Therapists in Albany, NY

View neighborhoods in Albany
Photo of Natacha Moten At Nassau Psychology Pc, Licensed Master Social Worker in Albany, NY
Natacha Moten At Nassau Psychology Pc
Licensed Master Social Worker, LMSW
Verified Verified
Albany, NY 12208  (Online Only)
Book an appointment online through our website www.nassaupsychology.org! Natacha graduated with a Master of Social Work from Syracuse University with a focus on child development and family systems. She trained in a variety of settings such as high schools, group homes and foster care while working with adolescents in crisis due to trauma. Natacha has 20+ years of experience supporting women, children and families in various applications of therapy.
Book an appointment online through our website www.nassaupsychology.org! Natacha graduated with a Master of Social Work from Syracuse University with a focus on child development and family systems. She trained in a variety of settings such as high schools, group homes and foster care while working with adolescents in crisis due to trauma. Natacha has 20+ years of experience supporting women, children and families in various applications of therapy.
(518) 989-5851 View (518) 989-5851
Photo of Yi Zhou, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Albany, NY
Yi Zhou
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Albany, NY 12207
Serving the Capital Region, I provide Telehealth and in-person sessions. My clients and I work together to navigate through mental health challenges and transitions in life. I specialize in working with people with gender dysphoria and those in the process of transition. Furthermore, I help my clients navigate issues related to racial identity and minority experiences. I work with various relationship types and forms, non-monogamy included. I enjoy helping couples, partners and families achieve a greater sense of unity and satisfaction in their lives. Counseling can also be provided through Mandarin upon request.
Serving the Capital Region, I provide Telehealth and in-person sessions. My clients and I work together to navigate through mental health challenges and transitions in life. I specialize in working with people with gender dysphoria and those in the process of transition. Furthermore, I help my clients navigate issues related to racial identity and minority experiences. I work with various relationship types and forms, non-monogamy included. I enjoy helping couples, partners and families achieve a greater sense of unity and satisfaction in their lives. Counseling can also be provided through Mandarin upon request.
(518) 832-5343 View (518) 832-5343
Photo of Mindful Living Counseling, Counselor in Albany, NY
Mindful Living Counseling
Counselor, LMHC, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Albany, NY 12207  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Nicole Pingel is a licensed counselor based in New York and is licensed in both New York and Missouri. Nicole welcomes clients who are seeking to create change in their lives through becoming aware of how their life experiences are influencing their current interpretation of the world around them and using this insight to create a new story for themselves. Many of Nicole’s clients present with self-doubt, shame, experiences of depression, anxiety, and difficulties in relationships with themselves or others.
Nicole Pingel is a licensed counselor based in New York and is licensed in both New York and Missouri. Nicole welcomes clients who are seeking to create change in their lives through becoming aware of how their life experiences are influencing their current interpretation of the world around them and using this insight to create a new story for themselves. Many of Nicole’s clients present with self-doubt, shame, experiences of depression, anxiety, and difficulties in relationships with themselves or others.
(518) 261-9031 View (518) 261-9031
Comfort Mental Health Counseling PLLC
Counselor, LMHC, OCD Spc
Verified Verified
Albany, NY 12207  (Online Only)
I am an OCD specialist, I use ERP to treat OCD, Hoarding Disorder and other anxiety-related disorders. I utilize HRT to treat Tics and other Body-Focused Repetitive Behaviors (nail/cheek/lip biting, Trichotillomania and Excoriation). I treat PTSD using PE. Treat Depression using TRAP/TRAC method.
I am an OCD specialist, I use ERP to treat OCD, Hoarding Disorder and other anxiety-related disorders. I utilize HRT to treat Tics and other Body-Focused Repetitive Behaviors (nail/cheek/lip biting, Trichotillomania and Excoriation). I treat PTSD using PE. Treat Depression using TRAP/TRAC method.
(518) 851-1984 View (518) 851-1984
Photo of Joshua McCormick, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Albany, NY
Joshua McCormick
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Albany, NY 12205
If you're feeling stuck, anxious and/or struggling with addiction, a life change, a relationship (monogamous/open/poly) or chronic illness, you're not alone! You have the power to adjust, adapt and move forward in a healthy way; I will be happy to try and help along the way!
