Therapists in Seattle, WA

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Photo of Ross Farr, Counselor in Seattle, WA
Ross Farr
Counselor, JD, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98101
Not accepting new clients
Loneliness and isolation are difficult to work through on our own. We may feel overwhelmed by depression and anxiety and have difficulty finding meaning. We can feel chased by persistent feelings of dissatisfaction, grief, or loss, and question our self-worth. It may feel increasingly difficult to "hold it together" for others. Even though we need help, we may feel skeptical about whether therapy is for us.
Loneliness and isolation are difficult to work through on our own. We may feel overwhelmed by depression and anxiety and have difficulty finding meaning. We can feel chased by persistent feelings of dissatisfaction, grief, or loss, and question our self-worth. It may feel increasingly difficult to "hold it together" for others. Even though we need help, we may feel skeptical about whether therapy is for us.
(425) 620-3321 View (425) 620-3321
Photo of Eileen Scholtz, PLLC, Mental Health Counselor in Seattle, WA
Eileen Scholtz, PLLC
Mental Health Counselor, LMHC, SUDPT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98107  (Online Only)
I am a Washington mental health and substance use professional that works with adult individuals seeking support for their mental health and/or issues related to substance use and addiction. I believe in approaching clients from a holistic perspective to connect mind, body, and spirit by collaborating and acting as a member of their team. I hope to work with individuals to understand the potential and authenticity we all innately hold and be a supportive ally. I work from a social justice and anti-oppression framework because I believe that providing compassion and understanding is not based on linear imperialist belief systems.
I am a Washington mental health and substance use professional that works with adult individuals seeking support for their mental health and/or issues related to substance use and addiction. I believe in approaching clients from a holistic perspective to connect mind, body, and spirit by collaborating and acting as a member of their team. I hope to work with individuals to understand the potential and authenticity we all innately hold and be a supportive ally. I work from a social justice and anti-oppression framework because I believe that providing compassion and understanding is not based on linear imperialist belief systems.
(206) 752-6369 View (206) 752-6369
Photo of Chelsey Buckham, Counselor in Seattle, WA
Chelsey Buckham
Counselor, MA, LMHCA, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98112
Not accepting new clients
My ideal client might be someone who is struggling with grief or need support for their emotional needs. They might come to me wanting to feel lighter in this world or learn how to manage the dark days. These are generally people suffering from depression-like symptoms. Sometimes, you need an empathetic person on your side to navigate you through your journey.
My ideal client might be someone who is struggling with grief or need support for their emotional needs. They might come to me wanting to feel lighter in this world or learn how to manage the dark days. These are generally people suffering from depression-like symptoms. Sometimes, you need an empathetic person on your side to navigate you through your journey.
(206) 984-2238 View (206) 984-2238
Photo of Courtney Palmer, Pre-Licensed Professional in Seattle, WA
Courtney Palmer
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98121
Being human is both beautiful and hard. Along with joy and happiness, we can feel anxious, depressed or experience other forms of emotional distress. Together, we will investigate what your experiences of grief, loneliness, isolation, and anxiety may be trying to tell you about your life and where it may be possible to change these conditions to find more joy and happiness. We will explore larger questions about what it means to be human. As a therapist at Self Space, I seek to create a safe space where you can feel seen, heard, and understood so that you can have the courage to look inward and discover what may be holding you back.
Being human is both beautiful and hard. Along with joy and happiness, we can feel anxious, depressed or experience other forms of emotional distress. Together, we will investigate what your experiences of grief, loneliness, isolation, and anxiety may be trying to tell you about your life and where it may be possible to change these conditions to find more joy and happiness. We will explore larger questions about what it means to be human. As a therapist at Self Space, I seek to create a safe space where you can feel seen, heard, and understood so that you can have the courage to look inward and discover what may be holding you back.
