Therapists in Bonita Springs, FL

Photo of Jessica Carr, Counselor in Bonita Springs, FL
Jessica Carr
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
Bonita Springs, FL 34135  (Online Only)
In my experience adults and couples are often surprised at how empowering it can be to begin counseling. I am available to assist you or your family in areas of healthy coping, effective communication, or adjusting to change or loss in your life. From our first session I will support you in identifying your strengths, areas of need, and setting goals toward positive change. My commitment is to provide a safe place and tools for you to work through issues that may be causing worry, sadness, low self-esteem, or adjustment issues.
In my experience adults and couples are often surprised at how empowering it can be to begin counseling. I am available to assist you or your family in areas of healthy coping, effective communication, or adjusting to change or loss in your life. From our first session I will support you in identifying your strengths, areas of need, and setting goals toward positive change. My commitment is to provide a safe place and tools for you to work through issues that may be causing worry, sadness, low self-esteem, or adjustment issues.
(239) 201-3441 View (239) 201-3441
Photo of Katherine Gutierrez, Counselor in Bonita Springs, FL
Katherine Gutierrez
Counselor, LMHC, EMDR
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Bonita Springs, FL 34135
I am driven by a desire to help children and adults overcome the stressors of life, so they can find fulfillment and joy. From anxiety to depression, to self-esteem or self-doubt, to helping survivors of unhealthy/abusive relationships, you are now in the right place. Finding someone that can truly understand and can make a difference in our lives is not easy. I understand that it’s difficult to seek quality help, find someone, only to later learn that they are unfit to help you.
I am driven by a desire to help children and adults overcome the stressors of life, so they can find fulfillment and joy. From anxiety to depression, to self-esteem or self-doubt, to helping survivors of unhealthy/abusive relationships, you are now in the right place. Finding someone that can truly understand and can make a difference in our lives is not easy. I understand that it’s difficult to seek quality help, find someone, only to later learn that they are unfit to help you.
(239) 766-6587 View (239) 766-6587
Photo of Patricia Tirone, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Bonita Springs, FL
Patricia Tirone
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, BCD
Verified Verified
Bonita Springs, FL 34134
I believe in working closely with each client in empowering them to reach their optimal potential. As a motivated and committed team, we will work together to increase your capacity for problem-solving and coping with daily and life stressors. I have a reputation for being a very involved therapist with an interactive approach. You are not in this alone. I have an extensive history of working with various clients, relationships, and issues in private practice and in inpatient and outpatient settings.
I believe in working closely with each client in empowering them to reach their optimal potential. As a motivated and committed team, we will work together to increase your capacity for problem-solving and coping with daily and life stressors. I have a reputation for being a very involved therapist with an interactive approach. You are not in this alone. I have an extensive history of working with various clients, relationships, and issues in private practice and in inpatient and outpatient settings.
(239) 494-5946 View (239) 494-5946
Photo of Dr. Deborah G. Heim Psy.D., Psychologist in Bonita Springs, FL
Dr. Deborah G. Heim Psy.D.
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Bonita Springs, FL 34134
I have been a Licensed Clinical Psychologist for 25 years. I have worked with people who experience trauma, depression, anxiety, eating disorders, addiction, personality disorders, to name just a few. I work with adolescents and adults. I provide individual, marriage/pre-marital, family and group counseling. Therefore, I believe that I can offer a broad range of counseling training and experience.
I have been a Licensed Clinical Psychologist for 25 years. I have worked with people who experience trauma, depression, anxiety, eating disorders, addiction, personality disorders, to name just a few. I work with adolescents and adults. I provide individual, marriage/pre-marital, family and group counseling. Therefore, I believe that I can offer a broad range of counseling training and experience.
(630) 395-7568 View (630) 395-7568
Photo of Diana M Salazar, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Bonita Springs, FL
Diana M Salazar
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-S, RPT-S
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Bonita Springs, FL 34134
