Therapists in Downers Grove, IL

Photo of Kate Nemchausky, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor in Downers Grove, IL
Kate Nemchausky
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, MA, LCPC, PMH-C
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Downers Grove, IL 60515
A therapist allows you the space to safely speak your truth, explore your identity and what that means to you, and learn how to approach life with that knowledge. You might be going through life transitions and adjustments such as changes in relationships, living situations, or career. You might be a mother trying to navigate through your new or continuing role, experiencing postpartum depression and anxiety, or trying to recover from loss. You might want to heal wounds left from past traumas and gain insight into how you can move forward. Together we can embark on a journey of healing, knowledge, and self-discovery.
A therapist allows you the space to safely speak your truth, explore your identity and what that means to you, and learn how to approach life with that knowledge. You might be going through life transitions and adjustments such as changes in relationships, living situations, or career. You might be a mother trying to navigate through your new or continuing role, experiencing postpartum depression and anxiety, or trying to recover from loss. You might want to heal wounds left from past traumas and gain insight into how you can move forward. Together we can embark on a journey of healing, knowledge, and self-discovery.
(630) 541-9666 View (630) 541-9666
Photo of Michelle Nation, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor in Downers Grove, IL
Michelle Nation
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
Downers Grove, IL 60515  (Online Only)
I am here to help you with what you need right now. This includes if you are struggling with current life situations, stressors at work/school, or problems with managing your emotions, like anxiety, depression, or anger. I am passionate about what I do, and I love working with clients to help them achieve their goals in life. My type of therapy adjusts to what you need. This can mean that I do a more relaxed style of session where we are just talking about what is going on and problem solving in the moment or if that does not work for you, I can also do a more structured approach, that focuses on skills and coping strategies.
I am here to help you with what you need right now. This includes if you are struggling with current life situations, stressors at work/school, or problems with managing your emotions, like anxiety, depression, or anger. I am passionate about what I do, and I love working with clients to help them achieve their goals in life. My type of therapy adjusts to what you need. This can mean that I do a more relaxed style of session where we are just talking about what is going on and problem solving in the moment or if that does not work for you, I can also do a more structured approach, that focuses on skills and coping strategies.
(630) 354-0922 View (630) 354-0922
Photo of Helene A Jacques, Counselor in Downers Grove, IL
Helene A Jacques
Counselor, MS, LCPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Downers Grove, IL 60516  (Online Only)
Helene Jacques is a Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor and a National Certified Counselor who has been in practice since 2000. She sees adolescents and adults for individual and family therapy. Helene has extensive experience working with clients dealing with lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender issues, depression, anxiety, grief and loss, adoption concerns, relationship problems, stress management, medical and health concerns, and post-abortion issues. Helene was trained in an eclectic model of therapy and relies on this knowledge base to select effective treatment approaches for each client or family.
Helene Jacques is a Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor and a National Certified Counselor who has been in practice since 2000. She sees adolescents and adults for individual and family therapy. Helene has extensive experience working with clients dealing with lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender issues, depression, anxiety, grief and loss, adoption concerns, relationship problems, stress management, medical and health concerns, and post-abortion issues. Helene was trained in an eclectic model of therapy and relies on this knowledge base to select effective treatment approaches for each client or family.
(630) 599-8674 View (630) 599-8674
Photo of Allison Niebes-Davis, Psychologist in Downers Grove, IL
Allison Niebes-Davis
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Downers Grove, IL 60515
Therapy is a unique process, one that aims to guide you through challenges and roadblocks, helping you move towards a healthier and more meaningful life. My goal is to create a space where growth is safe and cultivated. Using an evidence-based approach, I work to help you gain awareness of your emotional experience, working to understand the way you experience and interact with the world. I help you explore parts of yourself you may not be completely comfortable with, learning to tolerate the discomfort that surfaces during this process. I challenge clients to try something different, encouraging a more intentional approach.