(206) 558-8352 x45 View (206) 558-8352 x45
Photo of Jamie Haffner, Counselor in Seattle, WA
Jamie Haffner
Counselor, LMFT, LMHC
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98136
I welcome both individuals and couples seeking support for anxiety, depression, grief, life transitions, relationship struggles, and stress related to parenting or caregiving. I also work with health care providers and anyone in a caregiving profession to process burnout, fatigue, and secondary trauma.
I welcome both individuals and couples seeking support for anxiety, depression, grief, life transitions, relationship struggles, and stress related to parenting or caregiving. I also work with health care providers and anyone in a caregiving profession to process burnout, fatigue, and secondary trauma.
(206) 984-2912 View (206) 984-2912
Photo of Elizabeth Hawkins, Psychologist in Seattle, WA
Elizabeth Hawkins
Psychologist, PhD, MPH
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98136  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I have a small private therapy and coaching practice. Some of my clinical areas of specialization include anxiety disorders, child/adolescent development, parenting, relationships, and food allergies. I often work with individuals who are highly sensitive, gifted, and/or high-performing. I will work collaboratively and compassionately with you to identify unhelpful patterns and develop new skills aimed at building a fuller and more meaningful life.
I have a small private therapy and coaching practice. Some of my clinical areas of specialization include anxiety disorders, child/adolescent development, parenting, relationships, and food allergies. I often work with individuals who are highly sensitive, gifted, and/or high-performing. I will work collaboratively and compassionately with you to identify unhelpful patterns and develop new skills aimed at building a fuller and more meaningful life.
(206) 312-7913 View (206) 312-7913
Photo of Samantha Cohen, Counselor in Seattle, WA
Samantha Cohen
Counselor, LMHCA
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98119  (Online Only)
Life is wild, beautiful, messy, and difficult. I believe the world can stand to be more compassionate, understanding, curious, and hopeful. That is why I chose to pursue counseling, and I strive to bring this into the therapeutic space. Therapy is a space for growth and healing, and I am here to explore that with you. If your goal is to live a big, full life, I want to help you get there. I am a big believer in living an intentional life, whether that looks like setting goals or creating an abstract path. If you're looking for a therapist with a direct and collaborative approach, let's chat!
Life is wild, beautiful, messy, and difficult. I believe the world can stand to be more compassionate, understanding, curious, and hopeful. That is why I chose to pursue counseling, and I strive to bring this into the therapeutic space. Therapy is a space for growth and healing, and I am here to explore that with you. If your goal is to live a big, full life, I want to help you get there. I am a big believer in living an intentional life, whether that looks like setting goals or creating an abstract path. If you're looking for a therapist with a direct and collaborative approach, let's chat!
(206) 518-9971 View (206) 518-9971
Photo of Halley Farwood, Psychologist in Seattle, WA
Halley Farwood
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98104
I specialize in working with people experiencing anxiety and depression, but I also see clients for a wide variety of challenges including procrastination, perfectionism, family and relationship concerns, and self-esteem. Additionally, I often work with clients with a diverse range of sexual orientations and gender identities, and with those in non-monogamous relationships. Together we can find ways to help you feel better and live more fully, consciously, and comfortably.
I specialize in working with people experiencing anxiety and depression, but I also see clients for a wide variety of challenges including procrastination, perfectionism, family and relationship concerns, and self-esteem. Additionally, I often work with clients with a diverse range of sexual orientations and gender identities, and with those in non-monogamous relationships. Together we can find ways to help you feel better and live more fully, consciously, and comfortably.
(206) 741-0498 View (206) 741-0498
Photo of Jamie Katz, Counselor in Seattle, WA
Jamie Katz
Counselor, MSW, LMHC
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98118
Welcome! For some, seeking help from a mental health professional can feel overwhelming, intimidating. Finding an understanding therapist who is best suited to your needs can be the first step towards a happier and more meaningful life. I work with adults and adolescents from a place of respect and compassion and believe that real transformation happens within the context of the therapeutic relationship. I value approaches that have been researched and proven to be effective, and tailor treatment to meet the needs of each individual. I have experience treating anxiety, depression, PTSD, sexual abuse, and gender dysphoria.
