Therapists in Oswego, IL

Photo of Christine Caputo, Counselor in Oswego, IL
Christine Caputo
Counselor, MS, LCPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Oswego, IL 60543
I work with a number of clients clients including adolescents, adults, couples, and families. Several issues I feel comfortable working with include anxiety, depression, stress management, grief issues, adjustment and change issues, Bipolar Disorders, working through past trauma, issues with self-injury, suicidal ideation, sexual/verbal/emotional/physical abuse issues, self-esteem/self-worth issues, bullying, communication issues, sexual or intimacy struggles. I specialize in working with the LGBTQIA community and other gender and sexually diverse populations.
I work with a number of clients clients including adolescents, adults, couples, and families. Several issues I feel comfortable working with include anxiety, depression, stress management, grief issues, adjustment and change issues, Bipolar Disorders, working through past trauma, issues with self-injury, suicidal ideation, sexual/verbal/emotional/physical abuse issues, self-esteem/self-worth issues, bullying, communication issues, sexual or intimacy struggles. I specialize in working with the LGBTQIA community and other gender and sexually diverse populations.
(815) 709-0306 View (815) 709-0306
Photo of Julia Malone, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oswego, IL
Julia Malone
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oswego, IL 60543
Certified Clinical Trauma Professional (CCTP). Certified Clinical Anxiety Treatment Professional (CCATP) It is important for me to make you feel welcomed and safe. Life has many challenges whether they are past or present that can feel overwhelming to deal with. I use a direct and client-centered approach with clients, I believe in challenge and working towards change. Each person is unique and deserves to be valued.
Certified Clinical Trauma Professional (CCTP). Certified Clinical Anxiety Treatment Professional (CCATP) It is important for me to make you feel welcomed and safe. Life has many challenges whether they are past or present that can feel overwhelming to deal with. I use a direct and client-centered approach with clients, I believe in challenge and working towards change. Each person is unique and deserves to be valued.
(331) 207-9338 View (331) 207-9338
Photo of Courtney M DeCarlo, Counselor in Oswego, IL
Courtney M DeCarlo
Counselor, MA, LCPC
Verified Verified
Oswego, IL 60543
At Oswego/Plainfield Wellness we understand that psychological struggles can feel so isolating, yet are experienced by everyone at various points in our lives. We want to partner with you to create a treatment plan that encompasses the very idea of wellness--in all of the facets of your life that matter most to you. The ultimate goal of treatment is to reduce your suffering, so that you can live your most meaningful and fulfilling life. We are happy to answer any of your questions to help decide if our practice could be beneficial to you.
At Oswego/Plainfield Wellness we understand that psychological struggles can feel so isolating, yet are experienced by everyone at various points in our lives. We want to partner with you to create a treatment plan that encompasses the very idea of wellness--in all of the facets of your life that matter most to you. The ultimate goal of treatment is to reduce your suffering, so that you can live your most meaningful and fulfilling life. We are happy to answer any of your questions to help decide if our practice could be beneficial to you.
(773) 313-3212 View (773) 313-3212
Photo of Amanda Hutera, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oswego, IL
Amanda Hutera
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Oswego, IL 60543  (Online Only)
I understand how hard it is to take the first step to reach out to speak with someone about your inner most thoughts, feelings, and struggles. I will listen to you, help you learn tools to improve the way you feel, and provide a warm, supportive, non-judgmental environment for you to share. I look forward to building a therapeutic partnership with you to help you reach your goals, learn healthy coping skills, and empower you to make positive changes in your life. Please take the first step to finding the help that you need and deserve.
I understand how hard it is to take the first step to reach out to speak with someone about your inner most thoughts, feelings, and struggles. I will listen to you, help you learn tools to improve the way you feel, and provide a warm, supportive, non-judgmental environment for you to share. I look forward to building a therapeutic partnership with you to help you reach your goals, learn healthy coping skills, and empower you to make positive changes in your life. Please take the first step to finding the help that you need and deserve.