I provide individual, couple's and family therapy to children, adolescents, adults and families experiencing emotional, behavioral, and/or social difficulties. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker, Registered Play Therapist and Trauma Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapist with more than ten years of experience. I co-founded Sunshine State Counseling Center. In my practice, I empower individuals to build and develop their inner strengths by providing compassionate, ethical and professional therapeutic services.
I provide individual, couple's and family therapy to children, adolescents, adults and families experiencing emotional, behavioral, and/or social difficulties. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker, Registered Play Therapist and Trauma Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapist with more than ten years of experience. I co-founded Sunshine State Counseling Center. In my practice, I empower individuals to build and develop their inner strengths by providing compassionate, ethical and professional therapeutic services.
(239) 208-0959 View (239) 208-0959
Photo of LMB Counseling, Counselor in Bonita Springs, FL
LMB Counseling
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Bonita Springs, FL 34135
When you realize you're struggling or you are at a difficult point in your life, the awareness can cultivate growth. Reaching out for assistance is not a sign of weakness, but rather a sign of your strength and motivation for change. It shows your readiness to address what is needed to move through the challenge. Stress, anxiety, past traumas, life transitions, relationship difficulties, or any other challenges can knock anyone off balance.
When you realize you're struggling or you are at a difficult point in your life, the awareness can cultivate growth. Reaching out for assistance is not a sign of weakness, but rather a sign of your strength and motivation for change. It shows your readiness to address what is needed to move through the challenge. Stress, anxiety, past traumas, life transitions, relationship difficulties, or any other challenges can knock anyone off balance.
(239) 572-9451 View (239) 572-9451
Photo of Renee Palmer, Counselor in Bonita Springs, FL
Renee Palmer
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Bonita Springs, FL 34135  (Online Only)
I became a mental health counselor or therapist- whatever you prefer to call me- but a person who believes that there are times in all our lives when we could use someone to help us work through whatever issues/concerns/crisis/problems we are facing to help us to work through them and come out in a more positive place on the other side. I have worked as a Counselor for over 6 years, assisting clients with many issues including self-esteem, career problems, anxiety, depression, communication skills, decision-making, LGBQ related concerns, boundaries, burn-out, parenting, spiritual and existential questions, and relationships.
I became a mental health counselor or therapist- whatever you prefer to call me- but a person who believes that there are times in all our lives when we could use someone to help us work through whatever issues/concerns/crisis/problems we are facing to help us to work through them and come out in a more positive place on the other side. I have worked as a Counselor for over 6 years, assisting clients with many issues including self-esteem, career problems, anxiety, depression, communication skills, decision-making, LGBQ related concerns, boundaries, burn-out, parenting, spiritual and existential questions, and relationships.
(239) 946-5143 View (239) 946-5143
Photo of Tatjana Reyes Jobsky, Marriage & Family Therapist in Bonita Springs, FL
Tatjana Reyes Jobsky
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Bonita Springs, FL 34135
Are you overwhelmed and don't know how you got to this point or how to get back? Stuck in past behaviors and patterns? Are you struggling with a relationship or experiencing difficulties with parenting? I am here to assist you in identifying and implementing desired changes.
Are you overwhelmed and don't know how you got to this point or how to get back? Stuck in past behaviors and patterns? Are you struggling with a relationship or experiencing difficulties with parenting? I am here to assist you in identifying and implementing desired changes.
(239) 558-1197 View (239) 558-1197
Photo of Courtney Newbery, Counselor in Bonita Springs, FL
Courtney Newbery
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
Bonita Springs, FL 34134
Are you a woman feeling stuck in a place of anxiety or depression? Is fear holding you hostage? Are you feeling helpless as a parent and don't know how to navigate life in a healthy way? Do you feel frustrated in your marriage and can't figure out how to move forward on your own? Do you want someone to hear you and understand? I am passionate about helping people find freedom and discover what it looks like to live a life of joy. In addition to being a counselor, I am also a wife and a mom of four. I long to create a safe and comfortable environment for you to find healing and HOPE!
