Therapists in Alexandria, VA

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Photo of Zainab Kamara, Pre-Licensed Professional in Alexandria, VA
Zainab Kamara
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22302
I am a firm believer in the philosophy that everyone’s journey is unique, and despite the ups and downs of life, each individual is the experts in their life. Together on our journey we can help navigate and cope with the challenges of life. I have experience using modalities such as Person-Centered approach with the collaborative work from Cognitive-Behavioral therapy, Solution-Focused therapy and Motivational Interviewing, with the hope of supporting individuals in identifying their desires and empowering them to make positive changes.
I am a firm believer in the philosophy that everyone’s journey is unique, and despite the ups and downs of life, each individual is the experts in their life. Together on our journey we can help navigate and cope with the challenges of life. I have experience using modalities such as Person-Centered approach with the collaborative work from Cognitive-Behavioral therapy, Solution-Focused therapy and Motivational Interviewing, with the hope of supporting individuals in identifying their desires and empowering them to make positive changes.
(571) 556-9733 View (571) 556-9733
Photo of Danielle Crawford Supervisor, Licensed Professional Counselor in Alexandria, VA
Danielle Crawford Supervisor
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, ACS
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22315
When individuals seek counseling, they often grapple with life's weighty challenges like anxiety and depression. They yearn for understanding, emotional support, and effective coping strategies. Their ultimate goal is to lead authentic, joyful lives filled with meaningful connections. They're driven by a profound desire to better comprehend themselves, their motivations, and their place in the world. You're not alone on this journey; seeking counseling is a courageous step toward a brighter future. Together, we can explore the path to healing, self-discovery, and the fulfillment of your deepest aspirations.
When individuals seek counseling, they often grapple with life's weighty challenges like anxiety and depression. They yearn for understanding, emotional support, and effective coping strategies. Their ultimate goal is to lead authentic, joyful lives filled with meaningful connections. They're driven by a profound desire to better comprehend themselves, their motivations, and their place in the world. You're not alone on this journey; seeking counseling is a courageous step toward a brighter future. Together, we can explore the path to healing, self-discovery, and the fulfillment of your deepest aspirations.
(703) 782-4402 View (703) 782-4402
Photo of Pearl Vitality Counseling, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Alexandria, VA
Pearl Vitality Counseling
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22304  (Online Only)
Sheena Carter is Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) in the Commonwealth of Virginia. She gained her Bachelors and Masters of social work from the Virginia Commonwealth University. She has been providing mental health services for over 12 years in the Richmond and Northern Virginia areas. Sheena believes in a client centered environment that is safe, supportive, nonjudgmental, and culturally sensitive with all clients.
Sheena Carter is Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) in the Commonwealth of Virginia. She gained her Bachelors and Masters of social work from the Virginia Commonwealth University. She has been providing mental health services for over 12 years in the Richmond and Northern Virginia areas. Sheena believes in a client centered environment that is safe, supportive, nonjudgmental, and culturally sensitive with all clients.
(571) 946-5397 View (571) 946-5397
Photo of Hallie Fleisch, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Alexandria, VA
Hallie Fleisch
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Alexandria, VA 22314
Seeking therapy is a courageous choice. I would be honored to walk with you on your journey. I specialize in the treatment of eating disorders (anorexia nervosa, bulimia, binge-eating), and disordered eating. I have extensive experience treating: trauma, anxiety, depression, issues related to self-esteem, and relationship concerns. I am actively affirming and welcoming of LGBTQIA+ identities and sexual orientation. In our work together, I will encourage you to uncover your strengths, advocate for your needs, and help you reach your goals. I will provide support, humor, and a nonjudgmental perspective throughout our work together.
Seeking therapy is a courageous choice. I would be honored to walk with you on your journey. I specialize in the treatment of eating disorders (anorexia nervosa, bulimia, binge-eating), and disordered eating. I have extensive experience treating: trauma, anxiety, depression, issues related to self-esteem, and relationship concerns. I am actively affirming and welcoming of LGBTQIA+ identities and sexual orientation. In our work together, I will encourage you to uncover your strengths, advocate for your needs, and help you reach your goals. I will provide support, humor, and a nonjudgmental perspective throughout our work together.
