Therapists in Tulsa, OK

Photo of Bea Keller-Dupree, Licensed Professional Counselor in Tulsa, OK
Bea Keller-Dupree
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC-S, NCC
Verified Verified
Tulsa, OK 74135
Each of us encounters moments when life leaves us feeling overwhelmed and underprepared. When we experience these challenges, it's common for sadness, worry, and conflict to leave us emotionally drained or off-balance. We may even find ourselves focusing more on the past or in the future than we are on the present moment. It is my privilege as a counselor to help clients explore these challenges, develop personal, relationship, and wellness goals, prepare for obstacles that may get in the way of meaningful change, and begin to mindfully recommit to living their best life possible.
Each of us encounters moments when life leaves us feeling overwhelmed and underprepared. When we experience these challenges, it's common for sadness, worry, and conflict to leave us emotionally drained or off-balance. We may even find ourselves focusing more on the past or in the future than we are on the present moment. It is my privilege as a counselor to help clients explore these challenges, develop personal, relationship, and wellness goals, prepare for obstacles that may get in the way of meaningful change, and begin to mindfully recommit to living their best life possible.
(417) 288-4998 View (417) 288-4998
Photo of Marla Murray, Pre-Licensed Professional in Tulsa, OK
Marla Murray
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS, LPC-C
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Tulsa, OK 74136  (Online Only)
Every person on the earth needs to feel safe, valued, loved, and respected. My job as a therapist is to help clients tap into their God-given skills, abilities, and strengths to discover the jewel hidden beneath all the pain, depression, anxiety, and loss. People need to know their life has a purpose, and when they win and overcome, they give others hope and courage that they can do the same. The goal is freedom and the ability to live the life God intended. We will laugh, cry, and scream if necessary.
Every person on the earth needs to feel safe, valued, loved, and respected. My job as a therapist is to help clients tap into their God-given skills, abilities, and strengths to discover the jewel hidden beneath all the pain, depression, anxiety, and loss. People need to know their life has a purpose, and when they win and overcome, they give others hope and courage that they can do the same. The goal is freedom and the ability to live the life God intended. We will laugh, cry, and scream if necessary.
(918) 380-3207 View (918) 380-3207
Photo of Jessica Haworth, Licensed Professional Counselor in Tulsa, OK
Jessica Haworth
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
Tulsa, OK 74119  (Online Only)
I provide family and individual services. I have extensive experience working with individuals who have experienced sexual and relational trauma. I utilize a variety of modalities in my treatment approach depending on the need of the client and what works best for them. My treatment approach is client centered first and foremost.I believe all people deserve to be treated with dignity and respect.The space I provide for clients is one of safety and free of judgement.I will provide a supportive relationship in which you can explore the best choices to create the life you truly desire by discovering the truth of who you are.
I provide family and individual services. I have extensive experience working with individuals who have experienced sexual and relational trauma. I utilize a variety of modalities in my treatment approach depending on the need of the client and what works best for them. My treatment approach is client centered first and foremost.I believe all people deserve to be treated with dignity and respect.The space I provide for clients is one of safety and free of judgement.I will provide a supportive relationship in which you can explore the best choices to create the life you truly desire by discovering the truth of who you are.
(539) 352-3294 View (539) 352-3294
Photo of Tina Francis, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Tulsa, OK
Tina Francis
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, EMDR
Verified Verified
Tulsa, OK 74105
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with experience in treating adults with trauma, PTSD, depression, anxiety, phobias, addiction, grief and many other issues. I utilize a holistic and strength’s-based approach while providing a safe, compassionate and non-judgmental environment. I work collaboratively with my clients to help meet their goals and increase overall well-being. My approach is eclectic and I vary my techniques to meet each individual’s unique needs.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with experience in treating adults with trauma, PTSD, depression, anxiety, phobias, addiction, grief and many other issues. I utilize a holistic and strength’s-based approach while providing a safe, compassionate and non-judgmental environment. I work collaboratively with my clients to help meet their goals and increase overall well-being. My approach is eclectic and I vary my techniques to meet each individual’s unique needs.