Therapy is a unique process, one that aims to guide you through challenges and roadblocks, helping you move towards a healthier and more meaningful life. My goal is to create a space where growth is safe and cultivated. Using an evidence-based approach, I work to help you gain awareness of your emotional experience, working to understand the way you experience and interact with the world. I help you explore parts of yourself you may not be completely comfortable with, learning to tolerate the discomfort that surfaces during this process. I challenge clients to try something different, encouraging a more intentional approach.
(630) 796-6794 View (630) 796-6794
Photo of Leslie R Frondorf, Counselor in Downers Grove, IL
Leslie R Frondorf
Counselor, MEd, LCPC
Verified Verified
Downers Grove, IL 60515
With over a decade of clinical experience, I emphasize the importance of psychoeducation, coping strategies, and mindfulness. I also try to bring an inherent authenticity, trust, directness, and a little bit of humor to foster a secure and welcoming environment to each and every client. Therapy is a challenging, yet warm process that entails self-reflection and honest conversation.
With over a decade of clinical experience, I emphasize the importance of psychoeducation, coping strategies, and mindfulness. I also try to bring an inherent authenticity, trust, directness, and a little bit of humor to foster a secure and welcoming environment to each and every client. Therapy is a challenging, yet warm process that entails self-reflection and honest conversation.
(484) 357-1357 View (484) 357-1357
Photo of Jillian Rawl, Counselor in Downers Grove, IL
Jillian Rawl
Counselor, MA, LCPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Downers Grove, IL 60515
Not accepting new clients
I am a Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor and National Certified Counselor. I understand that coming to counseling is not always easy. I am here to help you through whatever challenges you face with an open mind, without judgment, and attentive listening. Counseling is most effective when you feel comfortable with the therapist you choose . I will do my best to make you feel as comfortable as possible and build a trusting and safe therapeutic relationship with you so I can best help you achieve your goals. I have a strength-based approach and work from a cognitive behavioral orientation, using skills of CBT and DBT.
I am a Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor and National Certified Counselor. I understand that coming to counseling is not always easy. I am here to help you through whatever challenges you face with an open mind, without judgment, and attentive listening. Counseling is most effective when you feel comfortable with the therapist you choose . I will do my best to make you feel as comfortable as possible and build a trusting and safe therapeutic relationship with you so I can best help you achieve your goals. I have a strength-based approach and work from a cognitive behavioral orientation, using skills of CBT and DBT.
(630) 405-6619 View (630) 405-6619
Photo of Michaela Zoppa, Licensed Professional Counselor in Downers Grove, IL
Michaela Zoppa
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Downers Grove, IL 60515
Smart, driven teen girls and women are often praised for keeping it all together - even if it means secretly falling apart behind the scenes. There's a lot of pressure to be the best at everything you do, which means there is no room for mistakes, and definitely no room for self-care. You wind up feeling panicked, overwhelmed, frustrated, or depressed. You often worry about what others think of you, and wish you could turn off that little voice that is always telling you what a failure you are. You wonder if anyone else ever feels like this. You know this isn't exactly normal...but you're not sure what to do about it.
Smart, driven teen girls and women are often praised for keeping it all together - even if it means secretly falling apart behind the scenes. There's a lot of pressure to be the best at everything you do, which means there is no room for mistakes, and definitely no room for self-care. You wind up feeling panicked, overwhelmed, frustrated, or depressed. You often worry about what others think of you, and wish you could turn off that little voice that is always telling you what a failure you are. You wonder if anyone else ever feels like this. You know this isn't exactly normal...but you're not sure what to do about it.
(630) 250-3852 View (630) 250-3852
Photo of C Meghan Jacobson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Downers Grove, IL
C Meghan Jacobson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Downers Grove, IL 60515  (Online Only)
