Therapists in Denver, CO

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Photo of Elena Schmeising, Counselor in Denver, CO
Elena Schmeising
Counselor, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Denver, CO 80203
Hey there, I'm Elena, a queer, sex-positive therapist specializing in working with LGBTQIA+ and non-monogamous clients. At Arcana Counseling, I welcome adolescent and adult individuals and relationship configurations of all kinds. Whether you're facing mental health or relationship issues, moving through a difficult life transition, seeking coping or communication skills, or continuing on your journey of self-discovery, you don't have to do it alone. Wherever you are on your path, I will meet you there and support you every step of the way as we work collaboratively toward your goals.
Hey there, I'm Elena, a queer, sex-positive therapist specializing in working with LGBTQIA+ and non-monogamous clients. At Arcana Counseling, I welcome adolescent and adult individuals and relationship configurations of all kinds. Whether you're facing mental health or relationship issues, moving through a difficult life transition, seeking coping or communication skills, or continuing on your journey of self-discovery, you don't have to do it alone. Wherever you are on your path, I will meet you there and support you every step of the way as we work collaboratively toward your goals.
(720) 458-9318 View (720) 458-9318
Photo of Erin Phipps, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Denver, CO
Erin Phipps
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, ACS
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80209
I provide therapy to Queer, and Neurodivergent people by focusing on making ease of change through connection, reflection, intention, and learning to feel. People who seek out my help generally have not had the space or guidance to explore the complexity of their identity, which often leads to feelings of worry and confusion. I help people reconnect to their unique inner landscape through exploration of the mind & body connection.
I provide therapy to Queer, and Neurodivergent people by focusing on making ease of change through connection, reflection, intention, and learning to feel. People who seek out my help generally have not had the space or guidance to explore the complexity of their identity, which often leads to feelings of worry and confusion. I help people reconnect to their unique inner landscape through exploration of the mind & body connection.
(720) 463-1186 View (720) 463-1186
Photo of Susan Kirshenbaum Silver, Psychologist in Denver, CO
Susan Kirshenbaum Silver
Psychologist, PhD, LLC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Denver, CO 80222
My straight-forward approach, coupled with gentle humor and empathy, helps my clients learn to broaden their sense of self and develop meaningful relationships. I am committed to helping clients identify their strengths, values and dreams in order to live a purposeful life. I work with clients to minimize self-criticism so that they can begin to think about themselves in a new light and create new possibilities.
My straight-forward approach, coupled with gentle humor and empathy, helps my clients learn to broaden their sense of self and develop meaningful relationships. I am committed to helping clients identify their strengths, values and dreams in order to live a purposeful life. I work with clients to minimize self-criticism so that they can begin to think about themselves in a new light and create new possibilities.
(303) 900-7320 View (303) 900-7320
Photo of D'ri Jones, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Denver, CO
D'ri Jones
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CAS
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80222
Welcome! I believe that therapy is an experience in which we work together, rather than one in which a clinician treats a patient. While the methods I use are evidence-based, my approach is heart-centered and mindful. Whether you are wanting help with anxiety, depression, trauma, abuse, dating/relationships, divorce/end of a relationship, grief or overcoming a block in your personal growth, you are in the right place. I practice EMDR Therapy and received my EMDR Training from the Maiberger Institute, an EMDRIA approved provider of EMDR Trainings.
Welcome! I believe that therapy is an experience in which we work together, rather than one in which a clinician treats a patient. While the methods I use are evidence-based, my approach is heart-centered and mindful. Whether you are wanting help with anxiety, depression, trauma, abuse, dating/relationships, divorce/end of a relationship, grief or overcoming a block in your personal growth, you are in the right place. I practice EMDR Therapy and received my EMDR Training from the Maiberger Institute, an EMDRIA approved provider of EMDR Trainings.