If you're feeling stuck, anxious and/or struggling with addiction, a life change, a relationship (monogamous/open/poly) or chronic illness, you're not alone! You have the power to adjust, adapt and move forward in a healthy way; I will be happy to try and help along the way!
(518) 520-4568 View (518) 520-4568
Photo of Suveyda Dumanli, Counselor in Albany, NY
Suveyda Dumanli
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Albany, NY 12203  (Online Only)
Do you feel like you're stuck and finding it hard to motivate yourself? Do you notice yourself feeling worried, disconnected, or on edge often? Are you looking for support as you navigate a major life change? I specialize in working with individuals who are looking for ways to bring positive changes into their lives, even if they may be unsure of the steps they need to take to achieve them. You may be experiencing stressors that are making it challenging for you to feel in control of your thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. Together, we can work towards empowering you to overcome these challenges and live a more fulfilling life.
Do you feel like you're stuck and finding it hard to motivate yourself? Do you notice yourself feeling worried, disconnected, or on edge often? Are you looking for support as you navigate a major life change? I specialize in working with individuals who are looking for ways to bring positive changes into their lives, even if they may be unsure of the steps they need to take to achieve them. You may be experiencing stressors that are making it challenging for you to feel in control of your thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. Together, we can work towards empowering you to overcome these challenges and live a more fulfilling life.
(518) 750-6403 View (518) 750-6403
Photo of Melissa M. Ten Eyck Hall, Counselor in Albany, NY
Melissa M. Ten Eyck Hall
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Albany, NY 12205
Not accepting new clients
"Never say never" is one of my favorite expressions. No matter where you are in your life, it is never too late to ask for help and take the necessary steps to make your life better. No matter what you are experiencing, there is a safe place to talk about it and make changes for yourself. I have experience working with children, families and adults. If you want to be supported and empowered to make better choices in your life, please call me. I am here to listen and help you achieve your goals!
"Never say never" is one of my favorite expressions. No matter where you are in your life, it is never too late to ask for help and take the necessary steps to make your life better. No matter what you are experiencing, there is a safe place to talk about it and make changes for yourself. I have experience working with children, families and adults. If you want to be supported and empowered to make better choices in your life, please call me. I am here to listen and help you achieve your goals!
(518) 531-3957 View (518) 531-3957
Photo of Thelma Costello,MS,LMHC, SAP, PC, Counselor in Albany, NY
Thelma Costello,MS,LMHC, SAP, PC
Counselor, MS, LMHC, PC, MAC, SAP
Verified Verified
Albany, NY 12205
If you would like to Book an appointment please visit my website at.... www.thelmacostello.com I work with a wide range of behavioral approaches that provide and improve the quality of life people are looking for in their lives. In a quiet comfortable and supportive office, I offer an advanced personalized approach tailored to each individuals needs to help attain the individual growth people are striving for. At the present time in addition to face to face counseling , I am now available for Virtual and Telehealth sessions.at www.thelmacostello.com
If you would like to Book an appointment please visit my website at.... www.thelmacostello.com I work with a wide range of behavioral approaches that provide and improve the quality of life people are looking for in their lives. In a quiet comfortable and supportive office, I offer an advanced personalized approach tailored to each individuals needs to help attain the individual growth people are striving for. At the present time in addition to face to face counseling , I am now available for Virtual and Telehealth sessions.at www.thelmacostello.com
(518) 255-8788 View (518) 255-8788
Photo of Maria Bove, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Albany, NY
Maria Bove
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R
Verified Verified
Albany, NY 12204  (Online Only)
I believe that therapy is a process meant to help people achieve greater peace and happiness, living the life they envision. With guidance you are in charge of your treatment. Therapy will help you tap into your innate strengths and talents. I have 25 years of experience counseling individuals, families and couples. I will bring compassion and knowledge to our work using a patient-centered approach.
I believe that therapy is a process meant to help people achieve greater peace and happiness, living the life they envision. With guidance you are in charge of your treatment. Therapy will help you tap into your innate strengths and talents. I have 25 years of experience counseling individuals, families and couples. I will bring compassion and knowledge to our work using a patient-centered approach.
