work with individual clients and couples who are facing anxiety, depression, life transitions, loss, trauma, and challenges at work or in relationships. As an interactive, solution focused therapist with over 20 years of experience, I am here for you.
I offer therapy services to help you understand challenges you are facing, learn ways to actualize your full potential, and overcome barriers that get in the way of living a happy and fulfilling life. I work with individual clients and couples who are facing anxiety, depression, life transitions, loss, trauma, and challenges at work or in relationships. As an interactive, solution focused therapist with over 20 years of experience, I am here for you.
15 Second Videos
Zoe Davis
Nekolas Milton
Shannel Benisano
Rachel Wilson
Stephanie Bain
Lauren Hoernig
Alyson Erika Marlow
Lizzie Pfeiffer
Jess Gioia
Ayala Kalisher
Lisa M De Geneste
Annie Leah Lesny
Bay Area Dating Coach
Alia Dolan
Nauser Wolfe
Syd McClune
Jennie Bertone
Alexis Lyon
Megan Kopriva
Bret T Alderman
Nicole Kat Laby
John R. Edwards
Social Anxiety Support Center
Jocelyn Lam
Stephen Colgan
David Trexler Gatta
Barbara Lankamp
Erin E Boyle
Shannon Bernsten
Adriana Rodríguez García
Lyca Sedaka
Roni Khol
Olivia Donnini
Wendy Rolon
Bridges Therapy Group of California
Gregory W Dy
Barbara Cox
Jacqueline Esquer
Deidre Abrons
Brooke Pomerantz
Heidi Gray
Marcella Raimondo
Veronica Ochoa
Miranda Becker
Aviva Wilcox
Shanna LoPresti
Olivia Clear
Theresa Tan
Dr. Vernita Marsh & Associates
Amaka Ohai
Bret Fimiani
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94618
I am a licensed clinical psychologist working in Oakland, CA in a private practice setting. I have 12+ years of clinical experience working with adults in short and long-term psychotherapy with a range of issues including depression, work related stress, anxiety, relationship issues, substance abuse/dependence issues, issues related to sexuality and sexual orientation, and emotional issues related to the challenge of adapting to chronic medical problems.
I am a licensed clinical psychologist working in Oakland, CA in a private practice setting. I have 12+ years of clinical experience working with adults in short and long-term psychotherapy with a range of issues including depression, work related stress, anxiety, relationship issues, substance abuse/dependence issues, issues related to sexuality and sexual orientation, and emotional issues related to the challenge of adapting to chronic medical problems.
Ryan McVicar Kozisek
Associate Marriage & Family Therapist, AMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94619 (Online Only)
Wáa sá I tuwatee (how is your spirit)? Are you searching for trans-centering therapy, that recognizes the whole you? You've come to the right place. As a trans nonbinary person myself, I know first-hand how hard it can be to find an affirming therapist. While I see clients from all walks of life, I specialize in client-centered, humanistic therapy for LGBTQIA2S+, neurodivergent, fat, and/or disabled folx and their loved ones. Additionally, I am a current or former member of the artist, veterinary/animal care professional, and academic communities, and am honored to serve people involved in these professions.
Wáa sá I tuwatee (how is your spirit)? Are you searching for trans-centering therapy, that recognizes the whole you? You've come to the right place. As a trans nonbinary person myself, I know first-hand how hard it can be to find an affirming therapist. While I see clients from all walks of life, I specialize in client-centered, humanistic therapy for LGBTQIA2S+, neurodivergent, fat, and/or disabled folx and their loved ones. Additionally, I am a current or former member of the artist, veterinary/animal care professional, and academic communities, and am honored to serve people involved in these professions.
Shannel Benisano
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94619 (Online Only)
Have you ever been overwhelmed by the thoughts and feelings of the past? Are you having a hard time completing daily tasks without feeling irritated or sad? Is it difficult to motivate yourself to do things you enjoy? Is it easier to be alone than be with the people you love? Do you freeze when feeling overwhelmed? Whether you have been experiencing these feelings more recently or for a long period of time, it can be so hard to know what to do or where to go. That is where I can help you.
Have you ever been overwhelmed by the thoughts and feelings of the past? Are you having a hard time completing daily tasks without feeling irritated or sad? Is it difficult to motivate yourself to do things you enjoy? Is it easier to be alone than be with the people you love? Do you freeze when feeling overwhelmed? Whether you have been experiencing these feelings more recently or for a long period of time, it can be so hard to know what to do or where to go. That is where I can help you.
Dr. Alandrea Martin-Scott
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD,, LMFT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94602 (Online Only)
My goal is to help clients achieve success while going through struggles and life challenges. I have experience treating children, adolescents, couples and families who are affected by domestic violence, drugs and alcohol abuse. I also work with individuals who have anxiety, depression and mood disorders. I use Cognitive Behavioral Therapy as my primary form of treatment. However, I provide various modalities. I offer a safe and non-judgmental environment to help clients cope or change behaviors that will benefit them on moving forward.
My goal is to help clients achieve success while going through struggles and life challenges. I have experience treating children, adolescents, couples and families who are affected by domestic violence, drugs and alcohol abuse. I also work with individuals who have anxiety, depression and mood disorders. I use Cognitive Behavioral Therapy as my primary form of treatment. However, I provide various modalities. I offer a safe and non-judgmental environment to help clients cope or change behaviors that will benefit them on moving forward.