(720) 548-2194 View (720) 548-2194
Photo of Brett Skyba, Licensed Professional Counselor in Denver, CO
Brett Skyba
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80246  (Online Only)
Hi there! I am an experienced LPC that has worked with many types of people with many types of conditions. I have experience with trauma-based therapy, addiction therapy, and working through life's everyday issues that we deal with. I'm eclectic with my approach to counseling and one of the main things I strive for is to build trust so that I can help you get to where you would like to go quicker. I am very personable and love to bring humor into the sessions that we do together.
Hi there! I am an experienced LPC that has worked with many types of people with many types of conditions. I have experience with trauma-based therapy, addiction therapy, and working through life's everyday issues that we deal with. I'm eclectic with my approach to counseling and one of the main things I strive for is to build trust so that I can help you get to where you would like to go quicker. I am very personable and love to bring humor into the sessions that we do together.
(720) 817-5489 View (720) 817-5489
Photo of Gabe Casher, Psychologist in Denver, CO
Gabe Casher
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Denver, CO 80211
Are you trying your best to parent your child or teen, but know that they need more support? Do you wish that family life felt more peaceful? Is your teen starting to struggle with depression or anxiety? At Panorama Psychology, we provide in-person and virtual services for children, teens, and families to support healthy adjustment, effective communication, and healing. We integrate a variety of strategies including cognitive-behavioral techniques (CBT), acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), psychodynamic therapy, and mindfulness. Most importantly, we will create a space to explore your difficulties together, without judgment.
Are you trying your best to parent your child or teen, but know that they need more support? Do you wish that family life felt more peaceful? Is your teen starting to struggle with depression or anxiety? At Panorama Psychology, we provide in-person and virtual services for children, teens, and families to support healthy adjustment, effective communication, and healing. We integrate a variety of strategies including cognitive-behavioral techniques (CBT), acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), psychodynamic therapy, and mindfulness. Most importantly, we will create a space to explore your difficulties together, without judgment.
(720) 707-2584 View (720) 707-2584
Photo of Tori Buckley, Licensed Professional Counselor in Denver, CO
Tori Buckley
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Denver, CO 80223
Waitlist for new clients
Clients who work best with me are curious and open. They're ready for a deep dive in self-discovery in order to ditch the old patterns that hold them back. Many of my clients are currently (or prepping for) exploring ethical non-monogamy. Others may be navigating big life changes, like pregnancy, graduating college, or a big move. My clients are eager to feel confident, fulfilled, and fully alive. Together, we will navigate towards stability, confidence, and excitement in your life and relationships!
Clients who work best with me are curious and open. They're ready for a deep dive in self-discovery in order to ditch the old patterns that hold them back. Many of my clients are currently (or prepping for) exploring ethical non-monogamy. Others may be navigating big life changes, like pregnancy, graduating college, or a big move. My clients are eager to feel confident, fulfilled, and fully alive. Together, we will navigate towards stability, confidence, and excitement in your life and relationships!
(720) 580-9688 View (720) 580-9688
Photo of Lorrie Schroffel, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Denver, CO
Lorrie Schroffel
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80222
Let’s talk about what matters to you. Change happens and we ask ourselves “ Who am I Now?” “What is Meaningful to Me?” “What causes me pain and sadness?” “What makes me Laugh?” “Is loneliness a recurring theme?” “Why am I so angry?” Difficulties connecting with people and lack of assertiveness can cause resentment, anger, loneliness, and loss of meaning. We grow in our relationships with ourselves and each other. Healthy relationships make us feel alive. The ability to positively assert ourselves creates increased self esteem and authentic relationships.
Let’s talk about what matters to you. Change happens and we ask ourselves “ Who am I Now?” “What is Meaningful to Me?” “What causes me pain and sadness?” “What makes me Laugh?” “Is loneliness a recurring theme?” “Why am I so angry?” Difficulties connecting with people and lack of assertiveness can cause resentment, anger, loneliness, and loss of meaning. We grow in our relationships with ourselves and each other. Healthy relationships make us feel alive. The ability to positively assert ourselves creates increased self esteem and authentic relationships.
