Therapists in Springfield, MO

Photo of Riley Grinnell in Springfield, MO
Riley Grinnell
PLPC
Verified Verified
Springfield, MO 65804
Not accepting new clients
Riley has the honor of helping children and adolescents through their own unique journeys and leads classes on positive psychology and parenting in recovery as well as group, couples, and family therapy. With a listening ear, a warm and comforting presence, and a passion for good jokes, Riley has been known to "walk on water" in the eyes of the little ones she works with and Synergy's play therapy room is often referred to as "Miss Riley's House."
Riley has the honor of helping children and adolescents through their own unique journeys and leads classes on positive psychology and parenting in recovery as well as group, couples, and family therapy. With a listening ear, a warm and comforting presence, and a passion for good jokes, Riley has been known to "walk on water" in the eyes of the little ones she works with and Synergy's play therapy room is often referred to as "Miss Riley's House."
(417) 884-1237 View (417) 884-1237
Photo of Melody Pantuso, Pre-Licensed Professional in Springfield, MO
Melody Pantuso
Pre-Licensed Professional, PLPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Springfield, MO 65807
My goal is to provide a safe and accepting place for you to share difficult experiences such as emotional and mental injuries. Sharing these heartaches with someone or asking for help can be difficult and overwhelming. I consider it an honor to partner with you, through the therapeutic relationship, on this journey toward healing.
My goal is to provide a safe and accepting place for you to share difficult experiences such as emotional and mental injuries. Sharing these heartaches with someone or asking for help can be difficult and overwhelming. I consider it an honor to partner with you, through the therapeutic relationship, on this journey toward healing.
(417) 785-3207 View (417) 785-3207
Photo of Nathen D. Ransom, Licensed Professional Counselor in Springfield, MO
Nathen D. Ransom
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Springfield, MO 65804
Do you feel stuck or like failure is your normal? Do you have painful memories or nightmares of the past that still haunt you and wish you could just move past them? Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is an evidence-based treatment that resolves the body's response to trauma, phobias, or negative life experiences. Whether you are a survivor of a horrific trauma or you have experienced adverse life events, I’m here to help you move past those experiences and into a more fulfilling future. Most people can benefit from EMDR therapy, which is often coupled with CBT and other therapies.
Do you feel stuck or like failure is your normal? Do you have painful memories or nightmares of the past that still haunt you and wish you could just move past them? Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is an evidence-based treatment that resolves the body's response to trauma, phobias, or negative life experiences. Whether you are a survivor of a horrific trauma or you have experienced adverse life events, I’m here to help you move past those experiences and into a more fulfilling future. Most people can benefit from EMDR therapy, which is often coupled with CBT and other therapies.
(417) 815-6923 View (417) 815-6923
Photo of Lindsey Carpentier in Springfield, MO
Lindsey Carpentier
PLPC
Verified Verified
Springfield, MO 65804
Not accepting new clients
It turns out, being a person is actually pretty hard sometimes! Struggling with relationships or intense feelings? Feeling lost or lonely? Whether you're ready to start exploring yourself more deeply or wish to learn to better connect with others, therapy is a great place to begin practicing. Most of my clients struggle with complex trauma or overwhelm, and are searching for help in better knowing and caring for themselves. I also enjoy working with those that may be neurodiverse (ADHD, Autism, BPD, OCD, etc )
It turns out, being a person is actually pretty hard sometimes! Struggling with relationships or intense feelings? Feeling lost or lonely? Whether you're ready to start exploring yourself more deeply or wish to learn to better connect with others, therapy is a great place to begin practicing. Most of my clients struggle with complex trauma or overwhelm, and are searching for help in better knowing and caring for themselves. I also enjoy working with those that may be neurodiverse (ADHD, Autism, BPD, OCD, etc )
(417) 837-9904 View (417) 837-9904
Photo of Jennifer Haning, Licensed Professional Counselor in Springfield, MO
Jennifer Haning
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Springfield, MO 65804
My practice specializes in assisting those with difficulties regulating themselves. I work with depression, anxiety, trauma and all the various unhelpful coping skills we learn when we're struggling with living the life we want.
My practice specializes in assisting those with difficulties regulating themselves. I work with depression, anxiety, trauma and all the various unhelpful coping skills we learn when we're struggling with living the life we want.
