Therapists in Newton, MA

Photo of Jill A Edelson, Psychologist in Newton, MA
Jill A Edelson
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Newton, MA 02461
As a clinical psychologist with over 30 years of experience, I want to understand you as a whole person with strengths as well as current difficulties. If you are looking for a therapist, it is generally because many efforts you have made to solve a problem haven't worked. You may be faced with a very difficult and painful situation, such as a relationship problem, loss, job problem, or illness. Or, you may be experiencing symptoms which are associated with emotional distress, such as chronic anxiety, social anxiety, or depression.
As a clinical psychologist with over 30 years of experience, I want to understand you as a whole person with strengths as well as current difficulties. If you are looking for a therapist, it is generally because many efforts you have made to solve a problem haven't worked. You may be faced with a very difficult and painful situation, such as a relationship problem, loss, job problem, or illness. Or, you may be experiencing symptoms which are associated with emotional distress, such as chronic anxiety, social anxiety, or depression.
(781) 461-6361 View (781) 461-6361
Photo of Danielle Buckman, Marriage & Family Therapist in Newton, MA
Danielle Buckman
Marriage & Family Therapist
Verified Verified
Newton, MA 02459
I am a licensed psychotherapist trained to work with individuals, couples, and families. I have a doctorate in counseling psychology from Boston University. In clinical practice I have worked in a multi-cultural mental health center, the Veteran's Administration, Boston University Student Counseling and private practice helping many clients manage and master the change process. Together, we work toward healing and change. My approach is active and empathic and can take the form of short-term problem solving approach or more in-depth exploration. Clients learn to decrease stress in their lives whether due to anxiety, depression, work, personal relationships or chronic illness.
I am a licensed psychotherapist trained to work with individuals, couples, and families. I have a doctorate in counseling psychology from Boston University. In clinical practice I have worked in a multi-cultural mental health center, the Veteran's Administration, Boston University Student Counseling and private practice helping many clients manage and master the change process. Together, we work toward healing and change. My approach is active and empathic and can take the form of short-term problem solving approach or more in-depth exploration. Clients learn to decrease stress in their lives whether due to anxiety, depression, work, personal relationships or chronic illness.
(617) 237-6141 View (617) 237-6141
Photo of Seed of Truth Counseling LLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Newton, MA
Seed of Truth Counseling LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Newton, MA 02467
Do you struggle with living in a state of overwhelm that affects your work, home life, or relationships? Are you finding yourself strongly reacting to seemingly small things, and wondering, “what’s wrong with me?” Do you feel out of touch with yourself, outside of yourself, shutting down mentally & emotionally? Are you feeling lost, unheard, or betrayed in your relationship? If you can answer "yes" to any of these questions, then you have come to the right place, and there is hope for you. In the work we do together, you will be able to have more moments of contentment, assuredness, and power over your own wellness.
Do you struggle with living in a state of overwhelm that affects your work, home life, or relationships? Are you finding yourself strongly reacting to seemingly small things, and wondering, “what’s wrong with me?” Do you feel out of touch with yourself, outside of yourself, shutting down mentally & emotionally? Are you feeling lost, unheard, or betrayed in your relationship? If you can answer "yes" to any of these questions, then you have come to the right place, and there is hope for you. In the work we do together, you will be able to have more moments of contentment, assuredness, and power over your own wellness.
(413) 359-6679 View (413) 359-6679
Photo of India Victoria Brown, Pre-Licensed Professional in Newton, MA
India Victoria Brown
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Newton, MA 02464
As a society, we have become increasingly inclusive. However, this doesn't diminish the challenges of engaging in discussions about everyday matters or processing recent or past experiences, whether they are traumatic or not. Whether you're facing depression, anxiety, PTSD, addiction, or ADHD, I will provide support and will accompany you on your journey. Through a collaborative approach we can create healthy coping skills and effective methods, encouraging and empowering you to advocate your needs.
As a society, we have become increasingly inclusive. However, this doesn't diminish the challenges of engaging in discussions about everyday matters or processing recent or past experiences, whether they are traumatic or not. Whether you're facing depression, anxiety, PTSD, addiction, or ADHD, I will provide support and will accompany you on your journey. Through a collaborative approach we can create healthy coping skills and effective methods, encouraging and empowering you to advocate your needs.
