Therapists in Chicago, IL

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Photo of Samantha Cherveny, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Chicago, IL
Samantha Cherveny
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60657
To be human is to suffer; the fact that pain is inevitable, however, does not mean we should let it consume us. In my therapy room, I focus on tackling the 'hard parts' of the human condition- loneliness, isolation, grief, sorrow, confusion, feelings of futility, etc- in order to guide clients toward a place of deeper self-awareness and a newfound desire to see the beauty of the world. I have experience with residential care for Mood/Anxiety Disorders and Eating Disorders, as well as intensive outpatient programs for Substance Use Disorders.
To be human is to suffer; the fact that pain is inevitable, however, does not mean we should let it consume us. In my therapy room, I focus on tackling the 'hard parts' of the human condition- loneliness, isolation, grief, sorrow, confusion, feelings of futility, etc- in order to guide clients toward a place of deeper self-awareness and a newfound desire to see the beauty of the world. I have experience with residential care for Mood/Anxiety Disorders and Eating Disorders, as well as intensive outpatient programs for Substance Use Disorders.
(312) 626-0142 View (312) 626-0142
Photo of Lk Strader, Marriage & Family Therapist in Chicago, IL
Lk Strader
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LAMFT
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60647
Our lives are full of relationships and we have an innate human desire to experience intimacy and connection. We can gain so much from experiencing intimate connections! Intimacy can make us feel fully alive, energized & liberated. Yet, we can often struggle to overcome hurdles along our path to deep, meaningful connection with others. We all have the capacity for intimacy and I’d love to help you discover and overcome what is standing in your way!
Our lives are full of relationships and we have an innate human desire to experience intimacy and connection. We can gain so much from experiencing intimate connections! Intimacy can make us feel fully alive, energized & liberated. Yet, we can often struggle to overcome hurdles along our path to deep, meaningful connection with others. We all have the capacity for intimacy and I’d love to help you discover and overcome what is standing in your way!
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Photo of Shannon Poe, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chicago, IL
Shannon Poe
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60606  (Online Only)
When navigating through life, you may face a time when you lose someone you love, face an illness, or a traumatic time in your own life. You may be going through a transition such as a divorce, move, or job loss. You do not need to navigate these alone! These transitions can affect every facet of life. You may be finding yourself feeling lost, doing your best to make it through day-to-day life. It might be difficult to get out of bed right now, to hold conversations, or to fulfill your caregiving or work responsibilities. You may be feeling anxiety that you would like help with.
When navigating through life, you may face a time when you lose someone you love, face an illness, or a traumatic time in your own life. You may be going through a transition such as a divorce, move, or job loss. You do not need to navigate these alone! These transitions can affect every facet of life. You may be finding yourself feeling lost, doing your best to make it through day-to-day life. It might be difficult to get out of bed right now, to hold conversations, or to fulfill your caregiving or work responsibilities. You may be feeling anxiety that you would like help with.
(224) 257-3665 View (224) 257-3665
Photo of Elise F Lennard, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chicago, IL
Elise F Lennard
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, LCSW, ACSW, BCD
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60613
In 30+ years of practice, I have seen individuals, couples, and families dealing with a wide variety of concerns. I try to provide my clients with an accepting, supportive environment in which they can openly express themselves. I view therapy as a collaborative endeavor. In line with this, I see myself as actively engaging clients in a process of better understanding themselves and figuring out ways of making the changes they seek. I have extensive experience in psychodynamic psychotherapy, couple counseling, and family systems work, and see clients in short term solution-focused treatment as well as longer term intensive therapy.
In 30+ years of practice, I have seen individuals, couples, and families dealing with a wide variety of concerns. I try to provide my clients with an accepting, supportive environment in which they can openly express themselves. I view therapy as a collaborative endeavor. In line with this, I see myself as actively engaging clients in a process of better understanding themselves and figuring out ways of making the changes they seek. I have extensive experience in psychodynamic psychotherapy, couple counseling, and family systems work, and see clients in short term solution-focused treatment as well as longer term intensive therapy.