(417) 309-6315 View (417) 309-6315
Photo of Sharon Lee, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Springfield, MO
Sharon Lee
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Springfield, MO 65804  (Online Only)
I am seeking clients who may be new to therapy done virtually, but want to give it a try. I understand how difficult it can be to take the first step to starting therapy. I am here to take the stigma away and help you to feel comfortable, safe and secure as you navigate through your life struggles through talk therapy. Telehealth provides the option for you to be in the safety and comfort of your own private space. No time wasted for traveling and scheduling is easy. I offer a holistic approach with foundations in Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT), EMDR and mindfulness practices.
I am seeking clients who may be new to therapy done virtually, but want to give it a try. I understand how difficult it can be to take the first step to starting therapy. I am here to take the stigma away and help you to feel comfortable, safe and secure as you navigate through your life struggles through talk therapy. Telehealth provides the option for you to be in the safety and comfort of your own private space. No time wasted for traveling and scheduling is easy. I offer a holistic approach with foundations in Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT), EMDR and mindfulness practices.
(417) 216-6953 View (417) 216-6953
Photo of Deborah Hansel, Pre-Licensed Professional in Springfield, MO
Deborah Hansel
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS, PLPC, NCC
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Springfield, MO 65804
Has your relationship become a struggle? Are you confused about what is happening between you and your partner, wondering what to do about it? You want closeness and understanding, to feel happy in your marriage again. In these uncertain times, more couples than ever want to experience their relationship as a secure base, a safe haven from the storms of life. I use an emotion-focused, attachment-based couples therapy approach to restore hope by rebuilding a secure bond. Call or e-mail now for a free consultation.
Has your relationship become a struggle? Are you confused about what is happening between you and your partner, wondering what to do about it? You want closeness and understanding, to feel happy in your marriage again. In these uncertain times, more couples than ever want to experience their relationship as a secure base, a safe haven from the storms of life. I use an emotion-focused, attachment-based couples therapy approach to restore hope by rebuilding a secure bond. Call or e-mail now for a free consultation.
(417) 660-2685 View (417) 660-2685
Photo of Marissa L Casey, Psychologist in Springfield, MO
Marissa L Casey
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Springfield, MO 65807
My ideal client resonates with at least one of the following statements: 1) You are often told how smart you are, but you think you’ve just managed to fool everyone and are worried that one day they’ll see the “real” you. 2) You are a naturally excitable and passionate person, even if you don’t always show it on the outside. 3) People often tell you to “stop thinking about it so much,” but your thoughts don’t stop. You’re not sure you could even imagine a mind where nothing is happening. My clients want to feel like they know themselves, have confidence, and that past negative experiences do not determine who they are.
My ideal client resonates with at least one of the following statements: 1) You are often told how smart you are, but you think you’ve just managed to fool everyone and are worried that one day they’ll see the “real” you. 2) You are a naturally excitable and passionate person, even if you don’t always show it on the outside. 3) People often tell you to “stop thinking about it so much,” but your thoughts don’t stop. You’re not sure you could even imagine a mind where nothing is happening. My clients want to feel like they know themselves, have confidence, and that past negative experiences do not determine who they are.
(417) 884-1548 View (417) 884-1548
Photo of Rachel Grainger, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Springfield, MO
Rachel Grainger
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Springfield, MO 65806
I specialize in EMDR therapy and individual counseling for adults and adolescents with mental illness, challenging life changes, trauma, interpersonal conflicts and everything in between. I strive to create a non-judgmental space where we work together to lay everything out on the table, so that you can better understand what's holding you back and what's moving you forward. Through learning mindfulness, engaging self-compassion and reconciling the relationship to the body, we will heal the hurts and find a new way of engaging in the vibrant life around you.