Welcome! For some, seeking help from a mental health professional can feel overwhelming, intimidating. Finding an understanding therapist who is best suited to your needs can be the first step towards a happier and more meaningful life. I work with adults and adolescents from a place of respect and compassion and believe that real transformation happens within the context of the therapeutic relationship. I value approaches that have been researched and proven to be effective, and tailor treatment to meet the needs of each individual. I have experience treating anxiety, depression, PTSD, sexual abuse, and gender dysphoria.
(206) 210-3557 View (206) 210-3557
Photo of Paige Geisinger, Marriage & Family Therapist in Seattle, WA
Paige Geisinger
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, MS, PMH-C, CCTP, CCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98104  (Online Only)
Maybe you need support in navigating pregnancy or the newborn stage, or maybe you’re dealing with the pain of infertility, pregnancy loss, or childbirth trauma. Certified in Perinatal Mental Health, I guide couples and individuals through the transformative journey of welcoming new life. Specifically, I love supporting queer couples navigating their fertility, pregnancy, and postpartum journey. Beyond the perinatal period, I help clients enhance communication and navigate neurodivergency. I use modalities such as Gottman Theory, Attachment Theory, and solution-oriented therapy to help clients achieve their goals.
Maybe you need support in navigating pregnancy or the newborn stage, or maybe you’re dealing with the pain of infertility, pregnancy loss, or childbirth trauma. Certified in Perinatal Mental Health, I guide couples and individuals through the transformative journey of welcoming new life. Specifically, I love supporting queer couples navigating their fertility, pregnancy, and postpartum journey. Beyond the perinatal period, I help clients enhance communication and navigate neurodivergency. I use modalities such as Gottman Theory, Attachment Theory, and solution-oriented therapy to help clients achieve their goals.
(206) 717-8551 View (206) 717-8551
Photo of Katie Vigneulle, Counselor in Seattle, WA
Katie Vigneulle
Counselor, MA, LMHCA
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98107  (Online Only)
Hello there, I’m a trauma-informed therapist based in Seattle. I love working with people healing from past trauma, learning to befriend/ honor their bodies, and growing in self confidence. I enjoy working with issues like anxiety, queer identity formation and processing, grief, and imposter syndrome. - Also, ask about my summer discount for teachers & therapists! I'm honored to care for those who spend their lives in a caring role. I'm offering a lowered rate from May-August for those vital folks. If you're an educator, therapist, or therapist in training who's been thinking about starting therapy, this might be your sign! -
Hello there, I’m a trauma-informed therapist based in Seattle. I love working with people healing from past trauma, learning to befriend/ honor their bodies, and growing in self confidence. I enjoy working with issues like anxiety, queer identity formation and processing, grief, and imposter syndrome. - Also, ask about my summer discount for teachers & therapists! I'm honored to care for those who spend their lives in a caring role. I'm offering a lowered rate from May-August for those vital folks. If you're an educator, therapist, or therapist in training who's been thinking about starting therapy, this might be your sign! -
(206) 984-3283 View (206) 984-3283
Photo of Loretta Juarez-Wagner, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Seattle, WA
Loretta Juarez-Wagner
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW, CSW-G
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98108  (Online Only)
Thank you for putting yourself first and taking the time to find a therapist that will help you be the person you desire to be. I have over 30 years of experience working with individuals and groups struggling with depression, anxiety, grief and loss. I am here to listen and support you through life transitions, and guide you to achieve your full potential. I am client centered in my approach offering compassion, safety, and personal skill building.
Thank you for putting yourself first and taking the time to find a therapist that will help you be the person you desire to be. I have over 30 years of experience working with individuals and groups struggling with depression, anxiety, grief and loss. I am here to listen and support you through life transitions, and guide you to achieve your full potential. I am client centered in my approach offering compassion, safety, and personal skill building.
