Therapists in Richmond, VA
Jeannette Sedor
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Richmond, VA 23225 (Online Only)
Hi! I am a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) based in Virginia. I work with adults 18+. I have experience in helping clients with stress and anxiety, relationship issues, motivation, self esteem and confidence, trauma, and depression.
Hi! I am a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) based in Virginia. I work with adults 18+. I have experience in helping clients with stress and anxiety, relationship issues, motivation, self esteem and confidence, trauma, and depression.
Tia Lukanova
Supervisee in Clinical Social Work, MSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Richmond, VA 23220
Accepting NEW clients! Do you find yourself numbing your pain by keeping yourself busy? Putting your needs to the side? You may look for ways to escape, but at the end of the day, you're feeling more isolated and disconnected from others, as well as from yourself. If you are tired of running away, or feel stuck or if you are at a major crossroads in your life, you have come to the right place. Schedule a free 15-minute phone consultation and start your journey towards feeling more joy and connection.
Accepting NEW clients! Do you find yourself numbing your pain by keeping yourself busy? Putting your needs to the side? You may look for ways to escape, but at the end of the day, you're feeling more isolated and disconnected from others, as well as from yourself. If you are tired of running away, or feel stuck or if you are at a major crossroads in your life, you have come to the right place. Schedule a free 15-minute phone consultation and start your journey towards feeling more joy and connection.
Gabriella Eljaiek
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Richmond, VA 23219 (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I work using an integrative, person-centered, inclusive, trauma/systems-informed framework to mental health and well-being. My approach is collaborative and you are an integral part of the process. I believe your body/brain/mind already possesses the intrinsic wisdom required to heal. My role is to facilitate your own self-healing by providing guidance, support and suggestions, and sometimes humor. I draw on many psychological perspectives, theories, brain-based techniques, mind-body practices, neuroscience, and research-backed modalities as well as practical solutions and more intuitive approaches to help you along the way.
I work using an integrative, person-centered, inclusive, trauma/systems-informed framework to mental health and well-being. My approach is collaborative and you are an integral part of the process. I believe your body/brain/mind already possesses the intrinsic wisdom required to heal. My role is to facilitate your own self-healing by providing guidance, support and suggestions, and sometimes humor. I draw on many psychological perspectives, theories, brain-based techniques, mind-body practices, neuroscience, and research-backed modalities as well as practical solutions and more intuitive approaches to help you along the way.
Sarah Falzone
Resident in Counseling, MA, LPC-R, JD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Richmond, VA 23220 (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Do you feel like no matter what you do, you keep ending up in the same place with the same problems? Maybe you’re trying to manage anxiety, depression, or anger. It could be a past trauma or an ongoing battle with substance use, which can also impact your job, your relationships, etc. Feeling lost, overwhelmed, or stuck can make daily life a struggle, not to mention the pain of feeling disconnected from who you really are or want to be. I believe we all can grow beyond old patterns, reactions, and less healthy ways of coping so we can experience emotional security, confident connection, and lasting recovery.
Do you feel like no matter what you do, you keep ending up in the same place with the same problems? Maybe you’re trying to manage anxiety, depression, or anger. It could be a past trauma or an ongoing battle with substance use, which can also impact your job, your relationships, etc. Feeling lost, overwhelmed, or stuck can make daily life a struggle, not to mention the pain of feeling disconnected from who you really are or want to be. I believe we all can grow beyond old patterns, reactions, and less healthy ways of coping so we can experience emotional security, confident connection, and lasting recovery.
Kathryn Wilson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Richmond, VA 23225 (Online Only)
Hi there! I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker based in Richmond, Virginia. I received my undergraduate degree from Christopher Newport University and earned my Masters in Social Work from Virginia Commonwealth University. With more than 5 years of practice experience, I help children, adolescents, and young adults with untangling difficult issues and finding a path toward a better version of their lives, whatever that means for each person!
Hi there! I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker based in Richmond, Virginia. I received my undergraduate degree from Christopher Newport University and earned my Masters in Social Work from Virginia Commonwealth University. With more than 5 years of practice experience, I help children, adolescents, and young adults with untangling difficult issues and finding a path toward a better version of their lives, whatever that means for each person!