(773) 312-3556 View (773) 312-3556
Photo of Claudia Hernandez, Licensed Professional Counselor in Chicago, IL
Claudia Hernandez
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60605
We are all works in progress and the world around us can steer us in the wrong direction. I strive to work with my clients to find the most rewarding path and the healthiest balance of one’s needs, through learning more about oneself, others, and the world around us. It is essential to find a therapist that makes you feel validated, respected, and acknowledged by honoring your intersectional identities. As such, I strive to embody this in the therapeutic approaches that I use with my clients to uniquely address their presenting concerns.
We are all works in progress and the world around us can steer us in the wrong direction. I strive to work with my clients to find the most rewarding path and the healthiest balance of one’s needs, through learning more about oneself, others, and the world around us. It is essential to find a therapist that makes you feel validated, respected, and acknowledged by honoring your intersectional identities. As such, I strive to embody this in the therapeutic approaches that I use with my clients to uniquely address their presenting concerns.
(630) 523-8980 View (630) 523-8980
Photo of Alexis Kraus, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chicago, IL
Alexis Kraus
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60657  (Online Only)
You might be feeling overwhelmed and need someone to talk to. Therapy is an essential practice that will help you understand your challenges and bring you the happiness you deserve. I will be there to support and guide you as you grow into the person you want to be. My goal as a therapist is to help you overcome obstacles and develop the skills needed to improve your overall well-being. I provide a warm and non-judgmental space for you to be truly heard so that you can communicate your authentic thoughts and feelings in a safe place.
You might be feeling overwhelmed and need someone to talk to. Therapy is an essential practice that will help you understand your challenges and bring you the happiness you deserve. I will be there to support and guide you as you grow into the person you want to be. My goal as a therapist is to help you overcome obstacles and develop the skills needed to improve your overall well-being. I provide a warm and non-judgmental space for you to be truly heard so that you can communicate your authentic thoughts and feelings in a safe place.
(872) 278-3711 View (872) 278-3711
Photo of Nicole Ness, Counselor in Chicago, IL
Nicole Ness
Counselor, LCPC, CST, PMH-C
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60614  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
There are a range of reasons why intimacy might feel out of reach or we feel disconnected from ourselves (or our partner.) Perhaps it’s all of the “stuff” you were taught about who you “should” be as a sexual being, or what intimacy is supposed to look like in a relationship. Maybe it’s because unrealistic body standards have invited themselves into the bedroom and are getting in the way of feeling present and pleasure. Or perhaps you and your partner have been at odds with your differing levels of sexual desire and needs, and are feeling defeated in finding a system that “works" for both of you.
There are a range of reasons why intimacy might feel out of reach or we feel disconnected from ourselves (or our partner.) Perhaps it’s all of the “stuff” you were taught about who you “should” be as a sexual being, or what intimacy is supposed to look like in a relationship. Maybe it’s because unrealistic body standards have invited themselves into the bedroom and are getting in the way of feeling present and pleasure. Or perhaps you and your partner have been at odds with your differing levels of sexual desire and needs, and are feeling defeated in finding a system that “works" for both of you.
(312) 487-3971 View (312) 487-3971
Photo of Katie McKinney, Pre-Licensed Professional in Chicago, IL
Katie McKinney
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60618
To put it simply, I believe that therapy is one of the most powerful and effective tools for healing. Together we can work to figure out which approach is most helpful for you. I tend to approach therapy the way I approach my personal relationships; with a sense of humor and lightheartedness. Whether you are going through a difficult time, or are just looking for someone to talk to, I’m happy to offer a free 10-minute consultation to determine if we would be a good fit!
To put it simply, I believe that therapy is one of the most powerful and effective tools for healing. Together we can work to figure out which approach is most helpful for you. I tend to approach therapy the way I approach my personal relationships; with a sense of humor and lightheartedness. Whether you are going through a difficult time, or are just looking for someone to talk to, I’m happy to offer a free 10-minute consultation to determine if we would be a good fit!