(720) 728-1737 View (720) 728-1737
Photo of Eric Hilborn, Licensed Professional Counselor in Denver, CO
Eric Hilborn
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Denver, CO 80209
I approach each client with a genuine investment in uncovering his or her unique qualities, strengths, and passions in order to strengthen their sense of autonomy and feelings of positive self-worth. I believe strongly in the tenets of equality, non-judgment, flexibility, and safety within the therapeutic relationship, and my primary aim is to provide an environment in which self-acceptance can be cultivated and personal growth can be nurtured. Treatment will always be a collaborative effort to discover the essential insights necessary for lasting change while simultaneously learning how to treat yourself with more leniency and personal grace.
I approach each client with a genuine investment in uncovering his or her unique qualities, strengths, and passions in order to strengthen their sense of autonomy and feelings of positive self-worth. I believe strongly in the tenets of equality, non-judgment, flexibility, and safety within the therapeutic relationship, and my primary aim is to provide an environment in which self-acceptance can be cultivated and personal growth can be nurtured. Treatment will always be a collaborative effort to discover the essential insights necessary for lasting change while simultaneously learning how to treat yourself with more leniency and personal grace.
(610) 546-2772 View (610) 546-2772
Photo of Kerry Stutzman, Marriage & Family Therapist in Denver, CO
Kerry Stutzman
Marriage & Family Therapist, MSW, LMFT
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Denver, CO 80237
Do you wish you felt more fully alive? Do you want to feel more joy? Is real life harder than you expected? Are relationships more complicated than you wish they were? I think that hard times in life are like being stuck in a kiln... it is uncomfortable and miserable and we don't know when we'll get out. But when we do, we are stronger, waterproof, and our true colors are showing. Therapy can be a place to laugh, cry, learn and grow. It can be a place to share with someone what you are going through.
Do you wish you felt more fully alive? Do you want to feel more joy? Is real life harder than you expected? Are relationships more complicated than you wish they were? I think that hard times in life are like being stuck in a kiln... it is uncomfortable and miserable and we don't know when we'll get out. But when we do, we are stronger, waterproof, and our true colors are showing. Therapy can be a place to laugh, cry, learn and grow. It can be a place to share with someone what you are going through.
(303) 900-5829 View (303) 900-5829
Photo of Eleanore Hall, Psychologist in Denver, CO
Eleanore Hall
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Denver, CO 80222
Eleanore Hall, Psy.D. is a licensed clinical psychologist specializing in the evidence-based treatment of childhood anxiety, OCD, and related disorders, as well as perinatal adjustment and mood difficulties. She has expertise in cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), exposure and response prevention treatment (ERP), Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT), and the SPACE parent-based treatment program. Dr. Hall also pursued specialized postdoctoral training in perinatal psychology through the Irving Harris Program. Her work is driven by a passion for helping individuals to get back in the driver’s seat and regain a sense of freedom.
Eleanore Hall, Psy.D. is a licensed clinical psychologist specializing in the evidence-based treatment of childhood anxiety, OCD, and related disorders, as well as perinatal adjustment and mood difficulties. She has expertise in cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), exposure and response prevention treatment (ERP), Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT), and the SPACE parent-based treatment program. Dr. Hall also pursued specialized postdoctoral training in perinatal psychology through the Irving Harris Program. Her work is driven by a passion for helping individuals to get back in the driver’s seat and regain a sense of freedom.
(720) 759-3839 View (720) 759-3839
Photo of Adam Slack, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Denver, CO
Adam Slack
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80246  (Online Only)
I bring over 14 years of experience in the mental health field into my therapy practice. I have experience working with individuals across the age spectrum and am skilled at partnering with clients to make positive changes in their lives. I am non-judgmental and meet people where they are at in their process. My experience encompasses clinical case management for persistent mental health concerns such as bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, to more traditional therapy practices for addressing depression, anxiety, trauma, and adjustment related concerns. I am also experienced in treating substance use disorders.