I specialize in EMDR therapy and individual counseling for adults and adolescents with mental illness, challenging life changes, trauma, interpersonal conflicts and everything in between. I strive to create a non-judgmental space where we work together to lay everything out on the table, so that you can better understand what's holding you back and what's moving you forward. Through learning mindfulness, engaging self-compassion and reconciling the relationship to the body, we will heal the hurts and find a new way of engaging in the vibrant life around you.
(417) 616-0815 View (417) 616-0815
Photo of Alainna Stricklen, Pre-Licensed Professional in Springfield, MO
Alainna Stricklen
Pre-Licensed Professional, MEd, PLPC
Verified Verified
Springfield, MO 65804
I believe that each person has a unique story. Our families, communities, and systems shape us, just as we influence those around us. With this understanding, I value a relational, client-centered approach to therapy. My goal is to partner with clients to alleviate suffering and foster self-examination, meaning making, and change. I seek to help clients unlock more fulfilling lives by establishing an understanding of both present context and past relationships.
I believe that each person has a unique story. Our families, communities, and systems shape us, just as we influence those around us. With this understanding, I value a relational, client-centered approach to therapy. My goal is to partner with clients to alleviate suffering and foster self-examination, meaning making, and change. I seek to help clients unlock more fulfilling lives by establishing an understanding of both present context and past relationships.
(417) 246-2711 View (417) 246-2711
Photo of Christine Mahana, Psychologist in Springfield, MO
Christine Mahana
Psychologist, PsyD, HSP
Verified Verified
Springfield, MO 65807
Are you struggling to maintain your emotional health due to a specific life situation, unhealthy lifestyle or medical health issue? This is not uncommon, and the fact is you are not alone. Many people have the desire to make a positive change; however lack knowledge, guidance, or the tools needed to do so. Others may require motivation for behavior change or support in a challenging season. Regardless of your particular circumstance and needs, we can work together to make your goals a reality. I provide therapy and psychological evaluations/testing. Non denominational Christian Counseling based on the Bible is offered as requested.
Are you struggling to maintain your emotional health due to a specific life situation, unhealthy lifestyle or medical health issue? This is not uncommon, and the fact is you are not alone. Many people have the desire to make a positive change; however lack knowledge, guidance, or the tools needed to do so. Others may require motivation for behavior change or support in a challenging season. Regardless of your particular circumstance and needs, we can work together to make your goals a reality. I provide therapy and psychological evaluations/testing. Non denominational Christian Counseling based on the Bible is offered as requested.
(417) 838-3490 View (417) 838-3490
Photo of Pursuing Peace Mental Health & Wellness Inc, Counselor in Springfield, MO
Pursuing Peace Mental Health & Wellness Inc
Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Springfield, MO 65803
Pursuing Peace is a non-profit that exist to help people find quality mental health treatment available to help clients deal with stress, anxiety, relationship issues, family conflicts, & intimacy related issues. I have worked in social work and ministry as well as tradition therapy, and all these have helped me grow and learn how to better serve my clients. It has been my experience that collaborating with clients to help facilitate healing and growth is empowering and transformative for them. It takes courage to seek out a more fulfilling and peace-filled life and look forward to walking beside you on that journey.
Pursuing Peace is a non-profit that exist to help people find quality mental health treatment available to help clients deal with stress, anxiety, relationship issues, family conflicts, & intimacy related issues. I have worked in social work and ministry as well as tradition therapy, and all these have helped me grow and learn how to better serve my clients. It has been my experience that collaborating with clients to help facilitate healing and growth is empowering and transformative for them. It takes courage to seek out a more fulfilling and peace-filled life and look forward to walking beside you on that journey.
(417) 547-1156 View (417) 547-1156
Photo of Lotter Christian Counseling LLC, Licensed Professional Counselor in Springfield, MO
Lotter Christian Counseling LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Springfield, MO 65809
My name is Shaun Lotter and I have been helping people since 2000. I am first and foremost a follower of Jesus Christ in my personal and professional life who believes the Bible is God’s word to all people. With this foundation, I utilize attachment-based, emotion-focused counseling to help individuals and couples heal and regain hope. I specialize in marriage counseling, infidelity recovery, sexual addictions, and trauma. I am a licensed professional counselor in the State of Missouri and a licensed minister.