(571) 520-6265 View (571) 520-6265
Photo of Sean Walsh, Psychologist in Alexandria, VA
Sean Walsh
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Alexandria, VA 22303  (Online Only)
Understanding the causes of anxiety, depression, and self-doubt by increasing self-awareness is the key to effectively navigating life's challenges. I work with people of all age ranges but specialize in adults in their 20's and 30's experiencing difficulties with anxiety, depression, professional identity, relationship difficulties, and stress management. I also specialize in working with individuals who are self-identified people pleasers, experience social anxiety, and have difficulty labeling feelings. I also provide a range of psychological testing services including for ADHD, psychoeducation, neuropsychology, and forensics.
Understanding the causes of anxiety, depression, and self-doubt by increasing self-awareness is the key to effectively navigating life's challenges. I work with people of all age ranges but specialize in adults in their 20's and 30's experiencing difficulties with anxiety, depression, professional identity, relationship difficulties, and stress management. I also specialize in working with individuals who are self-identified people pleasers, experience social anxiety, and have difficulty labeling feelings. I also provide a range of psychological testing services including for ADHD, psychoeducation, neuropsychology, and forensics.
(703) 810-3532 View (703) 810-3532
Photo of Elizabeth A Perry, LPC Intern in Alexandria, VA
Elizabeth A Perry
LPC Intern, MEd, LPC-R
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Alexandria, VA 22314
Trying to find a supportive, affirming therapist can be a daunting experience for anyone. especially when you are LGBTQ+. Maybe you're thinking, "Will they really accept me for who I really am? Can I trust them not to reject me?" I know it takes courage to reach out for help. I offer a listening, non-judgmental ear in a safe, caring environment. We can unpack the issues that are making you feel overwhelmed and unable to cope. Together we will work to identify what is most important to you, and ways to move forward.
Trying to find a supportive, affirming therapist can be a daunting experience for anyone. especially when you are LGBTQ+. Maybe you're thinking, "Will they really accept me for who I really am? Can I trust them not to reject me?" I know it takes courage to reach out for help. I offer a listening, non-judgmental ear in a safe, caring environment. We can unpack the issues that are making you feel overwhelmed and unable to cope. Together we will work to identify what is most important to you, and ways to move forward.
(540) 845-6940 x1 View (540) 845-6940 x1
Photo of Karen Perkins Curtis, Licensed Professional Counselor in Alexandria, VA
Karen Perkins Curtis
Licensed Professional Counselor, NCC, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Alexandria, VA 22314  (Online Only)
My passion is helping families adjust to significant life changes. Whether you are entering into marriage, welcoming a child into your family or realizing that it is time to refocus on your marriage, my goal is to help you strengthen and grow your family bond. Services include: PreMarital counseling, Marital Enrichment coaching, Perinatal Mental Health Support for moms AND dads (aiming to prevent or combat Postpartum Depression & Anxiety), hands-on parenting support including my direct observation & modeling.
My passion is helping families adjust to significant life changes. Whether you are entering into marriage, welcoming a child into your family or realizing that it is time to refocus on your marriage, my goal is to help you strengthen and grow your family bond. Services include: PreMarital counseling, Marital Enrichment coaching, Perinatal Mental Health Support for moms AND dads (aiming to prevent or combat Postpartum Depression & Anxiety), hands-on parenting support including my direct observation & modeling.
(202) 455-6987 View (202) 455-6987
Photo of Emily Gibson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Alexandria, VA
Emily Gibson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22304  (Online Only)
I strive to support people in learning to managing difficult phases of life and tough emotions so they can be the best version of themselves. I have been trained in and feel comfortable with a wide array of therapy modalities in order to provide services that best fit my clients' individual needs. Though I recognize the uniqueness of my clients, I also work to view them holistically as individuals within cultures, communities, and systems that influence the person they are. I am especially passionate about helping those who have recently moved to the U.S. and are adjusting or re-adjusting to the culture here.