(918) 805-1973 View (918) 805-1973
Photo of Raquel D. Colbert-Dawson, Licensed Professional Counselor in Tulsa, OK
Raquel D. Colbert-Dawson
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC-S, CHT, RM
Verified Verified
Tulsa, OK 74114
I provide holistic therapy and wellness services for women and couples of Generation X. I have an Indepth understanding of the unique challenges and experiences that Gen Xers face, because I am a Gen Xer. To the women of Generation X, life may have brought a multitude of roles, responsibilities and change from hyper independence, relationships, career demands, aging parents; empty nest; grief, personal growth journeys; health challenges and the nagging question of what's next. I help you navigate life's complexities with new skills, insight, inspiration, and empowerment.
I provide holistic therapy and wellness services for women and couples of Generation X. I have an Indepth understanding of the unique challenges and experiences that Gen Xers face, because I am a Gen Xer. To the women of Generation X, life may have brought a multitude of roles, responsibilities and change from hyper independence, relationships, career demands, aging parents; empty nest; grief, personal growth journeys; health challenges and the nagging question of what's next. I help you navigate life's complexities with new skills, insight, inspiration, and empowerment.
(918) 396-8261 View (918) 396-8261
Photo of Maddie Miller, Pre-Licensed Professional in Tulsa, OK
Maddie Miller
Pre-Licensed Professional, LPC-C, NCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Tulsa, OK 74105
I am currently taking new clients! I believe that therapy is a professional relationship and a personal relationship. Finding the right therapist is important for your growth! Therapy is hard and I am here to help support you on your journey - whatever that looks like. Some days it can be laughing, other days could be crying, yelling, or using the occasional cuss word to release our emotions. I work with attachment-based issues, complex trauma, chronic pain/illness, and women's issues.
I am currently taking new clients! I believe that therapy is a professional relationship and a personal relationship. Finding the right therapist is important for your growth! Therapy is hard and I am here to help support you on your journey - whatever that looks like. Some days it can be laughing, other days could be crying, yelling, or using the occasional cuss word to release our emotions. I work with attachment-based issues, complex trauma, chronic pain/illness, and women's issues.
(918) 387-7299 View (918) 387-7299
Photo of Jason L. Davis, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Tulsa, OK
Jason L. Davis
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Tulsa, OK 74133
I believe the therapeutic relationship can be both healing and empowering for individuals. I use a cognitive behavioral, strength-based approach to alleviate the effects of trauma and assist individuals to reaching their goal. As we go through life, we must learn to navigate through traumatic events such as the impact of life-threatening illnesses, childhood abuse, and other traumatic occurrences. Often traumatic experiences change our way of life forcing us to define a “New Normal”; I will provide therapeutic support to combat issues such as anxiety, depression, frustration, and trauma.
I believe the therapeutic relationship can be both healing and empowering for individuals. I use a cognitive behavioral, strength-based approach to alleviate the effects of trauma and assist individuals to reaching their goal. As we go through life, we must learn to navigate through traumatic events such as the impact of life-threatening illnesses, childhood abuse, and other traumatic occurrences. Often traumatic experiences change our way of life forcing us to define a “New Normal”; I will provide therapeutic support to combat issues such as anxiety, depression, frustration, and trauma.
(918) 265-4862 View (918) 265-4862
Photo of Megan Williams, Marriage & Family Therapist in Tulsa, OK
Megan Williams
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
9 Endorsed
Tulsa, OK 74145
You keep telling yourself you don't have time for therapy, but you're exhausted and burned out, your relationships are suffering, and life just feels harder than it used to. You can hold it together for work and your family, but on the inside, you feel like you’re losing your mind. You may be forgetful, irritable, easily distracted, and/or quick to anger or easily brought to tears. Don't worry, you probably don't have early-onset dementia! You're likely burned out and in great need of care and rest. Therapy can help you figure out how to get your life back in order.