Are you a woman feeling stuck in a place of anxiety or depression? Is fear holding you hostage? Are you feeling helpless as a parent and don't know how to navigate life in a healthy way? Do you feel frustrated in your marriage and can't figure out how to move forward on your own? Do you want someone to hear you and understand? I am passionate about helping people find freedom and discover what it looks like to live a life of joy. In addition to being a counselor, I am also a wife and a mom of four. I long to create a safe and comfortable environment for you to find healing and HOPE!
(239) 420-7151 View (239) 420-7151
Photo of Dr. Josephine Marie Kunkle, Counselor in Bonita Springs, FL
Dr. Josephine Marie Kunkle
Counselor, PhD, LMHC, MS
Verified Verified
Bonita Springs, FL 34135  (Online Only)
ೋ Life doesn’t have to hurt. I can help you navigate and overcome the stress, anxiety, anguish, or grief you are feeling. Let’s work together and create a plan that will help you live your best life imagined. I will provide you with the guidance and assistance to help you overcome what is troubling you. We’ll work through your issues, developing coping skills and strategies tailored to your unique needs. ღ I have an integrated style of therapy, meaning I draw from a wide range of therapeutic methods and resources to help my clients achieve their goals and begin feeling better. ღ
ೋ Life doesn’t have to hurt. I can help you navigate and overcome the stress, anxiety, anguish, or grief you are feeling. Let’s work together and create a plan that will help you live your best life imagined. I will provide you with the guidance and assistance to help you overcome what is troubling you. We’ll work through your issues, developing coping skills and strategies tailored to your unique needs. ღ I have an integrated style of therapy, meaning I draw from a wide range of therapeutic methods and resources to help my clients achieve their goals and begin feeling better. ღ
(239) 734-8136 View (239) 734-8136
Photo of Aim Counseling Group, Counselor in Bonita Springs, FL
Aim Counseling Group
Counselor, LMHC, CTS
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Bonita Springs, FL 34135
From my experience, I continue to observe that mental health is the foundation of health. It has been a privilege to work with and learn from clients since 2005 in various settings. My strength-based approach allows individuals, couples and families to experience a safe environment in which to increase knowledge and awareness regarding emotions. Psychoeducation is a key at Aim Counseling. Knowledge is power and a means in which to learn how to be more in control of the abstract experience of emotions.
From my experience, I continue to observe that mental health is the foundation of health. It has been a privilege to work with and learn from clients since 2005 in various settings. My strength-based approach allows individuals, couples and families to experience a safe environment in which to increase knowledge and awareness regarding emotions. Psychoeducation is a key at Aim Counseling. Knowledge is power and a means in which to learn how to be more in control of the abstract experience of emotions.
(239) 970-8027 View (239) 970-8027
Photo of Timothy MacGeorge, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Bonita Springs, FL
Timothy MacGeorge
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MDiv, LCSW, QS
Verified Verified
Bonita Springs, FL 34135  (Online Only)
TELETHERAPY ONLY. Life is a journey. Like all journeys, there are times we feel overwhelmed, tired, confused, or even lost. The most important journey of all is the journey inwards, the one that takes us towards our true self. This journey helps us learn, accept, and embrace who we are. If you're encountering any struggles on your journey in life -- anxiety, depression, life transitions, addiction, coming out -- then I'm here to help.
TELETHERAPY ONLY. Life is a journey. Like all journeys, there are times we feel overwhelmed, tired, confused, or even lost. The most important journey of all is the journey inwards, the one that takes us towards our true self. This journey helps us learn, accept, and embrace who we are. If you're encountering any struggles on your journey in life -- anxiety, depression, life transitions, addiction, coming out -- then I'm here to help.
(239) 456-3945 View (239) 456-3945
Photo of Princess Anderson, Registered Mental Health Counselor Intern in Bonita Springs, FL
Princess Anderson
Registered Mental Health Counselor Intern, MS, RMHCI
Verified Verified
Bonita Springs, FL 34134
Have you experienced some form of trauma? Struggling with addiction? Or dealing with relationship challenges? You have come to the right place and have already taken the most important step in your journey toward peace of mind, connection, and confidence in your ability to achieve your goals. Often, the greatest challenge is overcoming the inertia of maintaining status quo and stepping out into the unknown where healing can begin.