I bring over 14 years of experience in the mental health field into my therapy practice. I have experience working with individuals across the age spectrum and am skilled at partnering with clients to make positive changes in their lives. I am non-judgmental and meet people where they are at in their process. My experience encompasses clinical case management for persistent mental health concerns such as bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, to more traditional therapy practices for addressing depression, anxiety, trauma, and adjustment related concerns. I am also experienced in treating substance use disorders.
(720) 927-9682 View (720) 927-9682
Photo of Riley Spuhler Rhodes, Psychologist in Denver, CO
Riley Spuhler Rhodes
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80247
I am a licensed clinical psychologist in the state of Colorado with over fifteen years of experience in the field of child psychology - including research, evaluation, and therapy with children, adolescents, and families. Currently in my private practice, I provide evaluations for individuals with questions about possible learning differences, cognitive abilities including giftedness, ADHD and other neurodevelopmental conditions. I also offer consulting services to parents, schools, and other professionals.
I am a licensed clinical psychologist in the state of Colorado with over fifteen years of experience in the field of child psychology - including research, evaluation, and therapy with children, adolescents, and families. Currently in my private practice, I provide evaluations for individuals with questions about possible learning differences, cognitive abilities including giftedness, ADHD and other neurodevelopmental conditions. I also offer consulting services to parents, schools, and other professionals.
(303) 991-7654 View (303) 991-7654
Photo of George Sutherland, Licensed Professional Counselor in Denver, CO
George Sutherland
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Denver, CO 80212  (Online Only)
I will do my best to listen carefully and closely, and speak back in ways that enhance your curiosity. In this collaboration, you will be able to discover more of who you are both to yourself, and to other people. You will find in me someone who respects all parts of you and challenges you. I understand that therapy is not easy, and will do my best to make you feel understood throughout the process.
I will do my best to listen carefully and closely, and speak back in ways that enhance your curiosity. In this collaboration, you will be able to discover more of who you are both to yourself, and to other people. You will find in me someone who respects all parts of you and challenges you. I understand that therapy is not easy, and will do my best to make you feel understood throughout the process.
(720) 790-7635 View (720) 790-7635
Photo of Futures Counseling, LLC, Licensed Professional Counselor in Denver, CO
Futures Counseling, LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, MACP, LMHC, LPC
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80212  (Online Only)
Finding your next step can be Confusing, Intimidating, Daunting. Seeking professional assistance for life's many complicated twists is a sign of mature humility. I have heard, "therapy is for broken people" and this could not be farther from the truth. Therapy is a window into a healthier life, ripe with clearer goals and personal accomplishments, more accountability, greater dreams, and significantly more rewarding relationships. TAKING the decision to speak with someone allows access to evidence-based, efficient, effective tools you can use the rest of your life - once you find your meaning and purpose, all else falls into place.
Finding your next step can be Confusing, Intimidating, Daunting. Seeking professional assistance for life's many complicated twists is a sign of mature humility. I have heard, "therapy is for broken people" and this could not be farther from the truth. Therapy is a window into a healthier life, ripe with clearer goals and personal accomplishments, more accountability, greater dreams, and significantly more rewarding relationships. TAKING the decision to speak with someone allows access to evidence-based, efficient, effective tools you can use the rest of your life - once you find your meaning and purpose, all else falls into place.
(303) 276-9845 View (303) 276-9845
Photo of Artemis Psychology - Dr. Mallaree Blake, Psychologist in Denver, CO
Artemis Psychology - Dr. Mallaree Blake
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Denver, CO 80211
Are your relationships suffering? Are you struggling to date, preserve your relationship, or find sexual satisfaction in your relationships? Are you trying to get pregnant, suffering from a loss, or a new parent feeling disconnected from your baby? Relationship issues are often at the core of our suffering and can leave us feeling alone, rejected, and misunderstood. Whether these issues stem from childhood or past relationships, they can cause you to question your self-worth, feel stuck in life, and experience intense grief and shame. You deserve the chance to feel seen, to heal, and to grow through and toward connection.