(331) 267-4932 View (331) 267-4932
Photo of Alondra Gonzalez, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oswego, IL
Alondra Gonzalez
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LSW
Verified Verified
Oswego, IL 60543
Everyone has a story. It is through those shared stories that we can find empowerment. Recalling challenging times helps you to identify your own potential, resilience, and determination. My goal as a therapist is to develop an environment of mutual trust and respect to allow individuals who face challenges or difficult experiences in life to find solutions that will promote a lifestyle of emotional, mental, and social well-being. By establishing this therapeutic alliance, we can create and implement a mutual plan to achieve your goals. It is not an overnight process but a journey I am committed to.
Everyone has a story. It is through those shared stories that we can find empowerment. Recalling challenging times helps you to identify your own potential, resilience, and determination. My goal as a therapist is to develop an environment of mutual trust and respect to allow individuals who face challenges or difficult experiences in life to find solutions that will promote a lifestyle of emotional, mental, and social well-being. By establishing this therapeutic alliance, we can create and implement a mutual plan to achieve your goals. It is not an overnight process but a journey I am committed to.
(331) 260-0865 View (331) 260-0865
Photo of Tonja Jameson, Licensed Professional Counselor in Oswego, IL
Tonja Jameson
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Oswego, IL 60543
Tonja Jameson is a Licensed Professional Counselor in Illinois who has been practicing since 2008. She graduated from Illinois State University with a Bachelor’s degree in Psychology and went on to Olivette Nazarene University for their Cacrep Accredited three-year program for Master of Arts in Professional Counseling with an added certification in School Counseling. Always drawn to work serving others, Tonja was interested in counseling from a young age. As an adult practitioner she has worked with many state agencies, as well as private practice to have a wide range of experience.
Tonja Jameson is a Licensed Professional Counselor in Illinois who has been practicing since 2008. She graduated from Illinois State University with a Bachelor’s degree in Psychology and went on to Olivette Nazarene University for their Cacrep Accredited three-year program for Master of Arts in Professional Counseling with an added certification in School Counseling. Always drawn to work serving others, Tonja was interested in counseling from a young age. As an adult practitioner she has worked with many state agencies, as well as private practice to have a wide range of experience.
(331) 241-6573 View (331) 241-6573
Photo of Dominik Kannenwischer, Licensed Professional Counselor in Oswego, IL
Dominik Kannenwischer
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oswego, IL 60543
My ideal client would be an individual (from children to adults) who comes to sessions with an open mind for change. The client might come in with past traumas, anxiety, relationship struggles, and other issues that might bother them in their daily lives. He/She/They might need help working on or correcting their own negative self talk and thinking patterns, low self-esteem, and self-care related issues. The client's goal might be finding their own voice, learning to set healthy boundaries, gaining self insight about how their past influences them and how to become free from their trauma responses today.
My ideal client would be an individual (from children to adults) who comes to sessions with an open mind for change. The client might come in with past traumas, anxiety, relationship struggles, and other issues that might bother them in their daily lives. He/She/They might need help working on or correcting their own negative self talk and thinking patterns, low self-esteem, and self-care related issues. The client's goal might be finding their own voice, learning to set healthy boundaries, gaining self insight about how their past influences them and how to become free from their trauma responses today.
(779) 345-2335 View (779) 345-2335
Photo of Evelyn Ramirez, Licensed Professional Counselor in Oswego, IL
Evelyn Ramirez
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oswego, IL 60543
I enjoy helping clients improve their relationship with their emotions, increase their self-esteem, and develop new skills that help them reach their goals. I want you to know it's okay to experience anxious thoughts, low motivation, negative self-talk, and procrastination - we can work on these things together. Being a human is tough and you're doing your best!
I enjoy helping clients improve their relationship with their emotions, increase their self-esteem, and develop new skills that help them reach their goals. I want you to know it's okay to experience anxious thoughts, low motivation, negative self-talk, and procrastination - we can work on these things together. Being a human is tough and you're doing your best!