(617) 380-6118 View (617) 380-6118
Photo of Xiaojin (Eva) Lin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Newton, MA
Xiaojin (Eva) Lin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Newton, MA 02459  (Online Only)
With over 10 years of dedicated experience, I bring a wealth of knowledge and skills to my private practice. I am bilingual in English and Chinese Mandarin, a unique capability that allows me to bridge cultural gaps and serve a diverse range of clients. I firmly believe that every individual carries within them the potential for growth and healing. My goal is to provide a supportive, respectful, and safe environment where clients can explore their emotions, challenge their thought patterns, and learn effective coping strategies.
With over 10 years of dedicated experience, I bring a wealth of knowledge and skills to my private practice. I am bilingual in English and Chinese Mandarin, a unique capability that allows me to bridge cultural gaps and serve a diverse range of clients. I firmly believe that every individual carries within them the potential for growth and healing. My goal is to provide a supportive, respectful, and safe environment where clients can explore their emotions, challenge their thought patterns, and learn effective coping strategies.
(781) 563-5482 View (781) 563-5482
Photo of Steven Alan Hassan, Counselor in Newton, MA
Steven Alan Hassan
Counselor, PhD, MEd, LMHC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Newton, MA 02459
As a former cult member, I help people and their families who have been "unduly influenced." I am committed to helping people reclaim their personal power. I wrote four books including Freedom of Mind, Combating Cult Mind Control, and The Cult of Trump. My online courses include Understanding Cults: A Foundational Course. I help people from all over the world who have found that mental health professionals unless they are specialized in treating cult members, are at best a waste of time and resources, and worse, do further harm. A large part of my practice is short term work with former members.
As a former cult member, I help people and their families who have been "unduly influenced." I am committed to helping people reclaim their personal power. I wrote four books including Freedom of Mind, Combating Cult Mind Control, and The Cult of Trump. My online courses include Understanding Cults: A Foundational Course. I help people from all over the world who have found that mental health professionals unless they are specialized in treating cult members, are at best a waste of time and resources, and worse, do further harm. A large part of my practice is short term work with former members.
(617) 941-3800 View (617) 941-3800
Photo of Maggie Scofield, Counselor in Newton, MA
Maggie Scofield
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Newton, MA 02459  (Online Only)
Central to my therapeutic approach is a belief in the healing capacity of a safe and consistent relationship; it is from this foundation that we will explore the origins of your current struggles. Together we will identify and utilize your strengths to reduce the barriers in your relationships and cultivate a healthier sense of well-being.
Central to my therapeutic approach is a belief in the healing capacity of a safe and consistent relationship; it is from this foundation that we will explore the origins of your current struggles. Together we will identify and utilize your strengths to reduce the barriers in your relationships and cultivate a healthier sense of well-being.
(617) 639-1973 View (617) 639-1973
Photo of Kathryn Keane, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Newton, MA
Kathryn Keane
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Newton, MA 02466
I am an independently licensed clinical therapist who works, adolescents, young adults, and adults to improve their mental health and wellbeing. As a trauma certified clinician, I have expertise in working with individuals who have been impacted by trauma and adversity, as well as individuals experiencing depression, anxiety, difficult life transitions, women’s issues, LGBTQIA+ individuals, general life stressors, and other mental health needs.
I am an independently licensed clinical therapist who works, adolescents, young adults, and adults to improve their mental health and wellbeing. As a trauma certified clinician, I have expertise in working with individuals who have been impacted by trauma and adversity, as well as individuals experiencing depression, anxiety, difficult life transitions, women’s issues, LGBTQIA+ individuals, general life stressors, and other mental health needs.
(617) 917-2946 View (617) 917-2946
Photo of Dianne Chilingerian, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Newton, MA
Dianne Chilingerian