Are you having a hard time connecting with your child or watching them struggle? The challenges youth have to navigate today are unique and complicated. Many of my clients are between the ages of 6-18, or parents of kids this age. Many suffer from anxiety, depression, family divorce, thoughts of self harm, oppositional defiant disorder, social/educational concerns at school, etc. Typically I meet with the child and then bring in the parent for the end of session to review and talk action plans/next steps. By working collaboratively with youth and their parents, we can work together to repair relationships and develop strong bonds.
Are you having a hard time connecting with your child or watching them struggle? The challenges youth have to navigate today are unique and complicated. Many of my clients are between the ages of 6-18, or parents of kids this age. Many suffer from anxiety, depression, family divorce, thoughts of self harm, oppositional defiant disorder, social/educational concerns at school, etc. Typically I meet with the child and then bring in the parent for the end of session to review and talk action plans/next steps. By working collaboratively with youth and their parents, we can work together to repair relationships and develop strong bonds.
(630) 352-3504 View (630) 352-3504
Photo of Whitney Bruni, Counselor in Downers Grove, IL
Whitney Bruni
Counselor, MS, LCPC
Verified Verified
Downers Grove, IL 60515
I have experience working with adolescents, adults, couples and families. Using a client centered approach I work with the client helping them reach both their short and long term goals. A majority of my clients suffer with anxiety and depression but I work with other diagnoses as well. I am solution focused and like to see improvements and an increase in self esteem.
I have experience working with adolescents, adults, couples and families. Using a client centered approach I work with the client helping them reach both their short and long term goals. A majority of my clients suffer with anxiety and depression but I work with other diagnoses as well. I am solution focused and like to see improvements and an increase in self esteem.
(331) 214-3240 View (331) 214-3240
Photo of Dana Donahue, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Downers Grove, IL
Dana Donahue
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, PMH-C
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Downers Grove, IL 60516  (Online Only)
The journey of motherhood can stir up many unexpected feelings and challenges for women and their partners. Starting from preconception all the way to the empty nest experience, it is not uncommon to struggle with anxious thoughts, strong emotions, a lost sense of self or disconnection in our personal relationships. If you want to enjoy your pregnancy or motherhood experience, learn different ways to cope with the heavy mental load, communicate better with your partner or process feelings of loss when this journey does not go as expected, please know that you are not alone and I can help.
The journey of motherhood can stir up many unexpected feelings and challenges for women and their partners. Starting from preconception all the way to the empty nest experience, it is not uncommon to struggle with anxious thoughts, strong emotions, a lost sense of self or disconnection in our personal relationships. If you want to enjoy your pregnancy or motherhood experience, learn different ways to cope with the heavy mental load, communicate better with your partner or process feelings of loss when this journey does not go as expected, please know that you are not alone and I can help.
(331) 425-6429 View (331) 425-6429
Photo of Mary Ann Fosco, Counselor in Downers Grove, IL
Mary Ann Fosco
Counselor, LCPC, CADC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Downers Grove, IL 60516
My method is wholistic and compassionate counseling for individuals and couples. I try to create a safe harbor for change for adults dealing with life issues such as self-esteem, relationships, grief or loss, goal-setting and anxiety. I try to get people in touch with their own truth in a safe, non-judgmental, empathetic environment. I enjoy giving couples tools for resolving conflict and learning to fight fairly.
My method is wholistic and compassionate counseling for individuals and couples. I try to create a safe harbor for change for adults dealing with life issues such as self-esteem, relationships, grief or loss, goal-setting and anxiety. I try to get people in touch with their own truth in a safe, non-judgmental, empathetic environment. I enjoy giving couples tools for resolving conflict and learning to fight fairly.
(630) 599-7493 View (630) 599-7493
Photo of John L. Jauch, Counselor in Downers Grove, IL
John L. Jauch
Counselor, MA, LCPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Downers Grove, IL 60515  (Online Only)
More than likely if you are browsing these pages, you are going through a rough time. Please know that I am kind, observant, and a great listener. I am flexible and tailor each session to the individual needs of each client. I am solution focused and realistic. I take great pride in my ability to earn trust and make my clients feel comfortable, so that each session flows like a natural conversation. I am empathic and non-judgmental. I have a good sense of humor and am down to earth. I would be happy to answer any questions you have.
