Therapists in Chesapeake, VA

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Photo of Erin Lutumba, Resident in Marriage and Family Therapy in Chesapeake, VA
Erin Lutumba
Resident in Marriage and Family Therapy, Residen
Verified Verified
Chesapeake, VA 23320
Erin Lutumba is currently a Resident in Marriage and Family Therapy working towards licensure. She graduated with her Masters degree in Marriage, Couple and Family Therapy from Regent University. She also has a Bachelor's degree in Psychology from the University of West Georgia. Outside of formal education, she is certified in SYMBIS premarital counseling and level II trained in Gottman Couples Therapy. She loves working with relationships, because they shape every individual. The beautiful thing is that a person's attributes impact their relationships, too.
Erin Lutumba is currently a Resident in Marriage and Family Therapy working towards licensure. She graduated with her Masters degree in Marriage, Couple and Family Therapy from Regent University. She also has a Bachelor's degree in Psychology from the University of West Georgia. Outside of formal education, she is certified in SYMBIS premarital counseling and level II trained in Gottman Couples Therapy. She loves working with relationships, because they shape every individual. The beautiful thing is that a person's attributes impact their relationships, too.
(757) 280-3864 View (757) 280-3864
Photo of Justin Steele, Psychologist in Chesapeake, VA
Justin Steele
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Chesapeake, VA 23320
Dr. Steele earned a Bachelor of Arts (BA) in Religion, Psychology, and Sociology from The University of Findlay in 2007. He then went on to pursue some of his personal interests and earned a Master of Fine Arts (MFA) in Cinema/TV Directing from Regent University in 2010. Finally, Dr. Steele earned a Master of Arts (MA) and Doctorate (Psy. D. ) in Clinical Psychology from Regent University in 2013 and 2017, respectively. During his career. Dr. Steele has served on active duty in the United States Army and completed rotations in a sleep clinic, a primary care center, and in cognitive evaluation.
Dr. Steele earned a Bachelor of Arts (BA) in Religion, Psychology, and Sociology from The University of Findlay in 2007. He then went on to pursue some of his personal interests and earned a Master of Fine Arts (MFA) in Cinema/TV Directing from Regent University in 2010. Finally, Dr. Steele earned a Master of Arts (MA) and Doctorate (Psy. D. ) in Clinical Psychology from Regent University in 2013 and 2017, respectively. During his career. Dr. Steele has served on active duty in the United States Army and completed rotations in a sleep clinic, a primary care center, and in cognitive evaluation.
(757) 239-3576 View (757) 239-3576
Photo of Ditesha McNeil - EMDR Therapist in Chesapeake, VA
Ditesha McNeil - EMDR Therapist
LPC
Verified Verified
Chesapeake, VA 23321  (Online Only)
I’m a Licensed Professional Counselor of Virginia. I have over 8 years of experience and my passion entails helping adolescents, and adults in need of support adjusting through life adversities. My therapeutic approach includes Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, EMDR, Psychoeducational Approach, and Solution Focused Therapy.
I’m a Licensed Professional Counselor of Virginia. I have over 8 years of experience and my passion entails helping adolescents, and adults in need of support adjusting through life adversities. My therapeutic approach includes Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, EMDR, Psychoeducational Approach, and Solution Focused Therapy.
(757) 992-9893 View (757) 992-9893
Photo of Robin Beck, Licensed Professional Counselor in Chesapeake, VA
Robin Beck
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Chesapeake, VA 23321
Welcome! My name is Robin Beck and I am a Licensed Professional Counselor. I will work with individuals, couples, and families experiencing depression, anxiety, bipolar, trauma, PTSD, substance use as a comorbid issue, ADHD, adjustment disorder, anger management, behavioral issues, and relational issues. I specialize in CBT, DBT, person-centered, positive psychology, solution-focused, existential, and trauma-informed therapy when working with clients. I believe once the root of the problem is discovered, we can process it and find positive strategies to heal through the painful core issue.
Welcome! My name is Robin Beck and I am a Licensed Professional Counselor. I will work with individuals, couples, and families experiencing depression, anxiety, bipolar, trauma, PTSD, substance use as a comorbid issue, ADHD, adjustment disorder, anger management, behavioral issues, and relational issues. I specialize in CBT, DBT, person-centered, positive psychology, solution-focused, existential, and trauma-informed therapy when working with clients. I believe once the root of the problem is discovered, we can process it and find positive strategies to heal through the painful core issue.