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MS, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Newton, MA 02458  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Whether you are searching for couples' or individual counseling, I can help you get started. Maybe you've reached a stumbling block in your relationship. I am practiced in spotting differences in learning and communication styles, family culture, belief systems, and more, and can help you to develop the skills to move forward. Perhaps depression or anxiety is what limits you in your life. You're feeling lonely, sad, unmotivated, or you struggle with worry and fear, either of which may be compromising your sleep, impacting your work or social life, leaving you feeling exhausted.
Whether you are searching for couples' or individual counseling, I can help you get started. Maybe you've reached a stumbling block in your relationship. I am practiced in spotting differences in learning and communication styles, family culture, belief systems, and more, and can help you to develop the skills to move forward. Perhaps depression or anxiety is what limits you in your life. You're feeling lonely, sad, unmotivated, or you struggle with worry and fear, either of which may be compromising your sleep, impacting your work or social life, leaving you feeling exhausted.
(617) 340-8058 View (617) 340-8058
Photo of Deborah Offner, Psychologist in Newton, MA
Deborah Offner
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Newton, MA 02459
In my private practice, I work with adolescents, young adults and parents seeking help with a wide range of issues. I enjoy working at the intersection of adolescent and young adult development, mental health, and school/college life. I use talk therapy as well as parent guidance and family counseling techniques to ensure that people can make the improvements and achieve the results that are most important to them.
In my private practice, I work with adolescents, young adults and parents seeking help with a wide range of issues. I enjoy working at the intersection of adolescent and young adult development, mental health, and school/college life. I use talk therapy as well as parent guidance and family counseling techniques to ensure that people can make the improvements and achieve the results that are most important to them.
(617) 941-4577 View (617) 941-4577
Photo of Nik Zanetti, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Newton, MA
Nik Zanetti
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, MTS, PhD
Verified Verified
Newton, MA 02467  (Online Only)
My ideal client is a male of any age interested in changing patterns keeping him stuck in his life, someone ready to do the tough work of honest self-assessment as preparation for meaningful change. My approach is strengths-based and solutions-focused with a goal of mobilizing clients to imagine and then pursue positive and exciting change. I have extensive experience working with gifted people and elite performers across different industries, both as a teacher and a clinician. I also work well with executives focused on career building, developing relationships, and managing work-life balance.
My ideal client is a male of any age interested in changing patterns keeping him stuck in his life, someone ready to do the tough work of honest self-assessment as preparation for meaningful change. My approach is strengths-based and solutions-focused with a goal of mobilizing clients to imagine and then pursue positive and exciting change. I have extensive experience working with gifted people and elite performers across different industries, both as a teacher and a clinician. I also work well with executives focused on career building, developing relationships, and managing work-life balance.
(617) 958-2253 View (617) 958-2253
Photo of Judith Levin, Psychologist in Newton, MA
Judith Levin
Psychologist, EdD
Verified Verified
Newton, MA 02461
One of the great joys of my work is the opportunity to help people create lives with greater meaning and purpose. Many of my clients are dealing with the "normal challenges of living." I work collaboratively with them, and while their current circumstances may be quite difficult, they transform their suffering by developing greater resilience. Through our work, my clients learn to make problems more manageable, gain greater clarity regarding their feelings and needs, and improve their communication skills. They learn to make choices that move their lives in better directions.
One of the great joys of my work is the opportunity to help people create lives with greater meaning and purpose. Many of my clients are dealing with the "normal challenges of living." I work collaboratively with them, and while their current circumstances may be quite difficult, they transform their suffering by developing greater resilience. Through our work, my clients learn to make problems more manageable, gain greater clarity regarding their feelings and needs, and improve their communication skills. They learn to make choices that move their lives in better directions.
(617) 682-9197 View (617) 682-9197
Photo of Mark Joyce, Counselor in Newton, MA
Mark Joyce
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Newton, MA 02461
As a licensed mental health clinician, my goal is to help guide you to a place of well-being and fulfillment. I have experience working with teenagers and adults of all ages in addressing struggles related to anxiety, depression, addiction, grief & loss, life transitions, and trauma. I am also interested in the role technology plays in one’s experience of mental health symptoms and have completed research on the impact of smartphone addiction in college age students.