(773) 788-6567 View (773) 788-6567
Photo of Emily Derkin, Counselor in Chicago, IL
Emily Derkin
Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60618
I want to help people create a meaningful connection with the world around them. I use compassionate, integrative, and person-focused counseling to resolve difficult issues, facilitate clarity and understanding, and promote growth and change. We all have the resources within us to live and thrive, and it's my goal to help people access strengths, gifts, and talents. No matter the issue, each person is unique and deserves a chance to explore who they are and who they want to be.
I want to help people create a meaningful connection with the world around them. I use compassionate, integrative, and person-focused counseling to resolve difficult issues, facilitate clarity and understanding, and promote growth and change. We all have the resources within us to live and thrive, and it's my goal to help people access strengths, gifts, and talents. No matter the issue, each person is unique and deserves a chance to explore who they are and who they want to be.
(773) 915-0253 View (773) 915-0253
Behavioral Pediatrics.
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, PhD
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60629
School aged - Young adult. Insurance- Bcbs PPO Aetna PPO Cheryl Seifert PhD. 773 426 3339. /Consultation , Diagnosis, Child - Young adult
School aged - Young adult. Insurance- Bcbs PPO Aetna PPO Cheryl Seifert PhD. 773 426 3339. /Consultation , Diagnosis, Child - Young adult
(872) 250-4429 View (872) 250-4429
Photo of Lauren Caldwell, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chicago, IL
Lauren Caldwell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60647
I enjoy empowering people with anxiety and depression to work towards overcoming the challenges they face, teaching them resilience in facing their fears.  I value the importance of building a strong therapeutic relationship with my patients, utilizing both evidenced-based talk therapy and skills-based therapy to create and maintain this partnership. I believe in validation and curiosity in my therapeutic approach while also helping my clients to do hard things and challenge themselves to create a more joyful and meaningful life. I also believe in the importance of family involvement in treatment.
I enjoy empowering people with anxiety and depression to work towards overcoming the challenges they face, teaching them resilience in facing their fears.  I value the importance of building a strong therapeutic relationship with my patients, utilizing both evidenced-based talk therapy and skills-based therapy to create and maintain this partnership. I believe in validation and curiosity in my therapeutic approach while also helping my clients to do hard things and challenge themselves to create a more joyful and meaningful life. I also believe in the importance of family involvement in treatment.
(773) 839-6871 x518 View (773) 839-6871 x518
Photo of Sarah Grebasch, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chicago, IL
Sarah Grebasch
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60625
I’m honored to help others along their path of self-discovery and change. Having worked in the field for 15 years, I’ve gained a wealth of information and experience working with those with chronic medical concerns, grief and loss, trauma, and addictions (active and in recovery). I’ve learned that a strength of mine is supporting others with anxiety, depression, trauma, life stressors and transitions, and relationship concerns. I'll work with you to identify your goals and develop a plan that will support, maintain, and continue positive changes, even after our work is completed.
I’m honored to help others along their path of self-discovery and change. Having worked in the field for 15 years, I’ve gained a wealth of information and experience working with those with chronic medical concerns, grief and loss, trauma, and addictions (active and in recovery). I’ve learned that a strength of mine is supporting others with anxiety, depression, trauma, life stressors and transitions, and relationship concerns. I'll work with you to identify your goals and develop a plan that will support, maintain, and continue positive changes, even after our work is completed.
(773) 985-1053 View (773) 985-1053
Photo of Diana Castañeda, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor in Chicago, IL
Diana Castañeda
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60611
As a licensed clinical professional counselor with over a decade of experience providing therapy and leadership in clinical settings, I have seen first-hand that the therapy experience is as diverse as the human experience. The exploration, acceptance, and integration of all parts of ourselves is difficult and a long process for those that choose to pursue it. The payoff is the comfort that comes with knowing that your decisions and life are your own, not the work of lingering ghosts and dynamics we cannot yet see.