(757) 982-8063 View (757) 982-8063
Photo of Alise Stults, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chesapeake, VA
Alise Stults
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Chesapeake, VA 23321
Alise Stults is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) who has been providing therapy services for more than 4 years. She is passionate about helping children, adolescents, adults, and families address challenges, overcome barriers to success and improve their well-being. Alise specializes in identity exploration, depression, anxiety, trauma, relational issues, and emotional regulation.
Alise Stults is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) who has been providing therapy services for more than 4 years. She is passionate about helping children, adolescents, adults, and families address challenges, overcome barriers to success and improve their well-being. Alise specializes in identity exploration, depression, anxiety, trauma, relational issues, and emotional regulation.
(757) 300-1350 View (757) 300-1350
Photo of Elana Sowers, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chesapeake, VA
Elana Sowers
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Chesapeake, VA 23321
Elana Sowers is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) who has over 10 years of experience working with a diverse range of clients from children (ages birth to 12), adults, couples, families, and people who identify as LGBTQ+. She specializes in treating concerns or conditions related to difficult life transitions, domestic violence, parenting difficulties, family conflict, sexual assault, grief, stress, loss, low self-esteem, depression, and more. Elana earned her Bachelor’s Degree in Psychology from the State University of New York College-Brockport and her Master of Social Work from the State University of New York-Albany.
Elana Sowers is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) who has over 10 years of experience working with a diverse range of clients from children (ages birth to 12), adults, couples, families, and people who identify as LGBTQ+. She specializes in treating concerns or conditions related to difficult life transitions, domestic violence, parenting difficulties, family conflict, sexual assault, grief, stress, loss, low self-esteem, depression, and more. Elana earned her Bachelor’s Degree in Psychology from the State University of New York College-Brockport and her Master of Social Work from the State University of New York-Albany.
(757) 821-6908 View (757) 821-6908
Photo of Karri Lewis, Licensed Professional Counselor in Chesapeake, VA
Karri Lewis
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Chesapeake, VA 23320  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Hi, my name is Karri and I am a Licensed Professional Counselor and I have lived in the Hampton Roads area since 2011. I love what I do, I’m passionate about my work and focusing on my client’s journey toward healing, growth, and transformation. I understand the importance of meeting my clients wherever he/she/they is/are in life. I hold each client’s therapeutic work with great regard.
Hi, my name is Karri and I am a Licensed Professional Counselor and I have lived in the Hampton Roads area since 2011. I love what I do, I’m passionate about my work and focusing on my client’s journey toward healing, growth, and transformation. I understand the importance of meeting my clients wherever he/she/they is/are in life. I hold each client’s therapeutic work with great regard.
(757) 231-3456 View (757) 231-3456
Photo of Tiara L Dixon, Supervisee in Clinical Social Work in Chesapeake, VA
Tiara L Dixon
Supervisee in Clinical Social Work, MSW
Verified Verified
Chesapeake, VA 23320
Congratulations on taking the first step to becoming a better you. It's time to rewrite your story. Depressed? Overwhelmed with life, work, family, finances? Anxious? Unable to focus on yourself? Suffering from past trauma? Not feeling appreciated and have limited support? Don't worry you're not alone. Life can be tough but so are you.
Congratulations on taking the first step to becoming a better you. It's time to rewrite your story. Depressed? Overwhelmed with life, work, family, finances? Anxious? Unable to focus on yourself? Suffering from past trauma? Not feeling appreciated and have limited support? Don't worry you're not alone. Life can be tough but so are you.
(757) 520-1249 View (757) 520-1249
Photo of Neda Lopez, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chesapeake, VA
Neda Lopez
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CSAC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chesapeake, VA 23320  (Online Only)