(518) 285-0760 View (518) 285-0760
Photo of Carolyn Schimanski, Counselor in Albany, NY
Carolyn Schimanski
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Albany, NY 12208  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Life in general is hard. When you add financial problems and employment problems...or a history of childhood trauma...or domestic violence... or unhealthy substance use, it becomes difficult to function. Depression and anxiety appear. My thoughts about how people change is multilayered. It is important to identify all the things that are challenging you, gain some insight AND develop a path forward that involves changing your behavior to be better able to achieve the things in life that you want.
Life in general is hard. When you add financial problems and employment problems...or a history of childhood trauma...or domestic violence... or unhealthy substance use, it becomes difficult to function. Depression and anxiety appear. My thoughts about how people change is multilayered. It is important to identify all the things that are challenging you, gain some insight AND develop a path forward that involves changing your behavior to be better able to achieve the things in life that you want.
(518) 621-4640 View (518) 621-4640
Photo of Amanda Abel, Pre-Licensed Professional in Albany, NY
Amanda Abel
Pre-Licensed Professional, MHC-P
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Albany, NY 12211
I believe that life can be challenging at times, but it’s important to know you don’t have to go through these challenges alone. Therapy is a journey and it looks different for everyone. Ultimately you are the expert on your life and I am here to offer support and help you where I can. I use different styles and therapy modalities based on the clients needs. I take a very caring and sensitive approach but with a more direct style in sessions. I believe that we are complex and with this in mind take a physical, mental, and spiritual approach to therapy.
I believe that life can be challenging at times, but it’s important to know you don’t have to go through these challenges alone. Therapy is a journey and it looks different for everyone. Ultimately you are the expert on your life and I am here to offer support and help you where I can. I use different styles and therapy modalities based on the clients needs. I take a very caring and sensitive approach but with a more direct style in sessions. I believe that we are complex and with this in mind take a physical, mental, and spiritual approach to therapy.
(518) 405-6501 View (518) 405-6501
Photo of Geraldine Gutierrez, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Albany, NY
Geraldine Gutierrez
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Albany, NY 12205
Not accepting new clients
What would your life look like if you were safe with your mind, body and spirit? What areas of your life feel disconnected from your true values and authentic self? Are you looking for support and tools while navigating anxiety, depression, self-doubt? The stressors and challenges of life can sometimes leave us feeling unequipped. In the therapeutic relationship, we build a trusting space; getting curious about your beliefs, habits and environment. Why are you stuck? What thoughts, beliefs and relationships are nourishing you? What's blocking you from developing new healthy habits, connecting with loved ones, practicing self care?
What would your life look like if you were safe with your mind, body and spirit? What areas of your life feel disconnected from your true values and authentic self? Are you looking for support and tools while navigating anxiety, depression, self-doubt? The stressors and challenges of life can sometimes leave us feeling unequipped. In the therapeutic relationship, we build a trusting space; getting curious about your beliefs, habits and environment. Why are you stuck? What thoughts, beliefs and relationships are nourishing you? What's blocking you from developing new healthy habits, connecting with loved ones, practicing self care?
(518) 840-0609 View (518) 840-0609
Photo of Barbara L Freedman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Albany, NY
Barbara L Freedman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Albany, NY 12205
People arrive at a therapist's office, having tried their best way of getting along in the world, regardless of age, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation and so forth. A universal reason for seeking help is distress in a primary relationship. In therapy, I help individuals understand how past relationships with parents, siblings and significant others impacts relationship troubles in the here and now. A trusting therapeutic relationship offers an opportunity for exploration of one's own mind at the deepest level - healing, new pathways of relating, greater authenticity, vitality & living a life that's true to one's self.