Have you experienced some form of trauma? Struggling with addiction? Or dealing with relationship challenges? You have come to the right place and have already taken the most important step in your journey toward peace of mind, connection, and confidence in your ability to achieve your goals. Often, the greatest challenge is overcoming the inertia of maintaining status quo and stepping out into the unknown where healing can begin.
(239) 429-0201 View (239) 429-0201
Photo of Psychologist Dr. Phyllis Walters in Bonita Springs, FL
Psychologist Dr. Phyllis Walters
PhD, LLC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bonita Springs, FL 34135
Dr. Walters earned a Ph.D. in Psychology from The University of Northern Colorado and a Masters degree from the University of Alabama. During her education Dr. Walters completed a variety of training experiences including working in a drug rehabilitation center, public schools, the University Mental Health Clinic where she provided counseling to families, couples, individuals, and children. Dr. Walters also worked in the Neuropyschology Clinic providing neuropsychological assessment. She completed a dissertation titled Traumatic Brain Injury Self Report: Identifying the Relationship between Personality and Risk Taking Behavior.
Dr. Walters earned a Ph.D. in Psychology from The University of Northern Colorado and a Masters degree from the University of Alabama. During her education Dr. Walters completed a variety of training experiences including working in a drug rehabilitation center, public schools, the University Mental Health Clinic where she provided counseling to families, couples, individuals, and children. Dr. Walters also worked in the Neuropyschology Clinic providing neuropsychological assessment. She completed a dissertation titled Traumatic Brain Injury Self Report: Identifying the Relationship between Personality and Risk Taking Behavior.
(239) 449-8406 View (239) 449-8406
Photo of Ida Blount, Marriage & Family Therapist in Bonita Springs, FL
Ida Blount
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Bonita Springs, FL 34134
For over 30 years I have helped individuals, couples and famlies in Miami, and more recently in Bonita Springs, Naples and Estero. Increasing safety while restoring connection and full aliveness to relationships is my goal when working with couples and families. I am a Clinical Member of the American Association of Marriage & Family Therapists, and a Certified Imago Relationship Therapist, using methods conceived by Harville Hendrix (author of "Getting The Love You Want"). I am also trained in the Gottman method of couples therapy, and am experienced in addressing conflict and crisis situations for couples.
For over 30 years I have helped individuals, couples and famlies in Miami, and more recently in Bonita Springs, Naples and Estero. Increasing safety while restoring connection and full aliveness to relationships is my goal when working with couples and families. I am a Clinical Member of the American Association of Marriage & Family Therapists, and a Certified Imago Relationship Therapist, using methods conceived by Harville Hendrix (author of "Getting The Love You Want"). I am also trained in the Gottman method of couples therapy, and am experienced in addressing conflict and crisis situations for couples.
(239) 249-8843 View (239) 249-8843
Photo of Judes Setalaire Albert, Registered Clinical Social Worker Intern in Bonita Springs, FL
Judes Setalaire Albert
Registered Clinical Social Worker Intern, MSW, RCSWI, TTS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bonita Springs, FL 34135
I am a dedicated and compassionate Registered Clinical Social Worker Intern, I bring a wealth of expertise in individual, group, and couple therapy. With a commitment to fostering mental health and well-being, I employ a client-centered and evidence-based approach to support individuals and couples on their journey to positive mental health.
I am a dedicated and compassionate Registered Clinical Social Worker Intern, I bring a wealth of expertise in individual, group, and couple therapy. With a commitment to fostering mental health and well-being, I employ a client-centered and evidence-based approach to support individuals and couples on their journey to positive mental health.
(239) 323-7337 View (239) 323-7337
Photo of Michael Ryan Pinter, Psychologist in Bonita Springs, FL
Michael Ryan Pinter
Psychologist, SSP, NCSP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bonita Springs, FL 34134
Hello! My name is Michael Pinter and I specialize in counseling, psychoeducational assessment, and consultation. I provide services to individuals, couples, and families in my practice. Specifically, my services address issues with children, adolescents, and adults who present signs of: anxiety impulses, depression despair, obsessive compulsive behaviors, learning difficulties, relationship issues, life stage transitions, divorce challenges, or related problems. I use an empathic approach to understanding you and your current concerns and we will maneuver them together by building our therapeutic relationship.