Every person has worth, purpose and the skills they need to overcome the barriers in their life. I believe individuals have great capacity for resiliency, strength, hope and courage. Are you having difficulty seeing these characteristics in yourself? Does life have you feeling upside down? With 20 years of experience, I assist children, adolescents, adults, couples, and families to heal from symptoms of depression, trauma, addiction, substance use, family conflict, relationship discord, parenting, anxiety, low self-esteem, life transitions, grief and loss, and severe mental illness. Today is the right time for a better you.
Every person has worth, purpose and the skills they need to overcome the barriers in their life. I believe individuals have great capacity for resiliency, strength, hope and courage. Are you having difficulty seeing these characteristics in yourself? Does life have you feeling upside down? With 20 years of experience, I assist children, adolescents, adults, couples, and families to heal from symptoms of depression, trauma, addiction, substance use, family conflict, relationship discord, parenting, anxiety, low self-esteem, life transitions, grief and loss, and severe mental illness. Today is the right time for a better you.
(757) 992-9682 View (757) 992-9682
Photo of Dr. Jenay Garrett, Licensed Professional Counselor in Chesapeake, VA
Dr. Jenay Garrett
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Chesapeake, VA 23324  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Life has a way to dealing certain cards that can have a huge impact how we see and interact with the world around us. Those experiences mixed with negative feelings/emotions can create disruptions or disharmony in our life's; leaving us feeling angry, depressed, anxious, ashamed, hurt, disappointed, confused, unbalance, or traumatized. Any issue left unresolved has the potential to create or continue an unhealthy cycle of functioning. Using therapy, I provide clients with the space/environment where they can explore and process past and present experiences that impact how they feel and function.
Life has a way to dealing certain cards that can have a huge impact how we see and interact with the world around us. Those experiences mixed with negative feelings/emotions can create disruptions or disharmony in our life's; leaving us feeling angry, depressed, anxious, ashamed, hurt, disappointed, confused, unbalance, or traumatized. Any issue left unresolved has the potential to create or continue an unhealthy cycle of functioning. Using therapy, I provide clients with the space/environment where they can explore and process past and present experiences that impact how they feel and function.
(757) 320-0703 View (757) 320-0703
Photo of Michelle Juarez, Licensed Professional Counselor in Chesapeake, VA
Michelle Juarez
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, CSAC, NCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Chesapeake, VA 23320
Not accepting new clients
Are you struggling with infertility? Have you experienced unsuccessful IVF attempts? Have you experienced the loss of a child during or shortly after birth? Do you feel anxious, depressed, vulnerable, frustrated, hopeless, angry, or inadequate? Does it seem as if you have loss total control of your life? Is your problem affecting your daily functioning? Do you feel alone? Does is seem no one understands? If the answer is "yes" you have come to the right place. Allow me to assist you with managing the emotional and psychological pain associated with this devastating type of loss in a supportive and caring environment.
Are you struggling with infertility? Have you experienced unsuccessful IVF attempts? Have you experienced the loss of a child during or shortly after birth? Do you feel anxious, depressed, vulnerable, frustrated, hopeless, angry, or inadequate? Does it seem as if you have loss total control of your life? Is your problem affecting your daily functioning? Do you feel alone? Does is seem no one understands? If the answer is "yes" you have come to the right place. Allow me to assist you with managing the emotional and psychological pain associated with this devastating type of loss in a supportive and caring environment.
(757) 512-7997 View (757) 512-7997
Photo of Alyssa Strickland, Counselor in Chesapeake, VA
Alyssa Strickland
Counselor, MS, LPC, ATR-BC, CSAC
Verified Verified
Chesapeake, VA 23320
Over my years in practice, it has been an honor to work with children, teens, adults, and families in the counseling setting. I approach my work with clients in a strengths-based and collaborative manner. I believe strongly in people's innate ability to heal and greatly enjoy partnering with my clients on this journey. Clients may choose to incorporate creative approaches including art and play therapies. These interventions can address deep-rooted pains through expression, metaphor, and reflection. I also utilize techniques to calm and positively change inner dialogue and assist in emotional regulation.