People arrive at a therapist's office, having tried their best way of getting along in the world, regardless of age, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation and so forth. A universal reason for seeking help is distress in a primary relationship. In therapy, I help individuals understand how past relationships with parents, siblings and significant others impacts relationship troubles in the here and now. A trusting therapeutic relationship offers an opportunity for exploration of one's own mind at the deepest level - healing, new pathways of relating, greater authenticity, vitality & living a life that's true to one's self.
(518) 631-3782 View (518) 631-3782
Photo of Puspita Sen, Counselor in Albany, NY
Puspita Sen
Counselor, LMHC, IC&RC, CASAC-M, CH
Verified Verified
Albany, NY 12208
Puspita Sen, LMHC, CASAC-Master Counselor/IC&RC, CH is a highly effective, compassionate and dedicated clinician with 16+ years of active clinical experience. She is a culturally competent and works collaboratively with her patients while focusing on their strengths to empower them to bring healing and joy in to their lives. Her clinical advice, "No matter how good or bad you think your life is, wake up everyday and be thankful for being the way you are, you are a unique kind of wonderful and make the most of it."
Puspita Sen, LMHC, CASAC-Master Counselor/IC&RC, CH is a highly effective, compassionate and dedicated clinician with 16+ years of active clinical experience. She is a culturally competent and works collaboratively with her patients while focusing on their strengths to empower them to bring healing and joy in to their lives. Her clinical advice, "No matter how good or bad you think your life is, wake up everyday and be thankful for being the way you are, you are a unique kind of wonderful and make the most of it."
(518) 893-4115 View (518) 893-4115
Photo of Jamille O’Brien in Albany, NY
Jamille O’Brien
LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Albany, NY 12206  (Online Only)
When individuals undergo trauma or significant life stressors, it’s common to feel disoriented and in need of support. I believe that the healing process is best approached collaboratively, with empathy and without judgment. My diverse background, spanning from the criminal justice system to in-patient and outpatient clinics and crisis services, has provided me with a deep appreciation and understanding of the challenges individuals may face.
When individuals undergo trauma or significant life stressors, it’s common to feel disoriented and in need of support. I believe that the healing process is best approached collaboratively, with empathy and without judgment. My diverse background, spanning from the criminal justice system to in-patient and outpatient clinics and crisis services, has provided me with a deep appreciation and understanding of the challenges individuals may face.
(518) 851-8474 View (518) 851-8474
Photo of Zach Forbes, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Albany, NY
Zach Forbes
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R, ACSW, CASAC
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Albany, NY 12203
Not accepting new clients
Normal is just a setting on your dryer. If you agree with this, then I'm your guy! I don't believe in a "one size fits all" approach. I work collaboratively with individuals to help them achieve the skills and insight they need to successfully navigate through challenges posed by daily stressors, including, but not limited to: relationships, work, school, and physical illness. By providing a holistic approach, I support individuals in achieving their overall health; physically, emotionally, mentally and spiritually. I will respectfully consider your cultural background, religion, and personal beliefs while working together.
Normal is just a setting on your dryer. If you agree with this, then I'm your guy! I don't believe in a "one size fits all" approach. I work collaboratively with individuals to help them achieve the skills and insight they need to successfully navigate through challenges posed by daily stressors, including, but not limited to: relationships, work, school, and physical illness. By providing a holistic approach, I support individuals in achieving their overall health; physically, emotionally, mentally and spiritually. I will respectfully consider your cultural background, religion, and personal beliefs while working together.
(315) 370-4496 View (315) 370-4496
Photo of Timothy (Tas) Steiner, Marriage & Family Therapist in Albany, NY
Timothy (Tas) Steiner
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Albany, NY 12205
Do you, your boyfriends, girlfriends, spouses, or family members disagree about too many things, communication styles, control issues, do you argue too often? Do you struggle with low self-esteem, self-doubt, depression, and anxiety? Perhaps you, a friend or family member drink too much or have a drug problem, financial inequities, impatience, short temper, or anger management issues. Do you feel manipulated or coerced or that your wishes or your feelings are discounted and rejected by others? Are there too many upsets in your own day or do others make your days more complicated?