(331) 210-0081 View (331) 210-0081
Photo of Dr. Eleni Malamis, Psychologist in Oswego, IL
Dr. Eleni Malamis
Psychologist, PsyD, MA
Verified Verified
Oswego, IL 60543
I am a licensed clinical psychologist who has devoted my clinical work to assisting adult individuals with a broad spectrum of concerns. I provide warm and caring support to those struggling with life's challenges. Specifically, I enjoy working with individuals in the following areas: depression, anxiety, substance abuse, life transitions, low self-esteem, communication, and relationship concerns.
I am a licensed clinical psychologist who has devoted my clinical work to assisting adult individuals with a broad spectrum of concerns. I provide warm and caring support to those struggling with life's challenges. Specifically, I enjoy working with individuals in the following areas: depression, anxiety, substance abuse, life transitions, low self-esteem, communication, and relationship concerns.
(331) 444-7455 View (331) 444-7455
Photo of Fio Millon, Licensed Professional Counselor in Oswego, IL
Fio Millon
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oswego, IL 60543
It feels hopeless. It is intimidating. It may even feel insurmountable. It is the pain of life, and it is real. But, what if I told you it is not hopeless? That you hold the key to making things better. Seeking help can feel equally daunting, but it is the first step of breaking through the negative cloud of despair. I meet my clients where they are in their life’s journey and I consider myself a “fellow traveler.” I join them it that journey to help them gain insight, to provide perspective, and to collaborate and determine the best course of treatment to regain the direction of their destination.
It feels hopeless. It is intimidating. It may even feel insurmountable. It is the pain of life, and it is real. But, what if I told you it is not hopeless? That you hold the key to making things better. Seeking help can feel equally daunting, but it is the first step of breaking through the negative cloud of despair. I meet my clients where they are in their life’s journey and I consider myself a “fellow traveler.” I join them it that journey to help them gain insight, to provide perspective, and to collaborate and determine the best course of treatment to regain the direction of their destination.
(630) 474-6828 View (630) 474-6828
Photo of Pamela Copeland, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oswego, IL
Pamela Copeland
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CMIP
Verified Verified
Oswego, IL 60543
Supporting individuals on their journey through life.
Supporting individuals on their journey through life.
(331) 254-4298 View (331) 254-4298
Photo of Dr. Kasey Huff, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oswego, IL
Dr. Kasey Huff
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, DSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Oswego, IL 60543  (Online Only)
Hello! I offer a compassionate, non-judgmental space to explore your innermost self including your passion, motivation, historical challenges and emotional pain. We will create therapy goals and identify any barriers to achieving them. Together we will monitor progress and identify ways to overcome obstacles in your life path to realize your potential. My goal is to create a safe space to explore any difficulties you may be facing. I utilize cognitive behavioral therapy, person-centered therapy, somatic healing, body-based psychotherapy, mindfulness-based therapy and/or psychodynamic therapy.
Hello! I offer a compassionate, non-judgmental space to explore your innermost self including your passion, motivation, historical challenges and emotional pain. We will create therapy goals and identify any barriers to achieving them. Together we will monitor progress and identify ways to overcome obstacles in your life path to realize your potential. My goal is to create a safe space to explore any difficulties you may be facing. I utilize cognitive behavioral therapy, person-centered therapy, somatic healing, body-based psychotherapy, mindfulness-based therapy and/or psychodynamic therapy.
(331) 259-8950 View (331) 259-8950
Photo of Raul Arambula, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oswego, IL
Raul Arambula
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSW
Verified Verified
Oswego, IL 60543
Raul S. Arambula, MSW, LCSW, is a compassionate Licensed Social Worker based in Illinois, dedicated to empowering individuals on their journey towards mental well-being. Armed with a Master’s of Social Work from Southern Illinois University, Raul specializes in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) to guide individuals through challenges including anxiety, depression, stress, coping skills, and self-esteem. Fluent in both English and Spanish, Raul possesses a profound understanding of the Latinx community and diverse cultures. This enables him to establish meaningful connections and provide culturally sensitive therapy.