As a licensed mental health clinician, my goal is to help guide you to a place of well-being and fulfillment. I have experience working with teenagers and adults of all ages in addressing struggles related to anxiety, depression, addiction, grief & loss, life transitions, and trauma. I am also interested in the role technology plays in one’s experience of mental health symptoms and have completed research on the impact of smartphone addiction in college age students.
(617) 272-7416 View (617) 272-7416
Photo of Kendra Holmgren, Counselor in Newton, MA
Kendra Holmgren
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Newton, MA 02468  (Online Only)
Whether it be social or emotional struggles, challenging behaviors, trouble relating to others in positive ways, or working through fears, depression, stress, trauma, or a family crisis, I meet every child and their family where they are at. I use a strength-based approach and interactive, hands-on, and creative interventions, including play and expressive arts, in addition to talk that allow kids to communicate freely, naturally, and in ways that build confidence and a sense of mastery over their struggles.
Whether it be social or emotional struggles, challenging behaviors, trouble relating to others in positive ways, or working through fears, depression, stress, trauma, or a family crisis, I meet every child and their family where they are at. I use a strength-based approach and interactive, hands-on, and creative interventions, including play and expressive arts, in addition to talk that allow kids to communicate freely, naturally, and in ways that build confidence and a sense of mastery over their struggles.
(617) 356-0247 View (617) 356-0247
Photo of Carolyn McLoughlin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Newton, MA
Carolyn McLoughlin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Newton, MA 02460
I help adolescents, college students, adults and couples who are stuck in unsatisfying patterns of thinking and behavior create lasting change to grow and fulfill their full potential. I am a licensed clinical social worker, a psychoanalyst, a faculty member of the Massachusetts Institute for Psychoanalysis, and a former supervisor at Children's Hospital Boston and the Boston Institute for Psychotherapy. I have a flexible approach to psychotherapy and include both an appreciation for how past experiences shape the present while also incorporating coping strategies to manage and change every day life in the short-term.
I help adolescents, college students, adults and couples who are stuck in unsatisfying patterns of thinking and behavior create lasting change to grow and fulfill their full potential. I am a licensed clinical social worker, a psychoanalyst, a faculty member of the Massachusetts Institute for Psychoanalysis, and a former supervisor at Children's Hospital Boston and the Boston Institute for Psychotherapy. I have a flexible approach to psychotherapy and include both an appreciation for how past experiences shape the present while also incorporating coping strategies to manage and change every day life in the short-term.
(617) 682-9042 View (617) 682-9042
Photo of Point Allerton Therapy, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Newton, MA
Point Allerton Therapy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Newton, MA 02465  (Online Only)
Hi, I'm T.Lee Shostack (Say TEElee). I have current openings for adults in Massachusetts. I work with people who are dealing with anxiety; people in larger bodies; queer and trans folks; students and faculty in higher education; those dealing with life transitions or changes; and anyone working on relationship/communication challenges, including ethical non monogamy. If you are looking for someone with over a decade of experience with a high level of expertise in these areas we might be a good fit. Email me to set up a free video consultation to see if we are a good fit!
Hi, I'm T.Lee Shostack (Say TEElee). I have current openings for adults in Massachusetts. I work with people who are dealing with anxiety; people in larger bodies; queer and trans folks; students and faculty in higher education; those dealing with life transitions or changes; and anyone working on relationship/communication challenges, including ethical non monogamy. If you are looking for someone with over a decade of experience with a high level of expertise in these areas we might be a good fit. Email me to set up a free video consultation to see if we are a good fit!
(617) 655-8488 View (617) 655-8488
Photo of Uma Chandrika Millner, Psychologist in Newton, MA
Uma Chandrika Millner
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Newton, MA 02465  (Online Only)
I believe that psychotherapy is a unique and meaningful relationship characterized by compassion. Therapy provides supportive holding spaces for individuals to grow, heal, and make changes that individuals want. I approach my psychotherapy work with gentleness and care and have utmost positive regard for the individuals, couples, and families who seek my help. I am invested in close, collaborative, and empowerment-oriented relationships with my clients. I will work with you to understand and identify the best way that therapy can suit your needs.