You keep telling yourself you don't have time for therapy, but you're exhausted and burned out, your relationships are suffering, and life just feels harder than it used to. You can hold it together for work and your family, but on the inside, you feel like you’re losing your mind. You may be forgetful, irritable, easily distracted, and/or quick to anger or easily brought to tears. Don't worry, you probably don't have early-onset dementia! You're likely burned out and in great need of care and rest. Therapy can help you figure out how to get your life back in order.
(539) 664-6673 View (539) 664-6673
Photo of Scott Thomas, Marriage & Family Therapist in Tulsa, OK
Scott Thomas
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LPC, LMFT
Verified Verified
Tulsa, OK 74136
Scott Thomas is a Licensed Professional Counselor and a Licensed Marital and Family Therapist, who has been practice since 1996. He has graduated from two different graduate school with three master's degrees and 1/2 his Ph.D. with a focus in Counseling Psychology and Theology. Two of his favorite clinical forms of therapy are Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). Scott believes in a whole person approach to therapy; we are a spirit, we have a soul, and we life in a body.
Scott Thomas is a Licensed Professional Counselor and a Licensed Marital and Family Therapist, who has been practice since 1996. He has graduated from two different graduate school with three master's degrees and 1/2 his Ph.D. with a focus in Counseling Psychology and Theology. Two of his favorite clinical forms of therapy are Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). Scott believes in a whole person approach to therapy; we are a spirit, we have a soul, and we life in a body.
(918) 228-6569 View (918) 228-6569
Photo of Geoffrey Hanley, Licensed Professional Counselor in Tulsa, OK
Geoffrey Hanley
Licensed Professional Counselor, MHR, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Tulsa, OK 74145
Your needs, values, and goals will come first. We will do our best to make sure they are well-defined, carefully explored, and given a sense of purpose. As a therapist, I am here to listen to your story, offer guidance, and help you decide the next step. Let's discuss your situation and decide which path is right for you.
Your needs, values, and goals will come first. We will do our best to make sure they are well-defined, carefully explored, and given a sense of purpose. As a therapist, I am here to listen to your story, offer guidance, and help you decide the next step. Let's discuss your situation and decide which path is right for you.
(918) 928-5160 View (918) 928-5160
Photo of Marianne Brett, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Tulsa, OK
Marianne Brett
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MBA
Verified Verified
Tulsa, OK 74114  (Online Only)
Life is hard for so many reasons, I aim to be a supportive figure in my client's corner. I will meet you where you are and I'm happy to incorporate other tools that you already use or are drawn to from Psych MDs to energy healers to trainers. Therapy is not one solution fits all - everything we do together will be tailored to you. I aim to support, listen and empower you; but my specialty is my ability to facilitate change that makes lives tangibly better. We will create goals, identify barriers and develop a creative and realistic strategy.
Life is hard for so many reasons, I aim to be a supportive figure in my client's corner. I will meet you where you are and I'm happy to incorporate other tools that you already use or are drawn to from Psych MDs to energy healers to trainers. Therapy is not one solution fits all - everything we do together will be tailored to you. I aim to support, listen and empower you; but my specialty is my ability to facilitate change that makes lives tangibly better. We will create goals, identify barriers and develop a creative and realistic strategy.
(539) 666-1859 View (539) 666-1859
Photo of Liz Lamers, Licensed Professional Counselor in Tulsa, OK
Liz Lamers
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, MBA
Verified Verified
Tulsa, OK 74105
We all face difficult life situations and challenges. I counsel adults and adolescents dealing with anxiety, depression, managing work/academic stressors, adjustment issues, parent-child relational issues, sport psychology and insomnia. I use a practical and behavioral approach to coping with problems. I believe in solution focused strategies for the individual. Counseling can teach individuals new ways to cope, communicate, change perspective and establish healthy patterns. Treatment can be brief with positive results to help people live a happier and more fulfilling life.