Raul S. Arambula, MSW, LCSW, is a compassionate Licensed Social Worker based in Illinois, dedicated to empowering individuals on their journey towards mental well-being. Armed with a Master’s of Social Work from Southern Illinois University, Raul specializes in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) to guide individuals through challenges including anxiety, depression, stress, coping skills, and self-esteem. Fluent in both English and Spanish, Raul possesses a profound understanding of the Latinx community and diverse cultures. This enables him to establish meaningful connections and provide culturally sensitive therapy.
(331) 276-6276 View (331) 276-6276
Photo of Matthew Graden, Counselor in Oswego, IL
Matthew Graden
Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
Oswego, IL 60543
Pronouns: he/they. I have master's degrees from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and Northern Illinois University, where I studied counseling and education. I hold the credentials of Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor (LCPC) and Professional Educator License (PEL) in Illinois. I am also a National Certified Counselor (NCC) by the National Board for Certified Counselors. I have helped people with their personal growth, mental health, and wellness in inpatient, outpatient, and educational settings.
Pronouns: he/they. I have master's degrees from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and Northern Illinois University, where I studied counseling and education. I hold the credentials of Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor (LCPC) and Professional Educator License (PEL) in Illinois. I am also a National Certified Counselor (NCC) by the National Board for Certified Counselors. I have helped people with their personal growth, mental health, and wellness in inpatient, outpatient, and educational settings.
(331) 245-3793 View (331) 245-3793
Photo of Kelly Strick, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oswego, IL
Kelly Strick
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Oswego, IL 60543
At Sacred Journey Wellness we believe that every individual is on their own unique journey. We recognize that at times individuals may get caught up in life’s challenges, transitions or struggles and need assistance in getting back to a state of optimal health and well-being. With a blend of traditional and holistic approaches, Sacred Journey Wellness is here to empower clients with the tools and skills needed to continue on their current path or to help find the strength and courage to create a new one.
At Sacred Journey Wellness we believe that every individual is on their own unique journey. We recognize that at times individuals may get caught up in life’s challenges, transitions or struggles and need assistance in getting back to a state of optimal health and well-being. With a blend of traditional and holistic approaches, Sacred Journey Wellness is here to empower clients with the tools and skills needed to continue on their current path or to help find the strength and courage to create a new one.
(331) 241-7480 View (331) 241-7480
Photo of Kyle Fiore, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oswego, IL
Kyle Fiore
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSW
Verified Verified
Oswego, IL 60543
Kyle Fiore is a Licensed Social Worker in Illinois who has been practicing since 2022. Kyle takes a no-nonsense approach to helping his clients. He is empathetic and soothing. Kyle tries to bring humor and his genuine self into sessions. His clinical interests include helping others struggling with anxiety, depression, life transitions, emerging adulthood, and gaming culture. Kyle is confident that, together, he can help you heal and help you move forward in life differently. His therapeutic style is firmly rooted in a client-centered approach.
Kyle Fiore is a Licensed Social Worker in Illinois who has been practicing since 2022. Kyle takes a no-nonsense approach to helping his clients. He is empathetic and soothing. Kyle tries to bring humor and his genuine self into sessions. His clinical interests include helping others struggling with anxiety, depression, life transitions, emerging adulthood, and gaming culture. Kyle is confident that, together, he can help you heal and help you move forward in life differently. His therapeutic style is firmly rooted in a client-centered approach.
(331) 235-9007 View (331) 235-9007
Photo of Trinity Wellness Counseling, Licensed Professional Counselor in Oswego, IL
Trinity Wellness Counseling
Licensed Professional Counselor, LCPC, CYT, CHT
Verified Verified
Oswego, IL 60543
If you are experiencing increased stress, negative beliefs about yourself, tend to worry frequently, are struggling with past painful experiences, are having difficulty sleeping, have a low mood, are struggling with a relationship, and/or generally want to improve your life, we may be a great fit. At Trinity Wellness Counseling, I am dedicated to providing compassionate and effective interventions to help you heal. I work with adults of all ages.