I strive to support people in learning to managing difficult phases of life and tough emotions so they can be the best version of themselves. I have been trained in and feel comfortable with a wide array of therapy modalities in order to provide services that best fit my clients' individual needs. Though I recognize the uniqueness of my clients, I also work to view them holistically as individuals within cultures, communities, and systems that influence the person they are. I am especially passionate about helping those who have recently moved to the U.S. and are adjusting or re-adjusting to the culture here.
(571) 200-3772 View (571) 200-3772
Photo of Robin Joseph, Licensed Professional Counselor in Alexandria, VA
Robin Joseph
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, NCC, LPC
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22314
Discovering your passions, managing change and navigating daily stressors can be difficult. It is particularly difficult, if you are experiencing stress at home or work, struggling with unhealthy behaviors or dealing with unexpected life events. I work collaboratively with clients to determine their treatment goals and explore barriers that prevent them from reaching them. My aim is to help you process change while offering strategies that increase coping skills and challenge behaviors that disrupt your progress.
Discovering your passions, managing change and navigating daily stressors can be difficult. It is particularly difficult, if you are experiencing stress at home or work, struggling with unhealthy behaviors or dealing with unexpected life events. I work collaboratively with clients to determine their treatment goals and explore barriers that prevent them from reaching them. My aim is to help you process change while offering strategies that increase coping skills and challenge behaviors that disrupt your progress.
(571) 410-3768 View (571) 410-3768
Photo of Chesley H Simpson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Alexandria, VA
Chesley H Simpson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, GC-C
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22308  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker and Certified Grief Counselor. I have been working in the field of loss, grief and life transitions since 2014. Grief is a normal, human reaction and can arise out of retirement, loss of safety after a trauma, or loss of some fundamental element of your identity. As a clinician, I have extensive experience working with clients who have experienced various types of grief and loss. I have a true passion for this work of helping others through life transitions and finding hope again.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker and Certified Grief Counselor. I have been working in the field of loss, grief and life transitions since 2014. Grief is a normal, human reaction and can arise out of retirement, loss of safety after a trauma, or loss of some fundamental element of your identity. As a clinician, I have extensive experience working with clients who have experienced various types of grief and loss. I have a true passion for this work of helping others through life transitions and finding hope again.
(703) 844-2687 View (703) 844-2687
Photo of Sean Maloney, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Alexandria, VA
Sean Maloney
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Alexandria, VA 22314
Whether you are an executive working to find your rhythm in leadership, a member of the armed services struggling with return from deployment, a young adult questioning your sexual orientation, a couple trying to inspire the next phase of your relationship, or an athlete trying to push through a frustrating plateau, my solution-focused approach will help you accomplish your therapeutic goals. Relying on humor, frank dialogue, compassion, and strong interpersonal skills, I work quickly to break down barriers of discomfort and vulnerability to create a safe space for people from any walk of life.
Whether you are an executive working to find your rhythm in leadership, a member of the armed services struggling with return from deployment, a young adult questioning your sexual orientation, a couple trying to inspire the next phase of your relationship, or an athlete trying to push through a frustrating plateau, my solution-focused approach will help you accomplish your therapeutic goals. Relying on humor, frank dialogue, compassion, and strong interpersonal skills, I work quickly to break down barriers of discomfort and vulnerability to create a safe space for people from any walk of life.
(571) 458-1801 View (571) 458-1801
Photo of Akiko Ueda-Zecca, Pre-Licensed Professional in Alexandria, VA
Akiko Ueda-Zecca
Pre-Licensed Professional, LMSW
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22314
Do you feel overwhelmed but do not know what to do? Are you looking for someone who will journey with you to make therapeutic changes in your life? I am a social worker with a background in conflict resolution and education. I strive to offer a client-centered and culturally sensitive environment where you make those changes happen. I also adopt trauma-informed practice where appropriate. It is my hope to empower you to explore different perspectives in life and gain the tools that help you make the changes you are looking for.