Over my years in practice, it has been an honor to work with children, teens, adults, and families in the counseling setting. I approach my work with clients in a strengths-based and collaborative manner. I believe strongly in people's innate ability to heal and greatly enjoy partnering with my clients on this journey. Clients may choose to incorporate creative approaches including art and play therapies. These interventions can address deep-rooted pains through expression, metaphor, and reflection. I also utilize techniques to calm and positively change inner dialogue and assist in emotional regulation.
(757) 273-6020 View (757) 273-6020
Photo of Cheryl L Cox, Marriage & Family Therapist in Chesapeake, VA
Cheryl L Cox
Marriage & Family Therapist, LPC, LMFT, RPT-S
Verified Verified
Chesapeake, VA 23321
If you or a member of your family is struggling with anxiety, depression or behavioral issues, I can help. I have been in practice in the Commonwealth of Virginia for over 25 years.
If you or a member of your family is struggling with anxiety, depression or behavioral issues, I can help. I have been in practice in the Commonwealth of Virginia for over 25 years.
(757) 607-4679 View (757) 607-4679
Photo of Karen Williams, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chesapeake, VA
Karen Williams
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Chesapeake, VA 23321  (Online Only)
Great Day to You, I'm Karen! I'm a veteran of the United States Navy & have over 10 years in the behavioral health field. I have a question for you, are memories of past & as well as current experiences causing you to become depressed or anxious? Do you want to learn how to deal with intrusive thoughts that can ruin your self esteem or & your outlook on life?
Great Day to You, I'm Karen! I'm a veteran of the United States Navy & have over 10 years in the behavioral health field. I have a question for you, are memories of past & as well as current experiences causing you to become depressed or anxious? Do you want to learn how to deal with intrusive thoughts that can ruin your self esteem or & your outlook on life?
(757) 909-5486 View (757) 909-5486
Photo of Quanisha Grimes, Resident in Counseling in Chesapeake, VA
Quanisha Grimes
Resident in Counseling, MEd
Verified Verified
Chesapeake, VA 23323
As someone who is deeply passionate about supporting individuals on their journey to emotional and mental well-being, I am here to offer you a safe space where we will collaboratively explore your thoughts, feelings, and concerns without judgment.
As someone who is deeply passionate about supporting individuals on their journey to emotional and mental well-being, I am here to offer you a safe space where we will collaboratively explore your thoughts, feelings, and concerns without judgment.
(757) 801-5651 View (757) 801-5651
Photo of Bridgette Carlette Williams, Licensed Professional Counselor in Chesapeake, VA
Bridgette Carlette Williams
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, LSATP
Verified Verified
Chesapeake, VA 23320
Are you feeling stuck and exhausted lately? Are life's challenges weighing you down, making you feel defeated? You're not alone in this journey. With 20 years of experience, I specialize in helping individuals overwhelmed by anxiety and low self-esteem.
Are you feeling stuck and exhausted lately? Are life's challenges weighing you down, making you feel defeated? You're not alone in this journey. With 20 years of experience, I specialize in helping individuals overwhelmed by anxiety and low self-esteem.
(757) 379-5278 View (757) 379-5278
Photo of Ann-Marie Johnson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chesapeake, VA
Ann-Marie Johnson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Chesapeake, VA 23322
Are you feeling overwhelmed by the darkness that overshadows your life? Maybe it is due to negative experiences or a past you cannot let go. Owning your story can be challenging but running from it can lead to results that are even more devastating. Mental health, varying crisis and substance abuse are common in today’s society, and many people benefit from talking with a mental health therapist. Often, our negative thoughts, patterns and persistent habits are what causes anxiety, depression, increased stress and other issues. As your therapist, I would work with you to develop goals that fit your needs and provide support.
Are you feeling overwhelmed by the darkness that overshadows your life? Maybe it is due to negative experiences or a past you cannot let go. Owning your story can be challenging but running from it can lead to results that are even more devastating. Mental health, varying crisis and substance abuse are common in today’s society, and many people benefit from talking with a mental health therapist. Often, our negative thoughts, patterns and persistent habits are what causes anxiety, depression, increased stress and other issues. As your therapist, I would work with you to develop goals that fit your needs and provide support.