JacLovelle Coaching & Consulting Group, LLC
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, DSL, CSAC, CAC, AGRMS
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Richmond, VA 23234
Are you desiring to reclaim your life after a painful loss? Are recent changes in your normal routine have you feeling emotionally drained? Grief is the normal and natural reaction to loss of any kind. Whether it's the death of a loved one, a divorce, career change, a move, change in health, loss of freedom, or any of the 40+ losses a person may experience during their life time; I will walk this journey with you! Also, with 35 years as Substance Abuse Treatment Professional and an Advanced Grief Recovery Method Specialist, an additional aspect of my work is centered in the correlation between addiction, grief and relapse.
Are you desiring to reclaim your life after a painful loss? Are recent changes in your normal routine have you feeling emotionally drained? Grief is the normal and natural reaction to loss of any kind. Whether it's the death of a loved one, a divorce, career change, a move, change in health, loss of freedom, or any of the 40+ losses a person may experience during their life time; I will walk this journey with you! Also, with 35 years as Substance Abuse Treatment Professional and an Advanced Grief Recovery Method Specialist, an additional aspect of my work is centered in the correlation between addiction, grief and relapse.
M. Christy Barongan
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Richmond, VA 23225 (Online Only)
Hi I'm Christy. Do you sometimes find that you are your own worst enemy? Finding fault with everything you do, never feeling like you're living up to expectations? My goal in therapy is to help you turn your inner critic into a compassionate voice that can comfort you when you're down and give you the inspiration you need to reach your goals.
Hi I'm Christy. Do you sometimes find that you are your own worst enemy? Finding fault with everything you do, never feeling like you're living up to expectations? My goal in therapy is to help you turn your inner critic into a compassionate voice that can comfort you when you're down and give you the inspiration you need to reach your goals.
Meg Harney
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Richmond, VA 23220
Providing clients with a sense of empowerment is a cornerstone of my practice. I approach each client with compassion and curiosity and am committed to helping clients resolve the beliefs and behaviors that have felt unhelpful or unrelenting. I am experienced treating individuals with anxiety, depression (including peripartum depression), relationship difficulties, infertility, emotion dysregulation, grief, and difficulty adjusting to new roles such as the transition to college. I specialize in treating individuals who express concerns about their eating or who feel dissatisfied with their bodies, including individuals with anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, or binge eating disorder.
Providing clients with a sense of empowerment is a cornerstone of my practice. I approach each client with compassion and curiosity and am committed to helping clients resolve the beliefs and behaviors that have felt unhelpful or unrelenting. I am experienced treating individuals with anxiety, depression (including peripartum depression), relationship difficulties, infertility, emotion dysregulation, grief, and difficulty adjusting to new roles such as the transition to college. I specialize in treating individuals who express concerns about their eating or who feel dissatisfied with their bodies, including individuals with anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, or binge eating disorder.
Scott Beach
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Richmond, VA 23230
Scott Beach is a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) who has 16 years of experience in the mental health field. Scott has worked in several different areas, including private and state-run psychiatric hospitals with adults and children, as an outpatient therapist for a community mental health child and family program, and in a hospital emergency room to help assess individuals who might need hospitalization. These enriching experiences have allowed Scott the opportunity to develop competency in treating a broad range of clients with diverse mental health and substance use issues.
Scott Beach is a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) who has 16 years of experience in the mental health field. Scott has worked in several different areas, including private and state-run psychiatric hospitals with adults and children, as an outpatient therapist for a community mental health child and family program, and in a hospital emergency room to help assess individuals who might need hospitalization. These enriching experiences have allowed Scott the opportunity to develop competency in treating a broad range of clients with diverse mental health and substance use issues.