Alissa Blackman
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94611
When difficulties are too much to handle or the next level of growth seems just out of reach, you may find yourself living with pain & stress. Some stress in life helps people grow, but chronic stress has a negative effect on your mind, body, emotions & spirit. You may find yourself using old mental, physical & emotional coping tools to survive, yet feel unable to make real change. Your ally in holistic healing, I offer a supportive, warm presence so you can explore what's difficult, hone your strengths, & gain simple yet powerful mind/body tools.
When difficulties are too much to handle or the next level of growth seems just out of reach, you may find yourself living with pain & stress. Some stress in life helps people grow, but chronic stress has a negative effect on your mind, body, emotions & spirit. You may find yourself using old mental, physical & emotional coping tools to survive, yet feel unable to make real change. Your ally in holistic healing, I offer a supportive, warm presence so you can explore what's difficult, hone your strengths, & gain simple yet powerful mind/body tools.
Kristopher Curtis Kern
Psychologist, PsyD, MSCP
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94611 (Online Only)
When making the complex and vulnerable choice to begin therapy, you should be able to trust your therapist and feel safe sharing your story. This is why compassion and empathy are my priorities when building our therapeutic alliance. Together, we will collaborate on an individualized plan for change and growth that is consistent with your values and cultural identities. Every human is a unique mix of identities, experiences, fears, dreams, and values. I am well-versed in theory and operate from a foundation of science. However, I also believe that it is essential to recognize the humanity behind everyone’s struggles and actions.
When making the complex and vulnerable choice to begin therapy, you should be able to trust your therapist and feel safe sharing your story. This is why compassion and empathy are my priorities when building our therapeutic alliance. Together, we will collaborate on an individualized plan for change and growth that is consistent with your values and cultural identities. Every human is a unique mix of identities, experiences, fears, dreams, and values. I am well-versed in theory and operate from a foundation of science. However, I also believe that it is essential to recognize the humanity behind everyone’s struggles and actions.
Katrina P Mautner
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94610
Clients often come to me when they’re having trouble balancing multiple identities or areas of their lives. You might feel overwhelmed, overworked, or confused about why you don't feel better. Maybe you’re struggling to manage relationships, feeling like you can't relax, or not being accepted as queer, trans, or non-monogamous by family or community. You might feel stuck in your head, and aren’t sure which way to turn to feel better. I have a passion for working with people who like using their big brains to solve big problems, live in liminal spaces, and who might be struggling to connect with others in the ways that they'd like.
Clients often come to me when they’re having trouble balancing multiple identities or areas of their lives. You might feel overwhelmed, overworked, or confused about why you don't feel better. Maybe you’re struggling to manage relationships, feeling like you can't relax, or not being accepted as queer, trans, or non-monogamous by family or community. You might feel stuck in your head, and aren’t sure which way to turn to feel better. I have a passion for working with people who like using their big brains to solve big problems, live in liminal spaces, and who might be struggling to connect with others in the ways that they'd like.
Julia Marino
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94611 (Online Only)
I have a passion for supporting clients through transformative periods of their lives. Some are seeking to heal from past traumas, move on from a relationship or career, or let go of old habits that are no longer serving them. Others are going through a profound, yet challenging, spiritual process. Though our work I will help you reinvent and step closer to your true self. I enjoy working with adults, teens and children. With my younger clients, I often employ arts-oriented methods.
I have a passion for supporting clients through transformative periods of their lives. Some are seeking to heal from past traumas, move on from a relationship or career, or let go of old habits that are no longer serving them. Others are going through a profound, yet challenging, spiritual process. Though our work I will help you reinvent and step closer to your true self. I enjoy working with adults, teens and children. With my younger clients, I often employ arts-oriented methods.
Kathy Sinsheimer
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94611
Relationships are complicated! I've helped many couples who have been interested in becoming happier and more effective in their relationship. It's not unusual to reach bumps in the road as you progress in your lives together. When we are in session, I'll talk with each of you to find out about you as individuals including your history and emotional strengths as well as challenges. As well, I'll learn what is working and what is not working for both of you in your relationship.
Relationships are complicated! I've helped many couples who have been interested in becoming happier and more effective in their relationship. It's not unusual to reach bumps in the road as you progress in your lives together. When we are in session, I'll talk with each of you to find out about you as individuals including your history and emotional strengths as well as challenges. As well, I'll learn what is working and what is not working for both of you in your relationship.
See more therapy options for Oakland
How does your Therapist compare?
Number of Therapists in Oakland, CA
2,000+
Average cost per session
$185
Therapists in Oakland, CA who prioritize treating:
93% | Anxiety |
88% | Depression |
81% | Relationship Issues |
74% | Self Esteem |
73% | Trauma and PTSD |
69% | Grief |
66% | Stress |
Average years in practice
11 Years
Top 3 insurances accepted
60% | Aetna |
48% | Cigna and Evernorth |
44% | UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH |
How Therapists in Oakland, CA see their clients
62% | In Person and Online | |
38% | Online Only |
Gender breakdown
75% | Female | |
21% | Male | |
4% | Non-Binary |
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling
How can I find a therapist in Oakland?
Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.
Learn more about how to find a therapist
Learn more about how to find a therapist
Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?
The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.
Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.
Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.
What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?
Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.
Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.
Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.
What type of therapy is right for me?
The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.
How much does therapy cost?
The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.
What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?
Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.
Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?
Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.
Is online therapy a good option?
Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.
Are therapy sessions confidential?
Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.