My name is Shaun Lotter and I have been helping people since 2000. I am first and foremost a follower of Jesus Christ in my personal and professional life who believes the Bible is God’s word to all people. With this foundation, I utilize attachment-based, emotion-focused counseling to help individuals and couples heal and regain hope. I specialize in marriage counseling, infidelity recovery, sexual addictions, and trauma. I am a licensed professional counselor in the State of Missouri and a licensed minister.
(417) 545-3692 View (417) 545-3692
Photo of Brooke Nicole Watson, Pre-Licensed Professional in Springfield, MO
Brooke Nicole Watson
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS, PLPC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Springfield, MO 65804
Do you struggle to connect and communicate with your partner which affects the ability to live the life you desire? Do you feel overwhelmed, frustrated, and exhausted by the thought there is no light at the end of the tunnel? Do you wonder if your relationship could be better? Now more than ever, many couples, are feeling hopeless about attaining the relationship they desire. Real solutions, focused treatments, and hope for the future are what I work to provide for each and every client. No two people have walked the same path in life. I will feel honored to hear your story.
Do you struggle to connect and communicate with your partner which affects the ability to live the life you desire? Do you feel overwhelmed, frustrated, and exhausted by the thought there is no light at the end of the tunnel? Do you wonder if your relationship could be better? Now more than ever, many couples, are feeling hopeless about attaining the relationship they desire. Real solutions, focused treatments, and hope for the future are what I work to provide for each and every client. No two people have walked the same path in life. I will feel honored to hear your story.
(417) 557-3374 View (417) 557-3374
Photo of Liz Cutbirth, Pre-Licensed Professional in Springfield, MO
Liz Cutbirth
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Springfield, MO 65804
My goal is for my clients to feel safe, heard, and accepted. It takes courage to heal, and whether you choose to step out in bravery within the safe space of my comfortable office, or within the confines of your own home, I want to walk alongside you every step of the way. My approach is client-centered, integrative, and tailored to meet the specific needs of each individual as they move toward their optimum level of functioning. I believe that through genuine curiosity and compassion both the client and counselor’s lives can be enriched. Together we can turn wounds into wisdom and discover wholeness from brokenness.
My goal is for my clients to feel safe, heard, and accepted. It takes courage to heal, and whether you choose to step out in bravery within the safe space of my comfortable office, or within the confines of your own home, I want to walk alongside you every step of the way. My approach is client-centered, integrative, and tailored to meet the specific needs of each individual as they move toward their optimum level of functioning. I believe that through genuine curiosity and compassion both the client and counselor’s lives can be enriched. Together we can turn wounds into wisdom and discover wholeness from brokenness.
(417) 233-1842 View (417) 233-1842
Photo of Kristin Gearhart, Licensed Professional Counselor in Springfield, MO
Kristin Gearhart
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Springfield, MO 65804
The focus of what I offer is to invite and empower you to practice trusting the wisdom of your body. By doing this, a more secure and trusting relationship with yourself can begin to develop. In time, this can help you to navigate stressors and aid you in trauma recovery. A person generally finds relief, compassion, and an empowered sense of self from this process.
The focus of what I offer is to invite and empower you to practice trusting the wisdom of your body. By doing this, a more secure and trusting relationship with yourself can begin to develop. In time, this can help you to navigate stressors and aid you in trauma recovery. A person generally finds relief, compassion, and an empowered sense of self from this process.
(417) 754-3853 View (417) 754-3853
Photo of Melody Brave, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Springfield, MO
Melody Brave
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Springfield, MO 65804
You’re exhausted, anxious, and emotionally running on empty though you expect yourself to have it all together. It's all too much. As a responsible, empathic, and considerate person, you put major effort into all your roles--work, relationships, etc. But you re-hash conversations and second guess yourself, afraid to make a mistake. Did you get it right? What if you push someone away? You don't want to disappoint anyone, but the traditions and tools you learned no longer work for you or feel like they’re holding you back.