More than likely if you are browsing these pages, you are going through a rough time. Please know that I am kind, observant, and a great listener. I am flexible and tailor each session to the individual needs of each client. I am solution focused and realistic. I take great pride in my ability to earn trust and make my clients feel comfortable, so that each session flows like a natural conversation. I am empathic and non-judgmental. I have a good sense of humor and am down to earth. I would be happy to answer any questions you have.
(773) 295-7072 View (773) 295-7072
Photo of Benjamin Cowell, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Downers Grove, IL
Benjamin Cowell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Downers Grove, IL 60515
In therapy, I enjoy collaborating with clients to increase their self-knowledge and utilize their strengths to facilitate change towards living a more rewarding and fulfilling life. I am committed to identifying and implementing an individualized approach for each client to support them in achieving their therapeutic goals. I have experience working with children, adolescents, and adults using an integrative therapeutic approach, including Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, Mindfulness, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, and Dialectical Behavioral Therapy skills.
In therapy, I enjoy collaborating with clients to increase their self-knowledge and utilize their strengths to facilitate change towards living a more rewarding and fulfilling life. I am committed to identifying and implementing an individualized approach for each client to support them in achieving their therapeutic goals. I have experience working with children, adolescents, and adults using an integrative therapeutic approach, including Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, Mindfulness, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, and Dialectical Behavioral Therapy skills.
(630) 593-0831 x7 View (630) 593-0831 x7
Photo of Meghan Ware, Counselor in Downers Grove, IL
Meghan Ware
Counselor, LCPC, EMDR
Verified Verified
Downers Grove, IL 60515
I work with a multitude of clients to identify and express their emotions in a healthy manner, teaching them various coping skills. I specialize in working with children, adolescents, and adults. I have worked with those suffering from anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder, trauma, grief and loss, addiction and those having a hard time finding themselves. I believe in the importance of building rapport using empathy and compassion to reach clients of all ages.
I work with a multitude of clients to identify and express their emotions in a healthy manner, teaching them various coping skills. I specialize in working with children, adolescents, and adults. I have worked with those suffering from anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder, trauma, grief and loss, addiction and those having a hard time finding themselves. I believe in the importance of building rapport using empathy and compassion to reach clients of all ages.
(331) 244-4973 View (331) 244-4973
Photo of Brianne Collins, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Downers Grove, IL
Brianne Collins
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Downers Grove, IL 60515  (Online Only)
Brianne Collins is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. She graduated from the University of Louisiana at Lafayette with a Bachelor of Science degree in psychology and a minor in child and family studies. She then graduated with a Master of Social Work with a specialization in children and youth services from Louisiana State University. She understands that issues that are experienced at any point in an individual’s life can cause significant distress both psychologically and emotionally. She believes in meeting each individual where they are and focuses on their strengths to empower them along their journey.
Brianne Collins is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. She graduated from the University of Louisiana at Lafayette with a Bachelor of Science degree in psychology and a minor in child and family studies. She then graduated with a Master of Social Work with a specialization in children and youth services from Louisiana State University. She understands that issues that are experienced at any point in an individual’s life can cause significant distress both psychologically and emotionally. She believes in meeting each individual where they are and focuses on their strengths to empower them along their journey.
(630) 526-7834 View (630) 526-7834
Photo of Jessica Lowery, Counselor in Downers Grove, IL
Jessica Lowery
Counselor, LCPC, MS
Verified Verified
Downers Grove, IL 60515
Check out more about me & my practice by clicking the website link found on this page (www.livinfreetherapy.com). I'm a laid-back, real-as-it-gets kind of human. Looking to connect with other humans, and if I may be of any assistance in the cultivation of whatever changes and goodness you're seeking in your life, well that would be quite an honor!
Check out more about me & my practice by clicking the website link found on this page (www.livinfreetherapy.com). I'm a laid-back, real-as-it-gets kind of human. Looking to connect with other humans, and if I may be of any assistance in the cultivation of whatever changes and goodness you're seeking in your life, well that would be quite an honor!