Rivers Bend Clinicals, LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor
Verified Verified
Richmond, VA 23223
Our clients require training and education on ways to improving coping mechanisms when living with a mental health illness/diagnosis. We train, monitor, and educate clients on skills development for living independently. We teach clients about their psychotropic medication and ensure medication management. We connect and educate clients to and about community resources. We also demonstrate, train, and model self-advocacy skills to our clients. Our clients may have treatment history that includes substance abuse or doctor's recommendation.
Our clients require training and education on ways to improving coping mechanisms when living with a mental health illness/diagnosis. We train, monitor, and educate clients on skills development for living independently. We teach clients about their psychotropic medication and ensure medication management. We connect and educate clients to and about community resources. We also demonstrate, train, and model self-advocacy skills to our clients. Our clients may have treatment history that includes substance abuse or doctor's recommendation.
Chloe Arditi
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Richmond, VA 23219
Hello, my name is Chloe. I am a Licensed Professional Counselor, working at my solo practice with one office in Downtown Richmond (Tuesday, Thursday) and one in North Chesterfield (Wednesday, Friday, Saturday). I am a sort of generalist and work with clients of all ages, including children, teens, college students, adults, and families. LGBTQ+ friendly
Hello, my name is Chloe. I am a Licensed Professional Counselor, working at my solo practice with one office in Downtown Richmond (Tuesday, Thursday) and one in North Chesterfield (Wednesday, Friday, Saturday). I am a sort of generalist and work with clients of all ages, including children, teens, college students, adults, and families. LGBTQ+ friendly
15 Second Videos
JacLovelle Coaching & Consulting Group, LLC
Tracey Johnson King
Maxine W. Fuller
Shayna Sweezy
Alyssa Shank
Lindsay Pugh
Vanessa Johnson
Lisa Berman
Brittany Morris
Marie P Norton
Elise Kindya
Rebecca Nicholson
Transgender Dysphoria Diagnosis - WPATH Letters
Sonja Harrison
Paula Schoenau
Caitlin Shiflett
Amplify Counseling & Coaching LLC
Yvette Coronado
J Group Counseling Services, LLC
Stephen Barlow
Behavioral Health Therapy & Consulting
K. Jason Pryor
Erin Delp
Brandy Rucker
Blair S Caldwell
Jenna Budreau
Khia Glover
Jackson Caswell
Shannon Fowler
Sofia Anna Crowe
Renee Tong
Taylor Hayden
Shirley Moore
Micky Greene
Marcella Sims
Nyeesha Thompson
Chris E Carson
Nastassja Marshall
Andrea Marburger
Kara Weiland
Jennifer Eid
Sharmane Duren Grady
Jeffrey Everett
Adam Alderson
Brittany A Flora
Jordan M Nacht
Laura Szyikowski
Relationship Consultants
Trasie Marie Phillips
Angelica Gehlich
Transcending Adversity Counseling Services LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC-S, M Ed
Verified Verified
Richmond, VA 23237
Emotions are an important part of life, and help us to connect with others. Sometimes our experiences with intense emotions can take away from our ability to clearly communicate with each other or appreciate ourselves. Do you find it difficult to enjoy life in the moment? too focused on the past or worried about the future? Do you wish you could connect with your family or partner in a way that doesn't lead to conflict or slammed doors? Whether you are experiencing relationship conflicts, depression, anxiety, anger, feelings of low self esteem or sex related concerns, your feelings do not have to control your life.
Emotions are an important part of life, and help us to connect with others. Sometimes our experiences with intense emotions can take away from our ability to clearly communicate with each other or appreciate ourselves. Do you find it difficult to enjoy life in the moment? too focused on the past or worried about the future? Do you wish you could connect with your family or partner in a way that doesn't lead to conflict or slammed doors? Whether you are experiencing relationship conflicts, depression, anxiety, anger, feelings of low self esteem or sex related concerns, your feelings do not have to control your life.
Rachel Walls
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Richmond, VA 23219
Waitlist for new clients
I pursued this work because I know what it is like to be knocked off course. Over the years, I have found that assisting people heal from trauma is what I am meant to do. I focus on empowering my clients through education, proven therapies, and allowing my clients to lead their treatment. You are the expert on your own experience! I'm here to safely offer you an alternate path to your goals. You are experiencing a normal reaction to something that is abnormal. Trauma and grief are heavy - you don't have to carry it alone and it does not have to be a part of your identity.