We all face difficult life situations and challenges. I counsel adults and adolescents dealing with anxiety, depression, managing work/academic stressors, adjustment issues, parent-child relational issues, sport psychology and insomnia. I use a practical and behavioral approach to coping with problems. I believe in solution focused strategies for the individual. Counseling can teach individuals new ways to cope, communicate, change perspective and establish healthy patterns. Treatment can be brief with positive results to help people live a happier and more fulfilling life.
(918) 948-9298 View (918) 948-9298
Photo of Chris Condrin, Counselor in Tulsa, OK
Chris Condrin
Counselor, MA, LPC-S
Verified Verified
Tulsa, OK 74136
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor in Oklahoma, license number 6987, and an approved LPC Supervisor. I have master’s degrees from University of Oklahoma in Human Relations, and from Oklahoma State in Occupational Education. I have experience working in the public-school systems, inpatient mental health/addiction facilities, and in private practice. I was raised in Tulsa, have lived in Arizona and California, and have been back to make Tulsa my home since 1995. Music plays an important role in my life, and I listen to all kinds. You just might catch me singing sometimes.
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor in Oklahoma, license number 6987, and an approved LPC Supervisor. I have master’s degrees from University of Oklahoma in Human Relations, and from Oklahoma State in Occupational Education. I have experience working in the public-school systems, inpatient mental health/addiction facilities, and in private practice. I was raised in Tulsa, have lived in Arizona and California, and have been back to make Tulsa my home since 1995. Music plays an important role in my life, and I listen to all kinds. You just might catch me singing sometimes.
(918) 201-1045 View (918) 201-1045
Photo of Joseph Merenda, Drug & Alcohol Counselor in Tulsa, OK
Joseph Merenda
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, LADC/MH
Verified Verified
Tulsa, OK 74103
My ideal client is one who is sick and tired of being sick and tired. He or she has finally said "no more, it's time for help". Although substance use is my forte', I have worked with depression, anxiety, trauma and other mental health issues.
My ideal client is one who is sick and tired of being sick and tired. He or she has finally said "no more, it's time for help". Although substance use is my forte', I have worked with depression, anxiety, trauma and other mental health issues.
(918) 265-3371 View (918) 265-3371
Photo of Matthew Ackenhausen, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Tulsa, OK
Matthew Ackenhausen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, EMDR, Consult
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Tulsa, OK 74136
Do you feel stuck or bogged down, experiencing anxious or fearful thoughts that are keeping you from the things you would like to enjoy or living the life you want? Do you feel exhausted and weighed down by a sense of sadness or emptiness? If this sounds like the difficulties you are experiencing give me a call, I can help. Anxiety and depression are often common responses to loss, grief, or the challenging and traumatic events that happen in our lives.
Do you feel stuck or bogged down, experiencing anxious or fearful thoughts that are keeping you from the things you would like to enjoy or living the life you want? Do you feel exhausted and weighed down by a sense of sadness or emptiness? If this sounds like the difficulties you are experiencing give me a call, I can help. Anxiety and depression are often common responses to loss, grief, or the challenging and traumatic events that happen in our lives.
(918) 791-0251 View (918) 791-0251
Photo of Brandi Inda, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Tulsa, OK
Brandi Inda
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Tulsa, OK 74145  (Online Only)
Do you feel like life is overwhelming and you have no one to talk to? Do you feel as if you are not worthy of others time to ask for help? Or is it as if you have forgotten how to take care of yourself or never even knew how to begin with?
Do you feel like life is overwhelming and you have no one to talk to? Do you feel as if you are not worthy of others time to ask for help? Or is it as if you have forgotten how to take care of yourself or never even knew how to begin with?
(539) 800-3059 View (539) 800-3059
Photo of Verena L Titus, Licensed Professional Counselor in Tulsa, OK
Verena L Titus
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC-S, EMDRPT, CCTP-II
Verified Verified
Tulsa, OK 74105
I am an experienced therapist who is dedicated to helping my clients live more satisfying lives. I specialize in helping persons dealing with anxiety, depression, and trauma. I have helped thousands of people with these and with problems in relationships, couples' issues, family conflict, attention problems, anger, grief and stress. With 28 years experience, I have enjoyed and continue to work with adults, older adults, teens, and children.