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Photo of Dr. Eleni Malamis, Psychologist in Downers Grove, IL
Dr. Eleni Malamis
Psychologist, PsyD, MA
Verified Verified
Downers Grove, IL 60515
I am a licensed clinical psychologist who has devoted my clinical work to assisting adult individuals with a broad spectrum of concerns. I provide warm and caring support to those struggling with life's challenges. Specifically, I enjoy working with individuals in the following areas: depression, anxiety, substance abuse, life transitions, low self-esteem, communication, and relationship concerns.
I am a licensed clinical psychologist who has devoted my clinical work to assisting adult individuals with a broad spectrum of concerns. I provide warm and caring support to those struggling with life's challenges. Specifically, I enjoy working with individuals in the following areas: depression, anxiety, substance abuse, life transitions, low self-esteem, communication, and relationship concerns.
(630) 757-8968 View (630) 757-8968
Photo of Nicole Knebelsberger, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Downers Grove, IL
Nicole Knebelsberger
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSW
Verified Verified
Downers Grove, IL 60515
Are you looking for a therapist for your preteen or teen? Or perhaps your a teen yourself looking for guidance. Do you or your child struggle with their emotions, friendships, perfectionism, anxiety, or a life stressor? Do you or your child have difficulty at school, appropriate social skills, or executive functioning? Well, you have come to the right place!
Are you looking for a therapist for your preteen or teen? Or perhaps your a teen yourself looking for guidance. Do you or your child struggle with their emotions, friendships, perfectionism, anxiety, or a life stressor? Do you or your child have difficulty at school, appropriate social skills, or executive functioning? Well, you have come to the right place!
(331) 214-8999 View (331) 214-8999
Photo of Hilary Gilway, Counselor in Downers Grove, IL
Hilary Gilway
Counselor, MEd, LCPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Downers Grove, IL 60515
You knew that becoming a mother was going to be challenging. After all, sleep deprivation, diapers, and midnight feedings are bound to take a toll on anyone. But...you didn't quite expect to feel so 'out of sorts', emotionally. You didn't know that pregnancy and motherhood could come with constant worrying (what if I drop the baby when I'm going down the stairs? What if she gets sick? What if I'm just not cut out for this?), periods of feeling super low/depressed, and feeling totally overwhelmed by the mental load of it all. You wish things felt a little easier, and that you were confident in your ability to manage this new season.
You knew that becoming a mother was going to be challenging. After all, sleep deprivation, diapers, and midnight feedings are bound to take a toll on anyone. But...you didn't quite expect to feel so 'out of sorts', emotionally. You didn't know that pregnancy and motherhood could come with constant worrying (what if I drop the baby when I'm going down the stairs? What if she gets sick? What if I'm just not cut out for this?), periods of feeling super low/depressed, and feeling totally overwhelmed by the mental load of it all. You wish things felt a little easier, and that you were confident in your ability to manage this new season.
(708) 290-7077 View (708) 290-7077
Photo of Anna D'Alessandro, Pre-Licensed Professional in Downers Grove, IL
Anna D'Alessandro
Pre-Licensed Professional, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Downers Grove, IL 60515
Anna has dedicated her practice to working with first responders, veterans, and trauma. Anna is open to seeing clients aged 18- 64 years old. As a client- centered therapist, she utilizes EMDR, strengths- based cognitive behavioral therapy, solution- focused therapy, and mindfulness as her main methods of therapy.
Anna has dedicated her practice to working with first responders, veterans, and trauma. Anna is open to seeing clients aged 18- 64 years old. As a client- centered therapist, she utilizes EMDR, strengths- based cognitive behavioral therapy, solution- focused therapy, and mindfulness as her main methods of therapy.
(331) 215-9701 View (331) 215-9701

See more therapy options for Downers Grove

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Downers Grove, IL

300+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Downers Grove, IL who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
89% Depression
79% Relationship Issues
75% Self Esteem
67% Trauma and PTSD
67% Coping Skills
66% Stress

Average years in practice

14 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

95% BlueCross and BlueShield
64% Aetna
55% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Downers Grove, IL see their clients

85% In Person and Online
15% Online Only

Gender breakdown

84% Female
15% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Downers Grove?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.