(206) 278-3278 View (206) 278-3278
Photo of Maria Agne, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Seattle, WA
Maria Agne
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98103
Waitlist for new clients
Do you want to take your life experiences to a more fulfilling level? Do you know your 'issues' and 'patterns,' yet still find yourself stuck and dealing with the same problems within yourself or relationships over and over again? We often begin our greatest work where things feel limiting. My passion for this work comes from a desire to be a part of people’s courageous experiences of understanding who they are, while letting go of who they aren’t. I specialize in working with professionals in the tech industry, business, creative endeavors; stay-at-home parents; and people transitioning in their lives.
Do you want to take your life experiences to a more fulfilling level? Do you know your 'issues' and 'patterns,' yet still find yourself stuck and dealing with the same problems within yourself or relationships over and over again? We often begin our greatest work where things feel limiting. My passion for this work comes from a desire to be a part of people’s courageous experiences of understanding who they are, while letting go of who they aren’t. I specialize in working with professionals in the tech industry, business, creative endeavors; stay-at-home parents; and people transitioning in their lives.
(206) 207-9334 View (206) 207-9334
Photo of Sarah James Pearse, Counselor in Seattle, WA
Sarah James Pearse
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98125  (Online Only)
Are you searching for where you belong in a society that doesn’t reflect how you feel? Maybe you’re questioning whether your gender fits with who you really are, or perhaps you’ve known for awhile and are ready to take steps towards transitioning. You may be struggling with coming out to the people in your life, or simply feeling alone with no one to talk to about how you’re feeling. Perhaps you’re feeling fear of being judged or discriminated against. Or overwhelmed with the medical options and costs of transitioning. One thing is for sure: You're ready to stop doubting your own internal voice, and ready to claim your confidence.
Are you searching for where you belong in a society that doesn’t reflect how you feel? Maybe you’re questioning whether your gender fits with who you really are, or perhaps you’ve known for awhile and are ready to take steps towards transitioning. You may be struggling with coming out to the people in your life, or simply feeling alone with no one to talk to about how you’re feeling. Perhaps you’re feeling fear of being judged or discriminated against. Or overwhelmed with the medical options and costs of transitioning. One thing is for sure: You're ready to stop doubting your own internal voice, and ready to claim your confidence.
(206) 736-3635 View (206) 736-3635
Photo of Anxiety & OCD Treatment Services, Psychologist in Seattle, WA
Anxiety & OCD Treatment Services
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98101  (Online Only)
Anxiety & OCD Treatment Services is a specialty clinic that strives to provide high-quality, evidence-based treatment for those who are suffering from anxiety and OCD, and who otherwise may not have access to specialized therapy services. We work with individuals who struggle with OCD- and anxiety-related concerns, including: OCD, panic and agoraphobia, health anxiety, social anxiety, specific phobias, separation anxiety, generalized anxiety, body-focused repetitive behaviors, body dysmorphic disorder, trauma and PTSD, depression and mood-related issues, and sleep dysregulation, among others.
Anxiety & OCD Treatment Services is a specialty clinic that strives to provide high-quality, evidence-based treatment for those who are suffering from anxiety and OCD, and who otherwise may not have access to specialized therapy services. We work with individuals who struggle with OCD- and anxiety-related concerns, including: OCD, panic and agoraphobia, health anxiety, social anxiety, specific phobias, separation anxiety, generalized anxiety, body-focused repetitive behaviors, body dysmorphic disorder, trauma and PTSD, depression and mood-related issues, and sleep dysregulation, among others.
(206) 401-9829 View (206) 401-9829
Photo of Maya Snowden, Counselor in Seattle, WA
Maya Snowden
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98109
I work with people who have been deeply hurt and heartbroken. I work with those who have suffered loss and abandonment. I work with those who have learned to survive in the best ways they know how, but may be coming to a place where these survival skills just don't seem to be working anymore. I offer a safe space for you to begin where you are; even if you don't quite know exactly what it is that you need, we can explore that together.
I work with people who have been deeply hurt and heartbroken. I work with those who have suffered loss and abandonment. I work with those who have learned to survive in the best ways they know how, but may be coming to a place where these survival skills just don't seem to be working anymore. I offer a safe space for you to begin where you are; even if you don't quite know exactly what it is that you need, we can explore that together.