I pursued this work because I know what it is like to be knocked off course. Over the years, I have found that assisting people heal from trauma is what I am meant to do. I focus on empowering my clients through education, proven therapies, and allowing my clients to lead their treatment. You are the expert on your own experience! I'm here to safely offer you an alternate path to your goals. You are experiencing a normal reaction to something that is abnormal. Trauma and grief are heavy - you don't have to carry it alone and it does not have to be a part of your identity.
Rachel Baylor
Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Richmond, VA 23230
Rachel Baylor is a Licensed Professional Counselor in Virginia who has been practicing since 2023. She received her M. A. in Clinical Mental Health Counseling from the Chicago School of Professional Psychology and her B.A. in Psychology from Hampton University with a minor in Children and Family studies. Rachel is a 200-hour Registered Yoga Teacher, and her approach is person-centered and strength based. Perhaps you are single, feeling alone in your relationships, struggling to connect with your partner. Maybe you are a parent struggling to bond with your child or looking for ways to best support your child(ren).
Rachel Baylor is a Licensed Professional Counselor in Virginia who has been practicing since 2023. She received her M. A. in Clinical Mental Health Counseling from the Chicago School of Professional Psychology and her B.A. in Psychology from Hampton University with a minor in Children and Family studies. Rachel is a 200-hour Registered Yoga Teacher, and her approach is person-centered and strength based. Perhaps you are single, feeling alone in your relationships, struggling to connect with your partner. Maybe you are a parent struggling to bond with your child or looking for ways to best support your child(ren).
Neva S Morrison
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Richmond, VA 23230 (Online Only)
I don't believe in practicing from a distance, I bring my real self into the room in an accessible and open way. I am wholeheartedly invested in the people I work with and believe that therapy works best when it's a collaborative process. Ultimately, you just want a therapist who gets you, and I get that. I know it is a daunting task to select someone to support your mental health needs and for me no one is "just a client." I would be honored to work with you. My clinical specialization is Trauma.
I don't believe in practicing from a distance, I bring my real self into the room in an accessible and open way. I am wholeheartedly invested in the people I work with and believe that therapy works best when it's a collaborative process. Ultimately, you just want a therapist who gets you, and I get that. I know it is a daunting task to select someone to support your mental health needs and for me no one is "just a client." I would be honored to work with you. My clinical specialization is Trauma.
Dr. Eric Tucker
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, EdD, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Richmond, VA 23220 (Online Only)
Life can be a challenge. Even with the most sincere attempt and best effort, everyone experience setbacks, loss, trauma, and at times, a reduced sense of hope. In the darkest moments, we need someone to offer genuine support, help us discover sustainable solutions, and guide us through challenges to the ultimate pivot. While I welcome and have experience with diverse populations, I am especially passionate about increasing access and reducing the stigma of behavioral health among men. You can expect professional high quality care, humor, and a compassionate yet challenging partnership to help you discover quality health & wellness.
Life can be a challenge. Even with the most sincere attempt and best effort, everyone experience setbacks, loss, trauma, and at times, a reduced sense of hope. In the darkest moments, we need someone to offer genuine support, help us discover sustainable solutions, and guide us through challenges to the ultimate pivot. While I welcome and have experience with diverse populations, I am especially passionate about increasing access and reducing the stigma of behavioral health among men. You can expect professional high quality care, humor, and a compassionate yet challenging partnership to help you discover quality health & wellness.
Tracey Johnson King
Resident in Counseling, MA, CMHC, LifeCoa, Outpati, Residen
Verified Verified
Richmond, VA 23234
Mental health is my priority and supporting families is a passion. I am Tracey Johnson-King, a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) Resident and Life Coach certified. I started my mental health career in 2012 as a community QMHP. I am a mother of 10 and grandmother of 8. Currently, I am Crisis Clinician who assist those with an immediate need of mental health stabilization. I am a crisis assessor and currently started my own company Fresh Nu Beginnings LLC. We assist those within a crisis and support them within the community to stabilize.