Do you, your boyfriends, girlfriends, spouses, or family members disagree about too many things, communication styles, control issues, do you argue too often? Do you struggle with low self-esteem, self-doubt, depression, and anxiety? Perhaps you, a friend or family member drink too much or have a drug problem, financial inequities, impatience, short temper, or anger management issues. Do you feel manipulated or coerced or that your wishes or your feelings are discounted and rejected by others? Are there too many upsets in your own day or do others make your days more complicated?
(518) 348-4417 View (518) 348-4417
Photo of Lisa Miller, Counselor in Albany, NY
Lisa Miller
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Albany, NY 12205  (Online Only)
I work with adults experiencing a variety of mental health symptoms. Treatment focuses include anxiety, depression, trauma, relationship difficulties, interpersonal conflicts, and general life stressors. If you are experiencing any of these and are ready for relief, I can help. During sessions I will assist you with processing life events, exploring the root cause of symptoms, healing from emotional pain, and learning effective coping skills. I provide a judgment free space to explore symptoms and learn how to heal.
I work with adults experiencing a variety of mental health symptoms. Treatment focuses include anxiety, depression, trauma, relationship difficulties, interpersonal conflicts, and general life stressors. If you are experiencing any of these and are ready for relief, I can help. During sessions I will assist you with processing life events, exploring the root cause of symptoms, healing from emotional pain, and learning effective coping skills. I provide a judgment free space to explore symptoms and learn how to heal.
(518) 919-3921 View (518) 919-3921
Photo of Ali Perry, Pre-Licensed Professional in Albany, NY
Ali Perry
Pre-Licensed Professional, LMSW
Verified Verified
Albany, NY 12205
I believe that building rapport and creating a safe space for individuals to express themselves are key to a successful therapeutic experience. I use a collaborative, strength-based approach to empower individuals to achieve their counseling goals. My work focuses on helping individuals explore coping skills for mental health symptoms, life transitions, relationship challenges, systemic injustices, and other life stressors. My goal is to simply help you on your journey through life, to be a support where and when I can.
I believe that building rapport and creating a safe space for individuals to express themselves are key to a successful therapeutic experience. I use a collaborative, strength-based approach to empower individuals to achieve their counseling goals. My work focuses on helping individuals explore coping skills for mental health symptoms, life transitions, relationship challenges, systemic injustices, and other life stressors. My goal is to simply help you on your journey through life, to be a support where and when I can.
(518) 808-1153 View (518) 808-1153
Photo of Joshua Radliff, Counselor in Albany, NY
Joshua Radliff
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Albany, NY 12207  (Online Only)
One life is One story, is it time to change yours? I aim to help folks take life to the next level, whether it's improving relationships, healing old wounds, or making meaning out of life. I like to integrate both concrete and abstract methods to help folks with work towards their hopes and dreams. Sessions are through telehealth to people across NY and FL. >Appts avail for individuals (no couples/relationships) Tues wkly at 11am, Tues biwkly at 1pm, Tues biwkly at 2pm, Weds wkly at 12noon, Weds biwkly at 1pm, Weds biwkly at 2pm, Thurs biwkly at 12noon, Thurs wkly at 1pm<
One life is One story, is it time to change yours? I aim to help folks take life to the next level, whether it's improving relationships, healing old wounds, or making meaning out of life. I like to integrate both concrete and abstract methods to help folks with work towards their hopes and dreams. Sessions are through telehealth to people across NY and FL. >Appts avail for individuals (no couples/relationships) Tues wkly at 11am, Tues biwkly at 1pm, Tues biwkly at 2pm, Weds wkly at 12noon, Weds biwkly at 1pm, Weds biwkly at 2pm, Thurs biwkly at 12noon, Thurs wkly at 1pm<
(518) 255-8338 View (518) 255-8338

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Albany, NY

500+

Average cost per session

$130

Therapists in Albany, NY who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
87% Depression
77% Relationship Issues
75% Self Esteem
74% Trauma and PTSD
74% Stress
70% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

68% Aetna
57% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
51% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Albany, NY see their clients

50% In Person and Online
50% Online Only

Gender breakdown

74% Female
24% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Albany?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.