Hello! My name is Michael Pinter and I specialize in counseling, psychoeducational assessment, and consultation. I provide services to individuals, couples, and families in my practice. Specifically, my services address issues with children, adolescents, and adults who present signs of: anxiety impulses, depression despair, obsessive compulsive behaviors, learning difficulties, relationship issues, life stage transitions, divorce challenges, or related problems. I use an empathic approach to understanding you and your current concerns and we will maneuver them together by building our therapeutic relationship.
(239) 788-0916 View (239) 788-0916
Photo of Lindsey Wickard, Registered Mental Health Counselor Intern in Bonita Springs, FL
Lindsey Wickard
Registered Mental Health Counselor Intern, MA, RMHCI
Verified Verified
Bonita Springs, FL 34134
Are you a woman struggling with past abuse, self-esteem issues, or relationships? Are you a couple facing major stress in your marriage? Are you a parent concerned about your adolescent who might be experiencing mental health issues or engaging in risky behaviors? I have worked with adolescents and their parents/guardians, women, and married couples, to find solutions for the variety of issues they face. I have also studied about the holistic interaction of body, soul, and spirit, and for 20 years have mentored people of all ages within local churches.
Are you a woman struggling with past abuse, self-esteem issues, or relationships? Are you a couple facing major stress in your marriage? Are you a parent concerned about your adolescent who might be experiencing mental health issues or engaging in risky behaviors? I have worked with adolescents and their parents/guardians, women, and married couples, to find solutions for the variety of issues they face. I have also studied about the holistic interaction of body, soul, and spirit, and for 20 years have mentored people of all ages within local churches.
(239) 920-2926 View (239) 920-2926
Photo of Clarity Counseling of SWFL, Counselor in Bonita Springs, FL
Clarity Counseling of SWFL
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bonita Springs, FL 34135
Hi, I'm Claire Oswald and I am a licensed mental health counselor with the state of Florida. I have received my masters in mental health counseling from Florida Gulf Coast University and have been in practice for the last 7 years. I have background working with both inpatient and outpatient services to be able to fully understand the mental health services that are offered in SWFL. I have worked with many children but specialize in ages 13+. If you are a person who is currently experiencing stress, anxiety, fear, depression, or are just over all needing some therapy in your life then I am happy to be able to help.
Hi, I'm Claire Oswald and I am a licensed mental health counselor with the state of Florida. I have received my masters in mental health counseling from Florida Gulf Coast University and have been in practice for the last 7 years. I have background working with both inpatient and outpatient services to be able to fully understand the mental health services that are offered in SWFL. I have worked with many children but specialize in ages 13+. If you are a person who is currently experiencing stress, anxiety, fear, depression, or are just over all needing some therapy in your life then I am happy to be able to help.
(941) 500-4201 View (941) 500-4201
Photo of Andrea Ramos in Bonita Springs, FL
Andrea Ramos
PMH, RN, NLP, EMDR, MHFA
Verified Verified
Bonita Springs, FL 34134
My unique approach combines the precision of EMDR, the transformative power of NLP, and a wealth of experience in trauma nursing, first responder coaching, certified trauma-informed care, and crisis intervention. My commitment to guiding individuals toward lasting healing and resilience is demonstrated by a client-centered focus. Specializing in working with first responder families, I acknowledge the unique stressors and dynamics these families face.
My unique approach combines the precision of EMDR, the transformative power of NLP, and a wealth of experience in trauma nursing, first responder coaching, certified trauma-informed care, and crisis intervention. My commitment to guiding individuals toward lasting healing and resilience is demonstrated by a client-centered focus. Specializing in working with first responder families, I acknowledge the unique stressors and dynamics these families face.
(239) 206-8588 View (239) 206-8588

See more therapy options for Bonita Springs

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Bonita Springs, FL

100+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Bonita Springs, FL who prioritize treating:

95% Anxiety
93% Depression
85% Relationship Issues
85% Self Esteem
83% Grief
77% Coping Skills
70% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

15 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

67% Cigna and Evernorth
59% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
54% Aetna

How Therapists in Bonita Springs, FL see their clients

76% In Person and Online
24% Online Only

Gender breakdown

82% Female
17% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Bonita Springs?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.