Do you feel overwhelmed but do not know what to do? Are you looking for someone who will journey with you to make therapeutic changes in your life? I am a social worker with a background in conflict resolution and education. I strive to offer a client-centered and culturally sensitive environment where you make those changes happen. I also adopt trauma-informed practice where appropriate. It is my hope to empower you to explore different perspectives in life and gain the tools that help you make the changes you are looking for.
(571) 568-7915 View (571) 568-7915
Photo of Marna D Rowe, Counselor in Alexandria, VA
Marna D Rowe
Counselor, LPC, MS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Alexandria, VA 22314
I have a passion for aiding the change in the lives of others. My diverse background and multifaceted experience provides a foundational framework for counseling. As a former educator, I have developed skills in communication, establishing rapport, interaction, and engagement.
I have a passion for aiding the change in the lives of others. My diverse background and multifaceted experience provides a foundational framework for counseling. As a former educator, I have developed skills in communication, establishing rapport, interaction, and engagement.
(571) 526-0849 View (571) 526-0849
Photo of J. Brian Suchocki, Licensed Professional Counselor in Alexandria, VA
J. Brian Suchocki
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22304
With more than 15 years of therapy experience, I've come to understand that life's challenges are rarely straightforward. Therapy, to me, involves providing guidance and support to individuals navigating through exceptional circumstances. Together, we'll strive to enact the changes that hold utmost significance to you. My aim is to cultivate a secure environment where you feel unequivocally heard and valued.
With more than 15 years of therapy experience, I've come to understand that life's challenges are rarely straightforward. Therapy, to me, involves providing guidance and support to individuals navigating through exceptional circumstances. Together, we'll strive to enact the changes that hold utmost significance to you. My aim is to cultivate a secure environment where you feel unequivocally heard and valued.
(703) 634-4598 View (703) 634-4598
Photo of Elisa Nebolsine, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Alexandria, VA
Elisa Nebolsine
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22301
Waitlist for new clients
Relationships, past traumas, and the stories we tell ourselves shape our emotions and actions. I focus on forming genuine connections with my clients to ensure they feel truly heard and seen. Together, we explore the deeper meaning behind your experiences, address emotional hurdles, and highlight your strengths to build a life that feels better.
Relationships, past traumas, and the stories we tell ourselves shape our emotions and actions. I focus on forming genuine connections with my clients to ensure they feel truly heard and seen. Together, we explore the deeper meaning behind your experiences, address emotional hurdles, and highlight your strengths to build a life that feels better.
(571) 600-6707 View (571) 600-6707
Photo of Edward Michael Andrews, Marriage & Family Therapist in Alexandria, VA
Edward Michael Andrews
Marriage & Family Therapist, LPC, LMFT, MAC, CCMHC, NCC
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22314
I am licensed psychotherapist with more than twenty years of experience working with adults and adolescents offering counseling and therapy for a variety of issues to a diverse client base in Virginia and Washington, DC. I provide treatment for individuals, couples and families, and lead a number of therapy groups. My work combines cognitive behavioral techniques with other effective and evidence-based therapies, such as DBT, to help you to actualize your strengths and manage your behaviors in a safe, supportive and solution-focused context. I have extensive experience working with life's transitions, aging, illness, and loss and grief, particularly with the LGBT community.
I am licensed psychotherapist with more than twenty years of experience working with adults and adolescents offering counseling and therapy for a variety of issues to a diverse client base in Virginia and Washington, DC. I provide treatment for individuals, couples and families, and lead a number of therapy groups. My work combines cognitive behavioral techniques with other effective and evidence-based therapies, such as DBT, to help you to actualize your strengths and manage your behaviors in a safe, supportive and solution-focused context. I have extensive experience working with life's transitions, aging, illness, and loss and grief, particularly with the LGBT community.
(703) 401-1424 View (703) 401-1424
Photo of Carole Thomas, Supervisee in Clinical Social Work in Alexandria, VA
Carole Thomas
Supervisee in Clinical Social Work, MSW
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22314
I specialize in working with adult individuals experiencing trauma, depression, anxiety, life transitions, and relationship issues and couples experiencing conflict or wanting to strengthen their relationships. I am dedicated to supporting individuals on their path to mental health and well-being. Because I believe that therapeutic rapport and alliance are paramount to therapeutic success, my goal in therapy is to hold a compassionate, safe, and non-judgmental space where clients feel seen, heard, and understood.