(206) 338-2104 View (206) 338-2104
Photo of Richard Packard, Psychologist in Seattle, WA
Richard Packard
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98101
Waitlist for new clients
With over 30 years of experience helping people with a wide variety of psychological problems, there's a very good chance I can help you, too. As a scientist-practitioner, my job is to bring the findings of psychological science to helping people with real-world problems. As such, it's important to keep a focus on what it is you're trying to change and then apply scientifically validated methods to help you reach your goals.
With over 30 years of experience helping people with a wide variety of psychological problems, there's a very good chance I can help you, too. As a scientist-practitioner, my job is to bring the findings of psychological science to helping people with real-world problems. As such, it's important to keep a focus on what it is you're trying to change and then apply scientifically validated methods to help you reach your goals.
(206) 535-1758 View (206) 535-1758
Photo of Ashley McGirt Counseling Services LLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Seattle, WA
Ashley McGirt Counseling Services LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98108
Not accepting new clients
Have you been stressed from the current state of the world, covid, exacerbated racial trauma? Are you experiencing microagressions at work? Have you been in a funk that you just can't get out of? Have you experienced a recent loss? Or are you just looking for extra support and guidance through a challenging situation? If so you have found the right place. Perhaps old coping mechanisms aren't as effective and/or you seek a different unbiased perspective. Whatever the reason I would love to help guide you thru the path of self-discovery, awareness, and well-being. I can assist you in overcoming the challenges you are currently facing.
Have you been stressed from the current state of the world, covid, exacerbated racial trauma? Are you experiencing microagressions at work? Have you been in a funk that you just can't get out of? Have you experienced a recent loss? Or are you just looking for extra support and guidance through a challenging situation? If so you have found the right place. Perhaps old coping mechanisms aren't as effective and/or you seek a different unbiased perspective. Whatever the reason I would love to help guide you thru the path of self-discovery, awareness, and well-being. I can assist you in overcoming the challenges you are currently facing.
(253) 951-9990 View (253) 951-9990
Photo of Taichi Shinohara, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Seattle, WA
Taichi Shinohara
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98107
Hello! Thank you so much for stopping by my page. I am so happy you are here. I know how hard it can be to ask for help. Grief, trauma, anxiety, depression, and difficult relationships are all stressors that can leave us feeling overwhelmed and lost. It takes courage to seek support and even more to be kind to ourselves.
Hello! Thank you so much for stopping by my page. I am so happy you are here. I know how hard it can be to ask for help. Grief, trauma, anxiety, depression, and difficult relationships are all stressors that can leave us feeling overwhelmed and lost. It takes courage to seek support and even more to be kind to ourselves.
(425) 490-4129 View (425) 490-4129
Photo of Hannah Stueckle, Counselor in Seattle, WA
Hannah Stueckle
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98107
Reading through therapists’ bios to assess compatibility can be quite an overwhelming process. You might not even know what you’re looking for. What you probably do know is that something feels off in life and you’re looking for some help. As a therapist, I am, first and foremost, a human with my own personality in the therapy room. I can say that I take humanistic and psychoanalytic approaches, using cognitive theoretical orientations when I think it’s helpful- but I think it can be hard to understand what that means or what it would look like.
Reading through therapists’ bios to assess compatibility can be quite an overwhelming process. You might not even know what you’re looking for. What you probably do know is that something feels off in life and you’re looking for some help. As a therapist, I am, first and foremost, a human with my own personality in the therapy room. I can say that I take humanistic and psychoanalytic approaches, using cognitive theoretical orientations when I think it’s helpful- but I think it can be hard to understand what that means or what it would look like.
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Seattle, WA

3,000+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Seattle, WA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
86% Depression
79% Relationship Issues
76% Self Esteem
72% Trauma and PTSD
71% Stress
69% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

71% Premera
54% Aetna
47% Regence

How Therapists in Seattle, WA see their clients

51% Online Only
49% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

75% Female
21% Male
4% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Seattle?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.