As a licensed clinical professional counselor with over a decade of experience providing therapy and leadership in clinical settings, I have seen first-hand that the therapy experience is as diverse as the human experience. The exploration, acceptance, and integration of all parts of ourselves is difficult and a long process for those that choose to pursue it. The payoff is the comfort that comes with knowing that your decisions and life are your own, not the work of lingering ghosts and dynamics we cannot yet see.
(773) 536-9255 View (773) 536-9255
Photo of Emily Lewis, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chicago, IL
Emily Lewis
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60657
Have you found it difficult to set boundaries in relationships? Are you feeling deflated by societal expectations? Does uncertainty about the future overtake your thoughts? Whatever you may be experiencing, I commend you for being here. It’s no simple task to address the challenges you may be facing, but I believe it is the most important step forward.
Have you found it difficult to set boundaries in relationships? Are you feeling deflated by societal expectations? Does uncertainty about the future overtake your thoughts? Whatever you may be experiencing, I commend you for being here. It’s no simple task to address the challenges you may be facing, but I believe it is the most important step forward.
(872) 250-5797 View (872) 250-5797
Photo of Christina Hoffstrom, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chicago, IL
Christina Hoffstrom
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60625
Waitlist for new clients
Christina is a passionate advocate for children, teens, and adolescents in need. By using techniques like Play Therapy, CBT, and DBT, Christina helps clients develop a diverse tool kit to achieve their goals. Christina creates unique treatment plans for each client, providing therapy specific to their personal concerns such as anxiety, depression, school struggles, behavioral concerns, or family conflicts. Clients working with Christina find her to be warm, easy to connect with and flexible. Christina also takes a compassionate and non-judgmental approach to psychotherapy, allowing clients to feel safe to explore and grow.
Christina is a passionate advocate for children, teens, and adolescents in need. By using techniques like Play Therapy, CBT, and DBT, Christina helps clients develop a diverse tool kit to achieve their goals. Christina creates unique treatment plans for each client, providing therapy specific to their personal concerns such as anxiety, depression, school struggles, behavioral concerns, or family conflicts. Clients working with Christina find her to be warm, easy to connect with and flexible. Christina also takes a compassionate and non-judgmental approach to psychotherapy, allowing clients to feel safe to explore and grow.
(773) 830-3608 View (773) 830-3608
Photo of Dr. Shelby Mailho, Psychologist in Chicago, IL
Dr. Shelby Mailho
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60613  (Online Only)
I specialize in working with queer, trans, and neurodivergent individuals. Using a relational, feminist, and humanistic approach, I help you embrace your authentic self. Together, we'll foster a warm, collaborative relationship for personal growth. I provide affirming and inclusive care, understanding the impact of societal systems on intersecting identities. With specialized training in neurodivergence, gender diversity, and consensual nonmonogamy, I support clients in navigating life's challenges. Currently accepting clients for gender surgery letters/documentation and psychological testing.
I specialize in working with queer, trans, and neurodivergent individuals. Using a relational, feminist, and humanistic approach, I help you embrace your authentic self. Together, we'll foster a warm, collaborative relationship for personal growth. I provide affirming and inclusive care, understanding the impact of societal systems on intersecting identities. With specialized training in neurodivergence, gender diversity, and consensual nonmonogamy, I support clients in navigating life's challenges. Currently accepting clients for gender surgery letters/documentation and psychological testing.
(773) 345-7584 View (773) 345-7584
Photo of Lauren Goffen, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chicago, IL
Lauren Goffen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60613
When life becomes difficult to manage, reaching out for professional support is a sign of strength. Choosing to begin therapy can be a gift to yourself - an opportunity to deepen your self-awareness, build more effective and positive relationships and live a healthy, more fulfilling life. I provide a safe and supportive environment where we can work together to address challenges, change negative patterns of thinking and behavior and adopt new ways to work within yourself to improve your life. I will help you utilize your strengths, increase compassion toward yourself and gain confidence to make necessary and lasting changes.