I specialize in working with adult individuals experiencing trauma, depression, anxiety, life transitions, and relationship issues and couples experiencing conflict or wanting to strengthen their relationships. I am dedicated to supporting individuals on their path to mental health and well-being. Because I believe that therapeutic rapport and alliance are paramount to therapeutic success, my goal in therapy is to hold a compassionate, safe, and non-judgmental space where clients feel seen, heard, and understood.
(571) 378-5154 View (571) 378-5154
Photo of Sandra Emo, Resident in Counseling in Alexandria, VA
Sandra Emo
Resident in Counseling, MEd, LPC-R
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Alexandria, VA 22314
I have experience working with individuals, couples and children ages 10 and older to address diverse issues with the goal towards improving overall wellness. Whether you're an individual looking to take care of your mental health, a couple working towards communications, or a parent seeking resources for their child or adolescent, I would love to help you meet your needs. As a bilingual speaker, I am also able to facilitate therapy for Spanish speaking clients. My experience spans trauma, parenting, coping skills, communication, depression, anxiety, life transitions, multicultural issues, and maternal mental health to name a few.
I have experience working with individuals, couples and children ages 10 and older to address diverse issues with the goal towards improving overall wellness. Whether you're an individual looking to take care of your mental health, a couple working towards communications, or a parent seeking resources for their child or adolescent, I would love to help you meet your needs. As a bilingual speaker, I am also able to facilitate therapy for Spanish speaking clients. My experience spans trauma, parenting, coping skills, communication, depression, anxiety, life transitions, multicultural issues, and maternal mental health to name a few.
(540) 845-6940 x1 View (540) 845-6940 x1
Photo of Tara Newton, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Alexandria, VA
Tara Newton
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LCSW
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22314
Tara has experience working with adolescents & adults contending with an array of mood disorders, challenges related to grief & loss, self-efficacy, stress & anger management, PTSD & conflict resolution. She has worked extensively with individuals and families experiencing trauma, abuse & domestic violence. Tele-health & face to face modalities are provided.
Tara has experience working with adolescents & adults contending with an array of mood disorders, challenges related to grief & loss, self-efficacy, stress & anger management, PTSD & conflict resolution. She has worked extensively with individuals and families experiencing trauma, abuse & domestic violence. Tele-health & face to face modalities are provided.
(202) 816-5371 View (202) 816-5371
Photo of Nancy Reder, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Alexandria, VA
Nancy Reder
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22301
I'm a depth-oriented therapist and clinical case consultant. Prospective therapy clients, if you're stuck or suffering, I help you get the quickest possible relief from symptoms and achieve personal goals. I assist you to overcome habits that negatively impact your relationships, performance and self-esteem. This involves learning to see and use internal information that you are unaccustomed to noticing, or managing. I'll help you connect to new, productive responses in relationships; loss; trauma; and difficult circumstances. For more information: Therapy clients, and therapists looking for case consultation, go to nancyreder.com.
I'm a depth-oriented therapist and clinical case consultant. Prospective therapy clients, if you're stuck or suffering, I help you get the quickest possible relief from symptoms and achieve personal goals. I assist you to overcome habits that negatively impact your relationships, performance and self-esteem. This involves learning to see and use internal information that you are unaccustomed to noticing, or managing. I'll help you connect to new, productive responses in relationships; loss; trauma; and difficult circumstances. For more information: Therapy clients, and therapists looking for case consultation, go to nancyreder.com.
(703) 634-4983 View (703) 634-4983

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Alexandria, VA

1,000+

Average cost per session

$160

Therapists in Alexandria, VA who prioritize treating:

95% Anxiety
91% Depression
80% Self Esteem
76% Stress
75% Relationship Issues
74% Coping Skills
70% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

77% BlueCross and BlueShield
67% Cigna and Evernorth
62% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Alexandria, VA see their clients

57% In Person and Online
43% Online Only

Gender breakdown

85% Female
14% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Alexandria?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.