You’re exhausted, anxious, and emotionally running on empty though you expect yourself to have it all together. It's all too much. As a responsible, empathic, and considerate person, you put major effort into all your roles--work, relationships, etc. But you re-hash conversations and second guess yourself, afraid to make a mistake. Did you get it right? What if you push someone away? You don't want to disappoint anyone, but the traditions and tools you learned no longer work for you or feel like they’re holding you back.
(417) 350-8807 View (417) 350-8807
Photo of Cara Love, Pre-Licensed Professional in Springfield, MO
Cara Love
Pre-Licensed Professional, PLPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Springfield, MO 65804
What a Stressful world we are living in today! Sometimes life can feel overwhelming. In a society that values hard work over mental health, it can be difficult to carve out time for yourself. As challenging as it is, you deserve to find balance and peace in your life. There is a way to find happiness again and to improve relationships with the ones you love. It is my passion to teach self-love, acceptance, relaxation techniques, and empowerment to women, couples, and families. With this in mind, we will uncover root causes of suffering and work towards healing and solutions.
What a Stressful world we are living in today! Sometimes life can feel overwhelming. In a society that values hard work over mental health, it can be difficult to carve out time for yourself. As challenging as it is, you deserve to find balance and peace in your life. There is a way to find happiness again and to improve relationships with the ones you love. It is my passion to teach self-love, acceptance, relaxation techniques, and empowerment to women, couples, and families. With this in mind, we will uncover root causes of suffering and work towards healing and solutions.
(417) 497-2849 View (417) 497-2849
Photo of Rita Windle, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Springfield, MO
Rita Windle
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Springfield, MO 65804
Hello, I'm Rita, a Licensed Clinical Social Worker, and I hold a master's degree in social work from the University of Missouri-Columbia. With over three decades of experience in the field, I have had the privilege of providing individual, couples, family, group, and substance abuse counseling. I enjoy providing play therapy, and I have developed a specialization in women's mental health care. Throughout my career, I've had the honor of assisting clients facing various challenges such as depression, anxiety, trauma, job stress, relationship issues, grief, codependency, and major life changes, including divorce.
Hello, I'm Rita, a Licensed Clinical Social Worker, and I hold a master's degree in social work from the University of Missouri-Columbia. With over three decades of experience in the field, I have had the privilege of providing individual, couples, family, group, and substance abuse counseling. I enjoy providing play therapy, and I have developed a specialization in women's mental health care. Throughout my career, I've had the honor of assisting clients facing various challenges such as depression, anxiety, trauma, job stress, relationship issues, grief, codependency, and major life changes, including divorce.
(417) 665-5747 View (417) 665-5747
Photo of Matt Scott, Pre-Licensed Professional in Springfield, MO
Matt Scott
Pre-Licensed Professional, PLPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Springfield, MO 65806
My primary focus is serving: 1) Clients who are wanting to reprocess their traumatic memories utilizing EMDR, 2) Gay and lesbian identified clients, 3) Gender diverse clients (i.e. transgender, gender-fluid, genderqueer, gender-nonconforming, gender non-binary, etc), 4) Individuals who are exploring their sexual and/or gender identities, and 5) Clients who are exploring and/or deconstructing their religious identities.
My primary focus is serving: 1) Clients who are wanting to reprocess their traumatic memories utilizing EMDR, 2) Gay and lesbian identified clients, 3) Gender diverse clients (i.e. transgender, gender-fluid, genderqueer, gender-nonconforming, gender non-binary, etc), 4) Individuals who are exploring their sexual and/or gender identities, and 5) Clients who are exploring and/or deconstructing their religious identities.
(417) 465-3623 View (417) 465-3623

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Springfield, MO

300+

Average cost per session

$110

Therapists in Springfield, MO who prioritize treating:

90% Anxiety
84% Depression
75% Trauma and PTSD
74% Self Esteem
72% Relationship Issues
69% Coping Skills
68% Stress

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

72% Aetna
64% Cigna and Evernorth
64% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Springfield, MO see their clients

76% In Person and Online
24% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
18% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Springfield?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.