I am an experienced therapist who is dedicated to helping my clients live more satisfying lives. I specialize in helping persons dealing with anxiety, depression, and trauma. I have helped thousands of people with these and with problems in relationships, couples' issues, family conflict, attention problems, anger, grief and stress. With 28 years experience, I have enjoyed and continue to work with adults, older adults, teens, and children.
(918) 262-4113 View (918) 262-4113
Photo of Dan Cross, Drug & Alcohol Counselor in Tulsa, OK
Dan Cross
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, LADCMH
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Tulsa, OK 74133
I am a Licensed Alcohol & Drug & Mental Health Counselor (LADC/MH-S) I have worked in the behavioral health field for 36 years. I love helping people work through their problems and find solutions for moving forward. I work with adolescents and adults. I find that people have remarkable abilities to find rewarding lives but we all sometimes need a little help. I provide counseling for both individuals and couples struggling with depression, anxiety, relationship issues and addiction.
I am a Licensed Alcohol & Drug & Mental Health Counselor (LADC/MH-S) I have worked in the behavioral health field for 36 years. I love helping people work through their problems and find solutions for moving forward. I work with adolescents and adults. I find that people have remarkable abilities to find rewarding lives but we all sometimes need a little help. I provide counseling for both individuals and couples struggling with depression, anxiety, relationship issues and addiction.
(918) 347-4351 View (918) 347-4351
Photo of Linda Russell, Licensed Professional Counselor in Tulsa, OK
Linda Russell
Licensed Professional Counselor, MHR, LPC, CCE, NCC, CCFC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Tulsa, OK 74145
Accepting new patients two weeks out. Trauma from adoption, adverse childhood experiences, unhealthy attachment, difficult family dynamics, depression, divorce, military trauma, pain management typically result in difficulty making choices, unhealthy relationships and high anxiety. Getting relief may seem impossible. I am a certified EMDR (trauma) therapist who has years of experience in helping clients find a safer, calmer quality of life. "Successful counseling happens in a safe and relational environment." Find a safe person in a safe place to speak your deepest fears, you can be restored at Breakthrough Counseling.
Accepting new patients two weeks out. Trauma from adoption, adverse childhood experiences, unhealthy attachment, difficult family dynamics, depression, divorce, military trauma, pain management typically result in difficulty making choices, unhealthy relationships and high anxiety. Getting relief may seem impossible. I am a certified EMDR (trauma) therapist who has years of experience in helping clients find a safer, calmer quality of life. "Successful counseling happens in a safe and relational environment." Find a safe person in a safe place to speak your deepest fears, you can be restored at Breakthrough Counseling.
(918) 286-3278 View (918) 286-3278
Photo of Ernest Conyers, Marriage & Family Therapist in Tulsa, OK
Ernest Conyers
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Tulsa, OK 74105
Hello, my name is Ernest H Conyers II. I hold a bachelor’s degree in Pastoral Care and counseling from Oral Roberts University and a Master’s in Marriage and Family Therapy from Southern Nazarene University. I am a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist and have been proudly serving couples, individuals of all ages and families struggling with family conflict, parenting issues, relationship difficulties, anxiety, depression, trauma and many others for over 10 years.
Hello, my name is Ernest H Conyers II. I hold a bachelor’s degree in Pastoral Care and counseling from Oral Roberts University and a Master’s in Marriage and Family Therapy from Southern Nazarene University. I am a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist and have been proudly serving couples, individuals of all ages and families struggling with family conflict, parenting issues, relationship difficulties, anxiety, depression, trauma and many others for over 10 years.
(539) 866-2962 View (539) 866-2962

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Tulsa, OK

600+

Average cost per session

$130

Therapists in Tulsa, OK who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
87% Depression
78% Trauma and PTSD
74% Relationship Issues
74% Self Esteem
70% Coping Skills
68% Stress

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

79% BlueCross and BlueShield
68% Health Choice
67% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Tulsa, OK see their clients

80% In Person and Online
20% Online Only

Gender breakdown

80% Female
19% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Tulsa?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.