Mental health is my priority and supporting families is a passion. I am Tracey Johnson-King, a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) Resident and Life Coach certified. I started my mental health career in 2012 as a community QMHP. I am a mother of 10 and grandmother of 8. Currently, I am Crisis Clinician who assist those with an immediate need of mental health stabilization. I am a crisis assessor and currently started my own company Fresh Nu Beginnings LLC. We assist those within a crisis and support them within the community to stabilize.
Dr. Sibhon Brown, LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC, LSATP
Verified Verified
Richmond, VA 23223 (Online Only)
Do you feel misunderstood? Do you need someone to talk to? I have a wide-range background working with children, adolescents, and adults, providing psychotherapy. I have worked in a variety of localities to include but not limited to: schools, hospitals, private practices, and community settings. I am zealous about aiding people of varying ages and families reach their maximum potential.
Do you feel misunderstood? Do you need someone to talk to? I have a wide-range background working with children, adolescents, and adults, providing psychotherapy. I have worked in a variety of localities to include but not limited to: schools, hospitals, private practices, and community settings. I am zealous about aiding people of varying ages and families reach their maximum potential.
William J. Spitzer
PhD, DCSW, CLC, ACSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Richmond, VA 23231
My clients may feel that they have been unable to comfortably make decisions in their lives or have made poor decisions. They may not have been able to identify or achieve their goals, leaving them feel unfulfilled. Often, they want to initiate change but have uncertainty about their ability to do so or the steps in that process. They seek to establish and achieve goals that will bring fulfillment, enjoyment, material comfort and success in their lives. My clients seek lives in which they are self-confident and motivated. Through the coaching relationship, they determined what was important to them, then pursued and achieved it.
My clients may feel that they have been unable to comfortably make decisions in their lives or have made poor decisions. They may not have been able to identify or achieve their goals, leaving them feel unfulfilled. Often, they want to initiate change but have uncertainty about their ability to do so or the steps in that process. They seek to establish and achieve goals that will bring fulfillment, enjoyment, material comfort and success in their lives. My clients seek lives in which they are self-confident and motivated. Through the coaching relationship, they determined what was important to them, then pursued and achieved it.
Shameka Clark-Savage
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Richmond, VA 23235
My name is Shameka Clark-Savage and I was born and raised in Virginia. I completed my undergraduate degree in Liberal Arts & Education and Masters of Education in School/Community Counseling at Virginia State University. I completed my internship providing outpatient therapy for a Christian Counseling organization where I worked with an array of disorders and life changing situations. I have experience working with victims of domestic violence.
My name is Shameka Clark-Savage and I was born and raised in Virginia. I completed my undergraduate degree in Liberal Arts & Education and Masters of Education in School/Community Counseling at Virginia State University. I completed my internship providing outpatient therapy for a Christian Counseling organization where I worked with an array of disorders and life changing situations. I have experience working with victims of domestic violence.
See more therapy options for Richmond
How does your Therapist compare?
Number of Therapists in Richmond, VA
1,000+
Average cost per session
$135
Therapists in Richmond, VA who prioritize treating:
93% | Anxiety |
89% | Depression |
75% | Self Esteem |
74% | Coping Skills |
70% | Trauma and PTSD |
68% | Relationship Issues |
67% | Stress |
Average years in practice
11 Years
Top 3 insurances accepted
78% | Aetna |
77% | UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH |
76% | Cigna and Evernorth |
How Therapists in Richmond, VA see their clients
56% | In Person and Online | |
44% | Online Only |
Gender breakdown
83% | Female | |
16% | Male | |
1% | Non-Binary |
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling
How can I find a therapist in Richmond?
Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.
Learn more about how to find a therapist
Learn more about how to find a therapist
Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?
The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.
Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.
Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.
What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?
Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.
Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.
Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.
What type of therapy is right for me?
The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.
How much does therapy cost?
The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.
What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?
Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.
Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?
Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.
Is online therapy a good option?
Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.
Are therapy sessions confidential?
Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.