(757) 231-3445 View (757) 231-3445
Photo of Fountain of Hope Counseling Center , Resident in Marriage and Family Therapy in Chesapeake, VA
Fountain of Hope Counseling Center
Resident in Marriage and Family Therapy
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chesapeake, VA 23321  (Online Only)
An idea client can be answered different depending on each therapist, but I would have to say that my idea client is one that is motivated and are ready to work, Open-minded, flexible, adaptable and are curious about themselves. Also, the idea client is consistent (with payment & appointments) and will tolerate pain for growth if necessary. Through therapy, we ask clients to step beyond where they are, and what limits them. Defining my ideal client is simply me as a therapist, asking myself to do the same thing. As a therapist, I should be able to do what my client, through therapy, will be doing. Without fear.
An idea client can be answered different depending on each therapist, but I would have to say that my idea client is one that is motivated and are ready to work, Open-minded, flexible, adaptable and are curious about themselves. Also, the idea client is consistent (with payment & appointments) and will tolerate pain for growth if necessary. Through therapy, we ask clients to step beyond where they are, and what limits them. Defining my ideal client is simply me as a therapist, asking myself to do the same thing. As a therapist, I should be able to do what my client, through therapy, will be doing. Without fear.
(757) 767-4145 View (757) 767-4145
Photo of Brittney Juanita Pearson, Psychologist in Chesapeake, VA
Brittney Juanita Pearson
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Chesapeake, VA 23321  (Online Only)
Brittney Juanita Pearson is a Licensed Psychologist who has worked with clients varying in ages from 7 to 65 years old. Brittney’s clients include those with severe and persistent mental illnesses, severe emotional disturbances, and individuals struggling with major life adjustments. She has found success working with clients who struggle with daily living due to anxiety, mood disturbances, psychosis, or behavioral issues. Brittney is committed to creating a therapeutic environment that is both welcoming and comfortable for the client. I offer counseling and talk therapy services; however, I do not currently offer psychological test
Brittney Juanita Pearson is a Licensed Psychologist who has worked with clients varying in ages from 7 to 65 years old. Brittney’s clients include those with severe and persistent mental illnesses, severe emotional disturbances, and individuals struggling with major life adjustments. She has found success working with clients who struggle with daily living due to anxiety, mood disturbances, psychosis, or behavioral issues. Brittney is committed to creating a therapeutic environment that is both welcoming and comfortable for the client. I offer counseling and talk therapy services; however, I do not currently offer psychological test
(757) 835-3337 View (757) 835-3337
Photo of Kestyn Ritchotte, Pre-Licensed Professional in Chesapeake, VA
Kestyn Ritchotte
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, RC
Verified Verified
Chesapeake, VA 23321  (Online Only)
No one can make you feel inferior without your consent. - Eleanor Roosevelt - I love finding ways to incorporate mindfulness into varying therapeutic exercises. If you are seeking a very interactive approach to counseling, we would be an excellent fit. I have worked extensively with children of all abilities and their families; as well as have experience in addiction. I am an LGBTQ+ ally and offer a safe, welcoming space for all clients.
No one can make you feel inferior without your consent. - Eleanor Roosevelt - I love finding ways to incorporate mindfulness into varying therapeutic exercises. If you are seeking a very interactive approach to counseling, we would be an excellent fit. I have worked extensively with children of all abilities and their families; as well as have experience in addiction. I am an LGBTQ+ ally and offer a safe, welcoming space for all clients.
(757) 364-0782 View (757) 364-0782

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Chesapeake, VA

500+

Average cost per session

$130

Therapists in Chesapeake, VA who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
88% Depression
72% Self Esteem
70% Relationship Issues
70% Trauma and PTSD
70% Stress
69% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

77% Anthem | Elevance
76% Aetna
73% BlueCross and BlueShield

How Therapists in Chesapeake, VA see their clients

66% In Person and Online
34% Online Only

Gender breakdown

86% Female
13% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Chesapeake?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.