I believe that psychotherapy is a unique and meaningful relationship characterized by compassion. Therapy provides supportive holding spaces for individuals to grow, heal, and make changes that individuals want. I approach my psychotherapy work with gentleness and care and have utmost positive regard for the individuals, couples, and families who seek my help. I am invested in close, collaborative, and empowerment-oriented relationships with my clients. I will work with you to understand and identify the best way that therapy can suit your needs.
(617) 826-8505 View (617) 826-8505
Photo of Sarah Loper, Counselor in Newton, MA
Sarah Loper
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
Newton, MA 02460
When life presents challenges that are too difficult to manage on one's own, it's helpful to collaborate with a psychotherapist to create change that is both tangible and meaningful. Over the course of more than 20 years of practice, I've had the privilege of working with individuals, groups, families and couples from a wide array of backgrounds. I embrace the importance and uniqueness of diverse cultural backgrounds that influence one's life. My approach is best described as: interactive, compassionate, humorous, nonjudgmental and respectful.
When life presents challenges that are too difficult to manage on one's own, it's helpful to collaborate with a psychotherapist to create change that is both tangible and meaningful. Over the course of more than 20 years of practice, I've had the privilege of working with individuals, groups, families and couples from a wide array of backgrounds. I embrace the importance and uniqueness of diverse cultural backgrounds that influence one's life. My approach is best described as: interactive, compassionate, humorous, nonjudgmental and respectful.
(617) 925-6627 View (617) 925-6627
Photo of David Mattei, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Newton, MA
David Mattei
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Newton, MA 02461
Using a person-centered and strengths-based model, I seek to create a supportive space for clients to explore their thoughts, emotions, and life experiences. I tailor my therapeutic approach to meet the unique needs of each individual. Helping clients uncover underlying patterns and unresolved conflicts that may contribute to their mental health challenges is at the heart of my practice. By gaining insight into these dynamics, clients can experience profound personal growth and make positive changes in their lives.
Using a person-centered and strengths-based model, I seek to create a supportive space for clients to explore their thoughts, emotions, and life experiences. I tailor my therapeutic approach to meet the unique needs of each individual. Helping clients uncover underlying patterns and unresolved conflicts that may contribute to their mental health challenges is at the heart of my practice. By gaining insight into these dynamics, clients can experience profound personal growth and make positive changes in their lives.
(617) 841-8314 View (617) 841-8314
Photo of Amy Engel, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Newton, MA
Amy Engel
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, MA
Verified Verified
Newton, MA 02460
Not accepting new clients
We all reach moments in our lives when coping on our own is not sufficient. Therapy can be uniquely helpful when struggling with aspects of self care, relationships and/or negotiating external circumstances including with our political world. A confidential space dedicated to untangling your emotions and the origins of persistent struggles can be life changing. I specialize in grief, trauma, depression and anxiety, dysfunctional family systems as well as issues related to immigration, assimilation and oppression. I also work with couples stuck in patterns and communication blocks.
We all reach moments in our lives when coping on our own is not sufficient. Therapy can be uniquely helpful when struggling with aspects of self care, relationships and/or negotiating external circumstances including with our political world. A confidential space dedicated to untangling your emotions and the origins of persistent struggles can be life changing. I specialize in grief, trauma, depression and anxiety, dysfunctional family systems as well as issues related to immigration, assimilation and oppression. I also work with couples stuck in patterns and communication blocks.
(781) 449-8757 View (781) 449-8757

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Newton, MA

700+

Average cost per session

$185

Therapists in Newton, MA who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
86% Depression
78% Relationship Issues
73% Self Esteem
65% Coping Skills
62% Stress
59% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

13 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

79% BlueCross and BlueShield
42% Optum
41% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Newton, MA see their clients

62% In Person and Online
38% Online Only

Gender breakdown

77% Female
22% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Newton?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.