Are your relationships suffering? Are you struggling to date, preserve your relationship, or find sexual satisfaction in your relationships? Are you trying to get pregnant, suffering from a loss, or a new parent feeling disconnected from your baby? Relationship issues are often at the core of our suffering and can leave us feeling alone, rejected, and misunderstood. Whether these issues stem from childhood or past relationships, they can cause you to question your self-worth, feel stuck in life, and experience intense grief and shame. You deserve the chance to feel seen, to heal, and to grow through and toward connection.
(720) 262-2508 View (720) 262-2508
Photo of Melanie McGinn, Licensed Professional Counselor in Denver, CO
Melanie McGinn
Licensed Professional Counselor, LCSW
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80246  (Online Only)
Melanie McGinn is a compassionate and seasoned therapist with a decade of experience guiding individuals through life's transitions and difficult seasons. Trained as a licensed clinical social worker, I build strong and trusting relationships by listening deeply and tailoring my methods to each client's unique journey. I understand that life changes can be both exciting and overwhelming, and I will help you find your own courage and resilience. My expertise spans various life transitions including loss, recovery, career transitions, parenting challenges, relationship changes, and personal growth milestones.
Melanie McGinn is a compassionate and seasoned therapist with a decade of experience guiding individuals through life's transitions and difficult seasons. Trained as a licensed clinical social worker, I build strong and trusting relationships by listening deeply and tailoring my methods to each client's unique journey. I understand that life changes can be both exciting and overwhelming, and I will help you find your own courage and resilience. My expertise spans various life transitions including loss, recovery, career transitions, parenting challenges, relationship changes, and personal growth milestones.
(720) 782-5860 View (720) 782-5860
Photo of Sarah Avery, Marriage & Family Therapist in Denver, CO
Sarah Avery
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80238
I'm warm, easy to talk to, a straight-shooter, and a creative problem-solver. I know effective therapy has room for laughter AND tears. Using your strengths as a guide, I'll help you identify and implement new strategies and tools to relieve your relational strain, overwhelm, burnout, complex decisions, and big life transitions.
I'm warm, easy to talk to, a straight-shooter, and a creative problem-solver. I know effective therapy has room for laughter AND tears. Using your strengths as a guide, I'll help you identify and implement new strategies and tools to relieve your relational strain, overwhelm, burnout, complex decisions, and big life transitions.
(424) 354-4406 View (424) 354-4406
Photo of Cultivate Life Counseling, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Denver, CO
Cultivate Life Counseling
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LAC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Denver, CO 80210  (Online Only)
The main characteristic that helps my clients benefit most is the willingness to look honestly and deeply inside themselves and examine their own hearts and stories. This requires authenticity, honesty, and strength as this is often uncomfortable. My clients that benefit most are those that are willing to lean into this discomfort to recognize the areas of unhealth in their hearts, minds, and relationships, and to work towards the change and transformation and abundant life that God calls us all towards.
The main characteristic that helps my clients benefit most is the willingness to look honestly and deeply inside themselves and examine their own hearts and stories. This requires authenticity, honesty, and strength as this is often uncomfortable. My clients that benefit most are those that are willing to lean into this discomfort to recognize the areas of unhealth in their hearts, minds, and relationships, and to work towards the change and transformation and abundant life that God calls us all towards.
(720) 728-0487 View (720) 728-0487
Photo of Betsy Chanth., Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Denver, CO
Betsy Chanth.
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80219  (Online Only)
Life can be challenging. What's your story?
Life can be challenging. What's your story?
(720) 734-4126 View (720) 734-4126

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Denver, CO

3,000+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Denver, CO who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
87% Depression
79% Relationship Issues
75% Trauma and PTSD
75% Self Esteem
71% Stress
68% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

76% Aetna
68% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
64% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Denver, CO see their clients

63% In Person and Online
37% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
19% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Denver?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.