If you are experiencing increased stress, negative beliefs about yourself, tend to worry frequently, are struggling with past painful experiences, are having difficulty sleeping, have a low mood, are struggling with a relationship, and/or generally want to improve your life, we may be a great fit. At Trinity Wellness Counseling, I am dedicated to providing compassionate and effective interventions to help you heal. I work with adults of all ages.
(331) 276-6116 View (331) 276-6116
Photo of Katie Kemmerling (She Her), Marriage & Family Therapist in Oswego, IL
Katie Kemmerling (She Her)
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Oswego, IL 60543
Psychotherapy is about growth, expansion, and evolution, in addition to healing from painful experiences. Seeking support through psychotherapy as a strength. My aim and purpose as your therapist is to cultivate a collaborative therapeutic alliance meant to empower, foster self-compassion, and promote and motivate change. My enthusiastic and relaxed style encourages clients to address concerns with freedom and non judgement.
Psychotherapy is about growth, expansion, and evolution, in addition to healing from painful experiences. Seeking support through psychotherapy as a strength. My aim and purpose as your therapist is to cultivate a collaborative therapeutic alliance meant to empower, foster self-compassion, and promote and motivate change. My enthusiastic and relaxed style encourages clients to address concerns with freedom and non judgement.
(630) 608-4555 View (630) 608-4555
Photo of Touwanna Edwards, Psychologist in Oswego, IL
Touwanna Edwards
Psychologist, PsyD, CADC
Verified Verified
Oswego, IL 60543
As a Licensed Clinical Psychologist and a Certified Addictions Counselor, Dr. Touwanna Edwards specializes in family-based interventions for adults, couples therapy, issues of diversity, and addictions. Her practice includes treating anxiety, depression, grief, personality disorders, codependency traits, self-esteem, transitional stages in life, addiction maintenance, and recovery. Additionally, she is an alumna of the Chicago area Christian Training Consortium where she received specialized clinical training in the integration of faith-based practice and psychology.
As a Licensed Clinical Psychologist and a Certified Addictions Counselor, Dr. Touwanna Edwards specializes in family-based interventions for adults, couples therapy, issues of diversity, and addictions. Her practice includes treating anxiety, depression, grief, personality disorders, codependency traits, self-esteem, transitional stages in life, addiction maintenance, and recovery. Additionally, she is an alumna of the Chicago area Christian Training Consortium where she received specialized clinical training in the integration of faith-based practice and psychology.
(331) 246-1418 View (331) 246-1418
Photo of Jeannine Pacetti, Licensed Professional Counselor in Oswego, IL
Jeannine Pacetti
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Oswego, IL 60543
Jeannine Pacetti, LPC, RD, LDN Strives to help clients achieve healthy relationships and life balance. She serves clients of all ages struggling with anxiety, depression, trauma, life transitions, and more. Jeannine is a licensed professional counselor, registered dietitian, and has over 25 years experience in education & clinical settings. She's a well respected therapist and advocate and was named School Counselor of the Year in her academic role and has developed a nationally recognized school counseling program. In therapy, Jeannine uses CBT, Healthy Mindset & Lifestyle, and Holistic Wellness to achieve client goals.
Jeannine Pacetti, LPC, RD, LDN Strives to help clients achieve healthy relationships and life balance. She serves clients of all ages struggling with anxiety, depression, trauma, life transitions, and more. Jeannine is a licensed professional counselor, registered dietitian, and has over 25 years experience in education & clinical settings. She's a well respected therapist and advocate and was named School Counselor of the Year in her academic role and has developed a nationally recognized school counseling program. In therapy, Jeannine uses CBT, Healthy Mindset & Lifestyle, and Holistic Wellness to achieve client goals.
(331) 253-4886 View (331) 253-4886

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Oswego, IL

100+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Oswego, IL who prioritize treating:

92% Depression
92% Anxiety
71% Relationship Issues
68% Self Esteem
66% Coping Skills
64% Trauma and PTSD
60% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

14 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

99% BlueCross and BlueShield
82% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
79% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Oswego, IL see their clients

89% In Person and Online
11% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
20% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Oswego?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.