When life becomes difficult to manage, reaching out for professional support is a sign of strength. Choosing to begin therapy can be a gift to yourself - an opportunity to deepen your self-awareness, build more effective and positive relationships and live a healthy, more fulfilling life. I provide a safe and supportive environment where we can work together to address challenges, change negative patterns of thinking and behavior and adopt new ways to work within yourself to improve your life. I will help you utilize your strengths, increase compassion toward yourself and gain confidence to make necessary and lasting changes.
(773) 717-2948 View (773) 717-2948
Photo of Postpartum And Trauma Recovery - - Katie Hurley, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chicago, IL
Postpartum And Trauma Recovery - - Katie Hurley
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60640
Hello! My name is Katie Hurley. I am an LCSW licensed in both California & Illinois. I help new moms and pregnant people who are overwhelmed. My goal is for you to trust yourself and to find ease in your new role. I don’t take too many clients, so I care deeply about each person I work with. I will remember the names of your loved ones. I will want to see pictures of your dog. I will consult with your doctors, advocate for you, and send you resources outside of session. Most of all, I will be genuinely curious to hear what you have to say.
Hello! My name is Katie Hurley. I am an LCSW licensed in both California & Illinois. I help new moms and pregnant people who are overwhelmed. My goal is for you to trust yourself and to find ease in your new role. I don’t take too many clients, so I care deeply about each person I work with. I will remember the names of your loved ones. I will want to see pictures of your dog. I will consult with your doctors, advocate for you, and send you resources outside of session. Most of all, I will be genuinely curious to hear what you have to say.
(773) 692-1658 View (773) 692-1658
Photo of Daniel Karl Nennig, Licensed Professional Counselor in Chicago, IL
Daniel Karl Nennig
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, CADC
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60601
Seeking out therapy is a big step - so you should feel proud that you found yourself on my page! Life can be both beautiful and frightening and it can feel overwhelming navigating these ups and downs while taking care of your mental health. Unconditional acceptance, compassion, and empathy drive my therapeutic style. Seeing people as complex individuals with unique psychological facets allows me to see the bigger picture so I can tailor therapy to your specific needs. Feeling comfortable and safe is essential so we can explore and better understand those frightening parts of life.
Seeking out therapy is a big step - so you should feel proud that you found yourself on my page! Life can be both beautiful and frightening and it can feel overwhelming navigating these ups and downs while taking care of your mental health. Unconditional acceptance, compassion, and empathy drive my therapeutic style. Seeing people as complex individuals with unique psychological facets allows me to see the bigger picture so I can tailor therapy to your specific needs. Feeling comfortable and safe is essential so we can explore and better understand those frightening parts of life.
(312) 626-8576 View (312) 626-8576
Photo of Elizabeth Selph, Licensed Professional Counselor in Chicago, IL
Elizabeth Selph
Licensed Professional Counselor, MBA, MA
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60602
Therapy is about providing professional support to help you work through whatever prevents you from experiencing the freedom of emotion and choice. There are times our cultural, familial, and social experiences cause us pain we don’t know how to process, which stops us from living fully and freely. Sometimes our patterns and ways of responding interfere with making sense of our experiences. We need help sifting through our thoughts and emotions to get clarity. Recovery from depression is a healing process, whether from a chemical imbalance or in reaction to life.
Therapy is about providing professional support to help you work through whatever prevents you from experiencing the freedom of emotion and choice. There are times our cultural, familial, and social experiences cause us pain we don’t know how to process, which stops us from living fully and freely. Sometimes our patterns and ways of responding interfere with making sense of our experiences. We need help sifting through our thoughts and emotions to get clarity. Recovery from depression is a healing process, whether from a chemical imbalance or in reaction to life.
(312) 374-6601 View (312) 374-6601

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Chicago, IL

3,000+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Chicago, IL who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
88% Depression
79% Relationship Issues
77% Self Esteem
71% Trauma and PTSD
67% Coping Skills
67% Stress

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

95% BlueCross and BlueShield
60% Aetna
49% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Chicago, IL see their clients

63% In Person and Online
37% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
18% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Chicago?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.